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Saturday, June 26, 2021

Why is chickenpox more dangerous for adults?

Why is chickenpox more dangerous for adults?


Why is chickenpox more dangerous for adults?

Posted: 25 Jun 2021 04:59 PM PDT

Adults get more dangerous symptoms and are more likely to die because of chickenpox but why does it hit adults so much worse than children? Google couldn't tell the reason. It only told it is worse for adults but didn't tell why.

submitted by /u/smellmee
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When someone is emotional and “choked up” or has a lump in their throat, what is actually happening?

Posted: 25 Jun 2021 08:46 PM PDT

Basically the title, sometimes when I'm really sad and crying, it's really hard for me to talk because my throat feels like it's closing up, what's the deal with that?

submitted by /u/BobLoblawsLawBlogged
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Against the Delta variant, do vaccines still protect against serious illness and complications in breakthrough infection patients with chronic conditions, like asthma or sleep apnea?

Posted: 25 Jun 2021 03:35 PM PDT

Is mental illness significantly more prevalent now or is the case more that society's somewhat better understanding leads to more diagnoses?

Posted: 25 Jun 2021 09:22 PM PDT

It seems that most people we meet now have some form of depression, anxiety, PTSD, obsessive-compulsive, etc. and the mental health crisis is (rightly) very often in the news (though admittedly that's not a conversation limited to how many cases there are but also treatment, social attitudes, funding, etc.) and it makes me curious if the scientific community regards this as a relatively new thing?

To clarify, we're all aware that the history of mental health is an interesting and complicated one. From an issue with one's "humours" to the application of the word "melancholy" to mean anything from full-on psychosis to general unhappiness to "hysteria" and so on, there have been words that really didn't convey individual illness-symptoms. There's also "madness" and the argument of mental illness as a disease, a state, a phase, etc etc. The past didn't quite document symptoms and illnesses with as meticulous records as our own and we have far less documentation than we'd like about the epidemiology(?) of mental illness from the past I'm sure. Even Samuel Johnson is often-seen now as having obsessive-compulsive disorder but in Boswell's biography it's mentioned that he suffers from melancholy and has strange "gesticulations" but not connection is drawn between the two with the latter seemingly regarded as more of a character oddity.

Does the poor categorisation and diagnosis(ses?) of mental illness in the past (or, flipping it I guess, the widening of terminology to include more things within the bounds of 'mental illness') largely contribute to why mental illness seems so common now or is there actually a genuine explosion of more mental illness occurring in recent years?

EDIT: Also, I'd be curious about the self-reported vs. diagnosed conversation, too.

submitted by /u/Sycoraxus
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How they capture the galaxy's photo?

Posted: 25 Jun 2021 02:40 PM PDT

Can i ask? How is it possible to capture the galaxy's picture? If we are on this galaxy like milky way. How? You have to like fly a drone to capture something below from above, right? So how?

submitted by /u/lysomaru
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How fast does something have to move from one point to another for a human to no longer see even the slightest blur in-between?

Posted: 25 Jun 2021 07:48 PM PDT

What would happen if you have (asymptomatic) corona at the time of your vaccination?

Posted: 26 Jun 2021 02:21 AM PDT

Would you get extra sick? Would it stop you from developing symptoms? I could not find an answer to this online.

submitted by /u/INeedANewAccountBye
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How do we know we’ve discovered a new species of human based on a single fossil, and not just a really ugly dude?

Posted: 26 Jun 2021 08:11 AM PDT

This article claims they've discovered a new species of human, which is awesome, but since the claim is based off a single fossil, how do we know that it wasn't just one person with some sort of genetic defect?

submitted by /u/jakejork
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Does infection produce different kinds of antibodies than vaccination?

Posted: 25 Jun 2021 12:57 PM PDT

I know that for example Hepatitis B vaccination produces different antibodies than infection. This is because the vaccine does not contain certain structural components of the virus. Does something similar happen with SARS-CoV-2 as far as we know?

submitted by /u/nickoskal024
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If anyone can make a report to VAERS(Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System) and they are unverified, how can this information be helpful?

Posted: 25 Jun 2021 08:42 PM PDT

How exactly do cancer cells form? Can it form spontaneously, or must it be caused by some external factor?

Posted: 25 Jun 2021 10:10 PM PDT

This might sound like a stupid question, but was the sky pitch black eons ago?

Posted: 25 Jun 2021 01:47 PM PDT

I'm new to this sub and I was curious, since I had nothing to answer this question with other than my own headcanon. So this might actually have a short answer than expected. So light takes a super long time to travel right? Since what we're seeing up there (outside of the solar system) are dead or dying stars and the info hasn't reached our eyes yet. So was there a time when no light from outside the solar system had reached the earth, making the sky pitch black at night save for the sun?

submitted by /u/PeepeepoopooKiller
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What affects buoyancy more, density or total mass?

Posted: 25 Jun 2021 10:46 PM PDT

So my thought is basically if you take a metal boat and you put a wooden crate inside of it that the boat would sink deeper in the water. I have no idea how all this works but that kind of just makes sense in my mind, yet I have to consider that an equivalent wooden boat would float much closer to the surface, obviously because wood is less dense than metal.

So my question to you all, is what would happen? Would the boat rise in the water because the overall density of everything on it has lowered; Or would the boat sink because more weight has been added to it?

submitted by /u/average_asshole
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Covid testing for Tcells and memory cells?

Posted: 25 Jun 2021 10:43 PM PDT

I was reading some discussion about how the lack of detectable antibodies sometime after covid infection doesn't necessarily indicate a lack of immunity because we don't yet know the effectiveness and duration of the T-cells and memory cells acquired in the body after infection (and after vaccine?)

Is there any current testing for Tcells and memory cells from Covid like the antibody testing?

submitted by /u/Browsin24
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If soap kills coronavirus then does that mean "soap free" handwash cannot kill coronavirus?

Posted: 26 Jun 2021 07:46 AM PDT

How does rain come down diagonally with no wind?

Posted: 25 Jun 2021 11:43 AM PDT

I suspect it has a simple answer such as wind at higher elevations? I've Googled and searched Reddit and couldn't find a definite answer.

submitted by /u/FWYDU
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Quantum mechanical spin and rotation of the wavefunction

Posted: 25 Jun 2021 07:52 PM PDT

If you rotate a spin-1 particle by a full circle, you get back the original wavefunction.

If you rotate a spin-½ particle by two full circles, you get back the original wavefunction (if you rotate it by one full circle, you get a factor of -1).

If you rotate a spin-2 particle by half a circle, you get back the original wavefunction (I believe, and cannot find a proper reference)

Does this pattern hold for higher half-integer spins? If you rotate a spin-3/2 particle by ⅔ of a full circle, do you get back the original wavefunction? If you rotate a spin-5/2 particle by 2/5 of a circle, do you get back the original wavefunction?

If the answer is yes, do you have a maths reference? This isn't a homework question - I'm a very, very lapsed physicist and I've never quite seen the right maths or physical intuition to answer this question

submitted by /u/SurelyIDidThisAlread
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Friday, June 25, 2021

What happens if we delay the second dose for AstraZeneca vaccine to 12+ weeks after the first one?

What happens if we delay the second dose for AstraZeneca vaccine to 12+ weeks after the first one?


What happens if we delay the second dose for AstraZeneca vaccine to 12+ weeks after the first one?

Posted: 25 Jun 2021 02:55 AM PDT

Why do waves always move towards the shore?

Posted: 25 Jun 2021 05:30 AM PDT

Do tides levels predict sinkhole formation in seaside areas?

Posted: 24 Jun 2021 07:43 PM PDT

Apologies in advance if the question begs anti-science supposition about current events.

The recent collapse of a condominium happened after 3 days of the highest tides of the month in Miami. What's more, it happened 15 minutes prior the lowest tide. after two days of tides in excess of 3 feet (highest of the month), about an hour before the low tide. Naturally, I'm wondering if there has been any observed co-occurrence of tides and subsidence.

Edit: And naturally I have misconjugated the question. Do tide levels..., Does tide level...

Second edit: facts corrected.

submitted by /u/uiuctodd
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If a reptile, that uses Van Der Waals forces to stick to walls, were to die whilst stuck to a surface, would it stay in place?

Posted: 25 Jun 2021 04:39 AM PDT

How are dolphins or bats able to echolocate in large groups without interfering with other group members clicks?

Posted: 24 Jun 2021 11:11 PM PDT

Put another way, how does one animal know that sound it is receiving is it's own echo vs the echo or primary click of another member of the group?

submitted by /u/cdubyadubya
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Does name familiarity create unintended bias?

Posted: 25 Jun 2021 08:02 AM PDT

I know there has been some research done around unintended name discrimination, especially in hiring practices, but I was wondering if there is any data on more general familiarity bias?

A recent example that made me think of this - I'm in sales and I've been having kind of a stressful morning, feeling a little cranky. You know how it is. I had a customer I'm not familiar with reach out and ask me for free accessory product with their purchase. This is at my discretion since I manage my own P/L - this particular customer had a name very similar to a close friend of mine who I'm looking forward to seeing this weekend and recalling that made me feel a little happier. I immediately approved the request. I'm not 100% sure I would have done that if they had a name I didn't feel connected to.

So is there a measurable amount of favoritism that people give to strangers who have names similar to those they are close with. In contrast, could there be negative bias? If you hate your boss and then meet a friend of a friend with a similar name, are you more likely to have a negative first impression? How could you even measure this?

Thanks, looking forward to the discussion!

submitted by /u/upnflames
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Why doesn't Thermus Aquaticus' DNA degrade at high temperatures?

Posted: 24 Jun 2021 09:46 PM PDT

I know DNA polymerase from Thermus Aquaticus is used for PCR because it can withstand the heat necessary to melt DNA because TA lives at boiling temperatures. But then why doesn't TA's own DNA degrade in vivo? As far as I know, unlike its specialized polymerase, its DNA has the same chemical composition as other organisms.

submitted by /u/steakknife
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Are there any long-term (>20 years) cycles in habitats and species? (Ecology)

Posted: 25 Jun 2021 06:01 AM PDT

Are there long-term (>20 years) cycles in habitats and species? From what I can find, examples of medium term cycles are sand dunes or estuarian ecosystems, or repeating patterns in disease outbreaks for species.

I'm very interested in the possibility of longer termrepeating cycles that may exist in for instance forests instead of just succession towards a stable state. I only know this to be the case for fire-mediated ecosystems, but even for those cycles seem to be shorter (ca. 15 yrs in Fynbos for instance). If these ecosystems with long term cycles have existed, do these conditions still exist in some places?

I tried searching for these on google scholar, but all studies I could find were either shorter term, showing directional trends or theoretical modelling studies. Any references or answers will be much appreciated.

Thanks in advance!

submitted by /u/rakketakke
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Do we get more energy from trans fat as compared to monosaturated fat?

Posted: 25 Jun 2021 04:42 AM PDT

I saw an article on how an animal study showed that diet with trans fat resulted in greater weight gain despite containing the same calories as a diet with monosaturated fat (https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2006/06/060619133024.htm).

Does this imply that trans fats are actually higher in calories hence actual total calories in diet is different or am I misunderstanding the weight gain of the monkeys as being from energy surplus -> conversion into fat deposits -> weight gain?

submitted by /u/enzxc
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Are mostly megabats the important, dangerous virus transmitters (of the corona virus, the ebola virus...)?

Posted: 25 Jun 2021 06:31 AM PDT

In the German language, we distinguish sharply between Fledermäuse (bats) and Flughunde (bats, Megabats, flying foxes).

In these times you read everywhere, that bats are very important transmitters of viruses. We have quite a few bats (only "Fledermäuse") in these parts of Germany, but I never heard they are important transmitters.

Questions: Are mostly megabats the important, dangerous virus transmitters (of corona, ebola ...)?

Thank you!

submitted by /u/koenighotep
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What happened to curing paralysis through Olfactory Cell Transplantation?

Posted: 25 Jun 2021 12:46 AM PDT

I found an article about Darek Fidyka, who was the first person ever to have his paralysis "cured" back in 2014 through Olfactory Cell Transplantation.

This was in 2014, and updates about Darek show it's worked well so far. Why hasn't there been any more progress or trials for this? If it was successfully completed in 2014, shouldn't 7 years have led to immense progress in the field?

submitted by /u/Jaloss
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J&J Janssen vaccine has the lowest rate of efficacy, and is also the only one with a single dose. Are these statements related? Wouldn't it benefit from a booster shot too?

Posted: 25 Jun 2021 07:57 AM PDT

Is there any evidence of anthropogenic climate change prior to the industrial revolution?

Posted: 25 Jun 2021 06:55 AM PDT

Big fat disclaimer: I'm not a fossil fuel apologist nor am I looking for arguments to excuse the current rapid climate change for which we humans are almost certainly responsible.

Considering the fact that we can look at ice cores, etc., to makes inferences about past climate trends, I'm curious to know whether there is evidence that earlier human developments, such as agriculture and widespread burning of organic matter, had a measurable effect on global climate.

(Sorry if I chose the wrong flair. There's definitely some overlap in this question between earth sciences, archeology, and anthropology.)

submitted by /u/straycanoe
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What is the correct term for when the effects of an isolated variable cannot be accurately identified in the context of a large robust study? Esp. in relation to nutrition science.

Posted: 25 Jun 2021 06:39 AM PDT

Sorry for messy title but I'm not exactly sure how to ask this.

Example:

------------

Compound madeup123 has been shown to raise blood pressure. This has been shown in short-term, clinical experiments, by administering the compound to test subjects, and taking measurements.

It turns out that the goofball fruit, which we have all been enjoying for years, has been shown to have relatively high levels of madeup123.

Dr. Jon Smith, in his latest diet book, puts the goofball fruit on his list of foods to avoid, citing the experiments with compound madeup123, connecting it to increased risk of heart attack, stroke, and damaged arteries.

-----------

I have a friend who seems to switch to a different diet every few years. Inevitably he has some book to show me, which "proves" that this diet is the best one. Sometimes its written by a medical professional, sometimes not. Littered throughout the book are examples like what I have written above.

But here is the crux of my question: The direct mechanism of action, related not to the well-understood pharmacology, but to later outcomes like increased risk of death, is never explained.

I understand this is different than trying to look at a large database of outcomes, and trying to draw some general conclusions. E.g. - a study of 300k coffee drinkers shows that drinking a cup a day extends your life by a few years. Ok, I'm skeptical of some of these, but I get it. This is different than the example I've given.

But these fad diet books are rife with the kind of thing I'm talking about and sometimes it drives me bonkers. Either something wonky is going on here or I'm just not understanding something. If its the latter than thats fine with me, please educate me. What is the technical term for this sort of thing - statistical significance, or noise....or something else?

What am I missing?

submitted by /u/BlueGumShoe
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Does Sleep/Dream Activity follow a Cycle?

Posted: 25 Jun 2021 04:02 AM PDT

EDIT: Title is misleading. I don't mean a cycle during the night, I mean a cycle lasting weeks (inter-night instead of intra-night, let's say).

I feel like my sleep is lighter during nights around a full moon, I move a lot during those nights and I often dream a lot more. It may be a placebo effect obviously, but many times I actually woke up after a light sleep night and discovered that it was a day with a full or near-full moon.

Please believe me when I say I don't believe in Astrology or similar magical rubbish. Are there any scientifical studies on this matter or I'm just delusional? Thank you.

submitted by /u/Voxel_B
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JJ and AZ vaccines very rarely cause massive blood clotting. Is there any science on the possibility of sub clinical blood clotting occurring more often?

Posted: 25 Jun 2021 12:07 AM PDT

In this Video, there is an explosion and the water turns light blue for a split second. Why does this happen?

Posted: 24 Jun 2021 12:50 PM PDT

Do mRNA/viral vector vaccine adverse events have a common cause ?

Posted: 24 Jun 2021 01:56 PM PDT

@mods: rephrased according to guidelines

Question on (sub clinical) myo/pericarditis / CVST post vaccination

All of the current COVID-19 vaccines used in the US and Europe, seem to have (rare) inflammation issues associated with them. The JJ and AZ (viral vector) vaccines rarely produce a rare blood clotting disorder (CVST/SVT) and the Pfizer and Moderna (mRNA) vaccines seem to be associated with a rare inflammation of the (lining of the) heart (myo/pericarditis).

My questions: 1. Are all of these inflammation issues caused by the common mechanism these vaccines have, of instructing our cells to express the spike protein, which cells are then attacked by our immune system through an inflammatory response? 2. Has it been researched as part of the clinical trials, or afterwards, wether the mRNA vaccines also produce sub clinical pericarditis and/or whether viral vector vaccines lead to sub clinical blood clotting in more recipients than is readily observable (given the fact that adverse events during trials are mostly self reported and even mini strokes due to clots in the smallest blood vessels of the brain often go unnoticed by the patient)? 3. Does the inflammatory response dissipate completely after all the vectors / mRNA proteins have been destroyed by the immune system? How long would it take to identify a (latent) auto immune response vis-a-vis the type of cells that previously expressed spike proteins ?

submitted by /u/HammerTim81
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When Does A Water Rocket Reach Maximum Velocity?

Posted: 24 Jun 2021 12:57 PM PDT

Is it at the moment when all the water inside the rocket has been pushed out?

submitted by /u/OtakuKing613
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How was the first code ever made?

Posted: 24 Jun 2021 07:45 AM PDT

How was the first ever code made? A computer needs drivers for a keyboard and that requires code but to code you need a computer

submitted by /u/MadDog2504-TTV
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How does running liquid through the compressor in a refridgerator act as a heat exchanger? Does compressing the liquid cool it somehow? What incites the transfer of thermal from an area of medium-energy to another area of medium energy?

Posted: 24 Jun 2021 05:03 PM PDT

Thursday, June 24, 2021

Ice burns make no sense to me on a molecular level. Your skin cells are damaged because they came in contact with molecules that move too slowly?

Ice burns make no sense to me on a molecular level. Your skin cells are damaged because they came in contact with molecules that move too slowly?


Ice burns make no sense to me on a molecular level. Your skin cells are damaged because they came in contact with molecules that move too slowly?

Posted: 24 Jun 2021 04:15 AM PDT

you can damage your skin via conduction on too hot and too cold objects (-5°C - 54 °C). Now i can somewhat understand how fast moving molecules can damage cells, but what causes the skin cells to be damaged after being in contact with slowly moving molecules? Does the water in cells and blood freeze? If so what happens to the frozen cell when thawing?

submitted by /u/Jesus_in_Valhalla
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What is the theoretical maximum size of a terrestrial planet?

Posted: 24 Jun 2021 02:47 AM PDT

Why is the Kuiper belt a disc but the Oort Cloud is a sphere?

Posted: 23 Jun 2021 09:14 PM PDT

Is it possible that all of the nuclear testing that has been done since WW2 has added to the severity of climate change?

Posted: 24 Jun 2021 08:57 AM PDT

I have always wondered if the thousands of nuclear tests that have been done have negatively affected the atmosphere or just the planet in general enough to cause worsened climate change or if they are just a metaphorical sneeze in comparison to the rest of humanity's pollution.

submitted by /u/retsot
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Why do things float? How does having a different density actually produce an imbalance of forces?

Posted: 24 Jun 2021 06:11 AM PDT

When I've tried to read up on this I generally started to bump up against 'buoyance force' being introduced without any explanation of where that force has actually come from.

submitted by /u/Dogsafe
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Is it more likely to rain at night due to a drop in temperature?

Posted: 23 Jun 2021 06:35 PM PDT

When stuff enters earth’s atmosphere, it burns up in the mesosphere. What is it exactly that causes this to happen? Also how can we send rockets through the mesosphere without them burning up?

Posted: 24 Jun 2021 03:13 AM PDT

How do brains use triptophanes to make serotonin?

Posted: 23 Jun 2021 10:52 PM PDT

Hi, so i got another serotonin question.

Im working on feeding and serotonin and i've already stablished that gut serotonin is not present in the brain.

Instead the brain makes his own serotonin from triptophanes that become available through eating.

How the brain uses the triptophanes? They travel to the brain after ingestion? Are the same food responsible for giving the triptophanes in gut serotonin and brain serotonin?

submitted by /u/Nebye
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Why are there areas on 30 degrees latitude south and north which are very lush?

Posted: 24 Jun 2021 03:45 AM PDT

For example both the south east of China and of the USA are very lush.

As I understand the air descents at around 30 degrees making it warmer.

submitted by /u/Martian5752
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Do immunity boosters increase white blood cells? Does an increase in white blood cells mean increase in immunity?

Posted: 23 Jun 2021 10:21 PM PDT

Can bugs such as flies and mosquitoes hear?

Posted: 23 Jun 2021 02:43 PM PDT

This question is from my son. I was making a show of swatting a housefly like I was a samurai, and did the "kiai yell" right before striking. This prompted his question. I told him I didn't know but would ask people who do.

submitted by /u/2059FF
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Where do most of our calories go?

Posted: 23 Jun 2021 11:54 AM PDT

Its clear that exercise burns calories, but where do the 2k calories our bodies burn just for being alive get spent on? Do most of them go into regulating body temperature?

submitted by /u/ModernGracchi
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How does alcohol effect various microbes?

Posted: 24 Jun 2021 12:19 AM PDT

I am currently studying a simple course, mostly focused on microbiology and chemistry, in the hopes of picking up work as a laboratory assistant or laboratory technician. Earlier in the year we learned about how alcohol effects bacteria, and why 70% ethanol is used to disinfect. Since then we have learned a lot more about microbes and today I started thinking back to those earlier lessons.

From what I understand, alcohol is ambiphilic and bonds to both the hydrophobic and hydrophilic parts of the cell membrane, quickly destroying the cell. This was only explained to us in the context of bacteria. Eukaryotes also have a plasma membrane. Does alcohol have exactly the same effect on them, or do these more complex cells behave differently?

Does alcohol have any effect on a virus that has not invaded a cell, or does the envelope or capsid provide them protection? In the case of a virus with an envelope I know that is a lipid, so I would imagine the ambiphilic alcohol can interact with this in some way.

In the case of a virus that has invaded a cell, the alcohol would obviously have its normal effect on the cell. I imagine this would upset the virus. For example, if it were in the process of replicating the virus, but not yet ready to lyse, I imagine you would have unformed viral components that can never be brought to their finished form.

From what little I know (we have barely touched on this), prions are simply proteins: does alcohol effect them in any way?

submitted by /u/elricofgrans
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Do other animal species have disabilities such as autism?

Posted: 23 Jun 2021 06:07 PM PDT

Why does the sound of thunder last longer than the light of lightning?

Posted: 23 Jun 2021 11:24 PM PDT

Atmospheric scientists and meteorologists, I need you!

There is currently a thunderstorm above my head. There is lightning, but it's not making ground contact. What I noticed is that, while the light from the lightning may last .2 seconds, the sound from the thunder lasts upwards of 8 seconds. Why is this?

Here is my theory: lighting is not a single point phenomenon. It is arcing over a distance, and based upon the length of the sound of lighting we can guess the distance of the arc. So if thunder persists for 8 seconds, and the speed of sound is 1100ft/second, we can assume the arc had a distance of 8800ft (assuming I were directly below the point where it started and it traveled in a horizontal line).

Is that why thunder sticks for so long? Is it just the speed of sound through the atmosphere?

submitted by /u/Wheream_I
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A concussion is the impact of the brain on the skull. Do animals with an exoskeleton experience a similar phenomena when their exoskeleton receives an impact?

Posted: 23 Jun 2021 07:28 AM PDT

Why does rust (iron oxide) conduct electricity so poorly?

Posted: 23 Jun 2021 03:34 PM PDT

Why can nerves be repaired when a severed limb is replanted, but paralysis from spinal cord injuries is incurable?

Posted: 23 Jun 2021 03:13 PM PDT

And how are the nerves from a severed limb repaired/rejoined?

submitted by /u/smousley1995
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Which area has less oxygen to breathe - Denver, dry but at ~5280ft? Or Georgia, sea level with very high humidity?

Posted: 23 Jun 2021 06:18 PM PDT

A friend told me he believes it is just as hard to breathe at his home in Georgia as it is for him at altitude because of how humid it is. Is there science to support this?

Edit: my friend in GA lives at about 300ft above sea level. I did find that air density is effected by humidity but it doesn't seem to be nearly as significant as altitude's effect.

https://www.imgur.com/a/wIQWp62

submitted by /u/lanerbutter
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Where does dirt come from?

Posted: 23 Jun 2021 10:02 AM PDT

My understanding is that dirt comes from a mix of organic material and small rocks/sand/etc.

But does this mean earth didn't have dirt before small plants evolved?

I live in a really cliffy area and I was always wondering how moss can manage to grow on cliffs and how they extract the nutrients.

submitted by /u/cashobar
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