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Wednesday, April 27, 2016

If I could very accurately measure the temperature increase of an object in a wind tunnel could I use that to calculate the drag?

If I could very accurately measure the temperature increase of an object in a wind tunnel could I use that to calculate the drag?


If I could very accurately measure the temperature increase of an object in a wind tunnel could I use that to calculate the drag?

Posted: 26 Apr 2016 01:46 PM PDT

How does bad weather obscure radar?

Posted: 26 Apr 2016 11:41 PM PDT

In my history textbook, it says that bad weather helped the Japanese fighter planes slip past radar on their way to Pearl Harbor. How does bad weather obscure radar?

submitted by /u/RestSnorlax
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What is the maximum speed of a liquid running through a tube?

Posted: 27 Apr 2016 06:18 AM PDT

How do prion proteins actually cause a normal copy to misfold?

Posted: 27 Apr 2016 06:27 AM PDT

What do antivirus scanners on your PC actually look for in a file?

Posted: 26 Apr 2016 06:24 AM PDT

Obviously they search for a virus but what attributes of a file gives away thats its a threat to the system?

submitted by /u/Mash-tash
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If a girl has an above average amount testosterone in her body, will she grow longer than girls with less testosterone?

Posted: 26 Apr 2016 12:46 PM PDT

How different would the Earth be today if the Permian-Triassic extinction event did not occur?

Posted: 27 Apr 2016 02:22 AM PDT

I know this is an oddly specific question, and I couldn't find anything using the search bar. I'm just curious how this would have effected Earth and biodiversity as a whole.

submitted by /u/Froggmann5
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If the stratum corneum is dead and covered in bacteria, why doesn't it decay?

Posted: 26 Apr 2016 11:56 PM PDT

What is the effect of length (Lorentz) contraction on the outer surface of a rotating sphere?

Posted: 26 Apr 2016 12:41 PM PDT

Assuming the surface's linear velocity is a significant fraction of c and is composed of one connected material at rest. What would be observed from different frames? A similar question could be asked of a 2D disk as well.

submitted by /u/Parzival6
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Does sound sound different on other planets with different atmosphere densities?

Posted: 26 Apr 2016 10:02 AM PDT

EDIT: Really intriguing and interesting answers. Thank you!

submitted by /u/mango__reinhardt
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How were the very first computer languages/operating systems coded?

Posted: 26 Apr 2016 10:21 AM PDT

Without any basis with which to code such complex programs, did they have to write everything in binary? Machine code?

submitted by /u/HungoverHero777
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Why do some people's bruises readily appear while others hardly show?

Posted: 26 Apr 2016 10:02 AM PDT

If I hit my leg hard on a surface, I can feel a bruise, but it won't appear until a yellowish green surfaces a week later. My girlfriend, on the other hand, bruises like a peach. A light tap will bring a purple spot the surface in less than a day. How does this work?

submitted by /u/FarFromAmusing
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What are the biological/pharmacological mechanics involved that cause tinnitus (ototoxicity) to occur after taking antibiotics i.e. vancomycin/cephalexin?

Posted: 26 Apr 2016 10:24 AM PDT

Do light waves cast a shadow?

Posted: 27 Apr 2016 04:54 AM PDT

How do nuclear power plants draw and convert energy for our use?

Posted: 27 Apr 2016 04:04 AM PDT

I was watching a documentary called Surviving Disaster: Chernobyl, and it made me curious as to how the energy is harnessed, converted for use and what causes it to melt down.

Edit: Added text.

Forgot to add: What does cause it to melt down the way Chernobyl did?

submitted by /u/Dazd95
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When looking at pictures of Earth taken from space, why do you see only black and no stars?

Posted: 26 Apr 2016 11:55 AM PDT

If there is no "absolute" velocity, how can we determine centripetal force?

Posted: 26 Apr 2016 01:01 PM PDT

For instance, if I look up at a satellite in geostationary orbit, it appears to be standing still. But then, there would be no centrifugal force and it should come crashing down. But from other perspectives, the satellite DOES rotate at the right speed to stay in orbit. What causes that other perspective to be 'correct', whereas mine isn't?

submitted by /u/Huugnuut
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Why does excessive wing angle of attack (AoA) cause roll?

Posted: 26 Apr 2016 08:18 AM PDT

I do not understand why exceeding AoA limits by pitch causes the aircraft to roll uncontrollably. Also what factors go into AoA limit/how can I reduce the effect with design?

Edit: no flare for Aero??

edit, answer: asymmetric stall

submitted by /u/accounttoberacist
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Is there any particular reason that some planets rotate very fast on their axis, while others rotate slowly?

Posted: 26 Apr 2016 07:57 AM PDT

For example a day on Jupiter is around 10 hours, Earth is around 24 hours, while a Venus day is around 5,832. What effects the different speeds?

submitted by /u/ed123dead
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Is there a liquid with the same density of our atmosphere at 1 atm? If so, would a glass full of it not experience refraction?

Posted: 26 Apr 2016 04:50 PM PDT

How do microbes in the human body survive our immune systems?

Posted: 26 Apr 2016 08:25 AM PDT

Is there a constant struggle between the non-human organisms and our immune systems or do they operate without issue?

submitted by /u/ChainedBroletariat
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Can you charge your phone from a plant? Is this legit?

Posted: 26 Apr 2016 11:05 AM PDT

http://www.bioo.tech/ This reminds me of the miniscuba system I saw on Reddit recently and it was pretty quickly debunked (though who knows if it is still attracting investors). Is this the same kind of "half-science" being used to defraud people again or can this really work?

Found the rebreather device I was referring to. They have raised a ton of money for this thing! https://www.indiegogo.com/projects/world-s-first-artificial-gills-oxygen-respirator--2#/

submitted by /u/EyePad
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Why does the carboniferous period have a mean surface temp equal or lower than today, when it had 2x the atmospheric CO2?

Posted: 26 Apr 2016 08:09 AM PDT

The mean rise in surface temperature that's been cause for concern within the last 2-3 decades has been almost always attributed to the rise of atmospheric CO2. The Carboniferous period, a geologic era defined by it's large quantities of flora due to high CO2 density (800ppm to today's 400ppm), had a (theorized) mean surface temperature comparable to current temperatures.

What other effects are contributing to the rise of global temperatures if not for CO2? Are other greenhouse gases a greater threat than discussed frequently? Do standard cycles of glaciation play a bigger part in the temperature variance (or lack there of)?

submitted by /u/Snaz5
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Tuesday, April 26, 2016

How can everything be relative if time ticks slower the faster you go?

How can everything be relative if time ticks slower the faster you go?


How can everything be relative if time ticks slower the faster you go?

Posted: 26 Apr 2016 02:22 AM PDT

When you travel in a spaceship near the speed of light, It looks like the entire universe is traveling at near-light speed towards you. Also it gets compressed. For an observer on the ground, it looks like the space ship it traveling near c, and it looks like the space ship is compressed. No problems so far

However, For the observer on the ground, it looks like your clock are going slower, and for the spaceship it looks like the observer on the ground got a faster clock. then everything isnt relative. Am I wrong about the time and observer thingy, or isn't every reference point valid in the universe?

submitted by /u/MrPannkaka
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Is entropy low in a black hole?

Posted: 26 Apr 2016 05:42 AM PDT

Does it even make sense to think about entropy in black holes?

submitted by /u/Redbiertje
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Are there any traits passed on through the Y chromosome that are not related to sex determination?

Posted: 25 Apr 2016 01:48 PM PDT

How many more "new" stars become visible each year?

Posted: 25 Apr 2016 02:19 PM PDT

In other words, how many stars join the observable universe each year?

submitted by /u/Edzeo
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Both ICl and Br2 have the same number of atoms and approximately the same molecular weight, but ICl is a solid whereas Br2 is a liquid at 0oC. Why?

Posted: 25 Apr 2016 08:04 PM PDT

[Astronomy] Since black holes grow in size, shouldn't that mean there's a solid in the center of the black hole and matter is just added to it over time?

Posted: 26 Apr 2016 06:45 AM PDT

Is there a word for something that's neither unstable nor stable?

Posted: 25 Apr 2016 10:10 PM PDT

If you stick a ball on a hill and nudge it, it will roll off the hill. It's unstable. If you stick it in a valley and nudge it, it will roll back. It's stable. If you stick it on a plane with friction, it will just move a little and stay there. It's not really either. Is there a name for that?

submitted by /u/DCarrier
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Are there forces on a spacecraft other than acceleration during a flyby? (Powered or unpowered)

Posted: 26 Apr 2016 06:32 AM PDT

Looking at the Oberth effect (powered flyby) and unassisted flyby, would there be any forces other than F=ma on the craft due to gravity or other issues? If periapsis was low enough, atmospheric friction would probably come into play, but are there other forces? Thanks.

submitted by /u/keithgcochran
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Is it possible to use other hadrons to catalyze nuclear reactions akin to photocatalysis of chemical reactions?

Posted: 26 Apr 2016 06:22 AM PDT

A bit of background: My quantum mechanics course was in the chemistry department and pertained specifically to interactions within electromagnetic force.

Sometimes photons are used to put reactants into an excited electronic, vibrational, and even rotational state that has the lowest kinetic (as opposed to thermodynamic) barrier to reaction. This leads to faster reactions at lower temperatures.

Is controlled use of other gluons akin to lasers are for photons theoretically possible, feasible, or currently done? What about the bosons that carry the weak force?

submitted by /u/Liberals_to_Gulag
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How do photons have momentum?

Posted: 26 Apr 2016 04:57 AM PDT

Could someone provide the answer without pointing out Einstein's equation saying its incomplete and all? Practically, physically how is it possible for a massless object to have momentum? Analogies are appreciated.

submitted by /u/Ashen_Cyborg
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Would moving something at a high speed increase its temperature?

Posted: 26 Apr 2016 04:31 AM PDT

Temperature is just a measure of average kinetic energy. Say, in a vacuum (where friction from air resistance is... unlikely), would moving an object extremely quickly increase the average kinetic energy of the particles in the object enough to noticeably raise its temperature?

submitted by /u/pm_MGSVTPP_steamcode
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Are mass and weight directly related?

Posted: 25 Apr 2016 06:04 PM PDT

Say you have an object, and you want it to become heavier, without changing its mass (adding external objects). Example: a handheld object for a virtual reality device, in order to achieve a more realistic experience, they controllers need to add weight.

Is this somehow possible? Just a random question

submitted by /u/Jpalermo99
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In a Neutron Generator, how is the Neutron Beam "Focused"?

Posted: 25 Apr 2016 02:44 PM PDT

I understand the accelleration of a Deuterium or Tritium nucleus into a D/T target, creating fusion and the product neutrons - but how are those neutrons collected?

submitted by /u/statdance
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Can isotopes commonly used in food irradiation induce radioactivity through neutron activation?

Posted: 26 Apr 2016 02:00 AM PDT

I have two trusted sources at ends. This study: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18220055 , claims that radioactivity can be induced in food by the isotopes Cobalt-60 and caesium-137, however (understanding wikipedia is not perfect) it explicitly states here: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Induced_radioactivity that; "The isotopes used in food irradiation (cobalt-60, caesium-137) both have energy peaks below this cutoff and thus cannot induce radioactivity in the food". Providing the minimum required energy for this is 2 MeV for deuterium. Is wiki wrong with their MeV requirement, is this study wrong, or can you provide another answer, thanks.

Sorry for the formatting, I'm still learning.

submitted by /u/Trajjan
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How can propellants push a spacecraft if there's nothing to push off against?

Posted: 26 Apr 2016 12:10 AM PDT

If a rocket burns fuel to accelerate in space, why does that force push the rocket if there's no atmosphere or mass to push off against?

submitted by /u/mustangbanana
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How does Ph level affect on ice cubes?

Posted: 25 Apr 2016 09:58 PM PDT

Are elliptical orbits any more stable than circular orbits?

Posted: 25 Apr 2016 05:52 PM PDT

I'm in an argument with another user on reddit (/u/somerandomguy02), over on /r/todayilearned. Here is the thread.

/u/somerandomguy02 believes that all orbits are non-circular orbits because non-circular orbits are more stable than circular ones. I've tried my hardest to convince him otherwise, going as far as providing sources to prove that he is incorrect.

I do not understand why he has any reason to believe this other than misunderstanding that the statement "elliptical orbits are stable." means that closed orbits are stable, and not that elliptical orbits are more stable. He also does not understand that circular orbits are a special subset of elliptical orbits, because circles are a special subset of ellipses, and refuses to believe the latter.

I know that science is not a democracy, but I think having a large number of people verify that he is incorrect would help lead him to admit that he is incorrect, or at least believe that he is incorrect, so therefore I would greatly appreciate it if you were to confirm this.

submitted by /u/Artillect
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If the cooling of one object is caused by the transfer of heat to another object, how does the Earth cool in winter? Isn't space empty?

Posted: 25 Apr 2016 10:26 AM PDT

My icy drink is cooled because it transfers its own heat energy to the ice. How then does Earth cool, if there's no surrounding matter in space to soak up the Earth's heat energy?

submitted by /u/MemeHunter421x
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At what temperature does a magnetic material (EX: Neodymium) lose its magnetic field?

Posted: 25 Apr 2016 10:19 AM PDT

And by lose, I mean to the point at which its negligible or has the same intensity as the average nonmagnetic material.

submitted by /u/Xanjaxn
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Why is thermodynamic equilibrium equal to maximum entropy?

Posted: 25 Apr 2016 06:10 AM PDT

I already asked this, but the answer got deleted so... :/

submitted by /u/9voltWolfXX
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Monday, April 25, 2016

AskScience AMA Series: I'm Alexis Kaushansky, a Principal Investigator at the Center for Infectious Disease Research in Seattle, WA. I research malaria and the interactions between host and pathogens. I’m excited to talk to you about it. AMA!

AskScience AMA Series: I'm Alexis Kaushansky, a Principal Investigator at the Center for Infectious Disease Research in Seattle, WA. I research malaria and the interactions between host and pathogens. I’m excited to talk to you about it. AMA!


AskScience AMA Series: I'm Alexis Kaushansky, a Principal Investigator at the Center for Infectious Disease Research in Seattle, WA. I research malaria and the interactions between host and pathogens. I’m excited to talk to you about it. AMA!

Posted: 25 Apr 2016 04:53 AM PDT

Hello Reddit!

My name is Alexis Kaushansky and I serve as a principal investigator at the Center for Infectious Disease Research. My research studies the interactions between humans and pathogens, with a particular focus on malaria. The malaria parasite and other infectious diseases that burden the world cannot survive independently. To cause sickness and travel through the population, they must appropriate resources from the people they infect. Our work aims to identify what pathogens need from their host and use this knowledge to prevent and ultimately eliminate malaria.

When malaria parasites are transmitted from mosquito to human, they are first deposited into the skin, then quickly travel to the liver. In the liver, each parasite replicates tens of thousands of times within the confines of a single hepatocyte, a cell in the liver. During this stage of infection, the parasite causes no clinical symptoms, yet elimination of the parasite in the liver prevents disease and transmission and can even elicit sterile immunity from subsequent infection. Our work focuses on the basic question of how the malaria parasite is able to modify its human liver environment in order to counteract host defenses and ensure for its own survival.

At CIDResearch, we breed thousands of research grade mosquitoes each week in order to power our bench research projects. Our work critically depends on malaria parasite infection in mosquitoes and production of sporozoites for lab experiments. We maintain state-of-the-art insectaries that breed and house Anopheles mosquitoes.

Here are a few of our recent publications:

Suppression of host p53 is critical for Plasmodium liver-stage infection. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23478020

Malaria parasites target the hepatocyte receptor EphA2 for successful host infection. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26612952

To mark April 25 World Malaria Day, I'm taking questions on the research underway to better understand and combat this ancient disease. I will be back at 12 pm ET to answer your questions, looking forward to it!

submitted by /u/CIDResearch
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In a microwave, why doesn't the rotating glass/plastic table get hot or melt?

Posted: 24 Apr 2016 10:04 AM PDT

Throughout history were doctors able to diagnose allergies or were they misdiagnosed as something else?

Posted: 24 Apr 2016 09:50 PM PDT

What the hell is entropy? How can we quantify something as abstract as "disorder"?

Posted: 24 Apr 2016 09:07 PM PDT

I'm aware entropy can be thought of as "unusable energy" but what does that even mean? How does this occur? It sounds just like an exception to the conservation of energy. How exactly is this tied into chaos and disorder?

submitted by /u/big_fred
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Do short trees bud/blossom faster than tall trees?

Posted: 24 Apr 2016 06:40 PM PDT

I was out for a walk today, and I made an observation that most of the tall trees that I saw were still bare, whereas most of the short trees had blossomed. Is this because it takes longer for tall trees to draw nutrients up the trunk in the spring than short trees? Or is it because the "tall trees" are really just a different species and would take longer to blossom even if they were shorter?

submitted by /u/taedrin
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How would a person with slight to moderately low levels of grey matter function? White matter as well?

Posted: 24 Apr 2016 06:05 PM PDT

Not looking for a full blown disorder, but more so a slight nuance to a moderate anomaly, similar to the cortical variability in any given population.

submitted by /u/thisdrawing
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Would the clone of an animal with inherited heterochromia also have it? Would it be on the same side?

Posted: 24 Apr 2016 06:03 PM PDT

Is there a maximum density?

Posted: 24 Apr 2016 12:49 PM PDT

If density is just how close the atoms are to each other, surely there's a breaking point for the atoms, right?

submitted by /u/dancingbanana123
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Can diabetes type 2 be reversed or "cured"?

Posted: 24 Apr 2016 06:49 PM PDT

Read a really strange article that says we need bacteria (p. Syringae) to make rain and it was full of microbiologist quotes. Is this a commonly accepted theory?

Posted: 24 Apr 2016 08:48 PM PDT

Heres the place I read it. Still can't believe I've never heard this before.

http://www.theverge.com/2016/4/22/11486644/ice-crystal-bacteria-process-study

submitted by /u/antiward
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What did people think prior to cell theory?

Posted: 24 Apr 2016 08:23 PM PDT

Did they believe that humans were just singular, large organisms or was there a precursor to the concept of cells?

submitted by /u/RustyCorkscrew
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What is Doppler/Laser Cooling (and other questions related to the practice)?

Posted: 25 Apr 2016 05:21 AM PDT

Hi there, science people! I have a few questions about Doppler Cooling! Lets get started :)

  1. Ive done a little research on the topic and I know that in at certain frequency red-shifting occurs and atoms moving away "ignore" the photons flying at them while atoms moving towards the photons absorb them, gaining their momentum which slows the atoms down. My question is about this "ignoring," what is that in more technical terms.
  2. When the atom absorbs the photon it will be in a higher energy state and will return to a lower energy state and release a photon with the same frequency that was emitted. Wouldn't the momentum be transferred back into the photon and the atom remain moving with the same kinetic energy as before? (Does it have something to do with the angle the photon is absorbed/emitted?)
  3. What temperatures have been reached using Doppler cooling?
  4. What are the practical applications of cooling to such a low temperature?
  5. What principles of quantum mechanics are used in understanding doopler cooling?

Sources would be great.

Thank you so much!

submitted by /u/outside_joker
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Are most human genes under Hardy-Weinberg Equilibruim?

Posted: 24 Apr 2016 07:01 PM PDT

Aside from the genes (and their surrounding loci) that are under selection, are most human genes in HWE?

submitted by /u/TheWrongSolution
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Why does aging cause faces to lose fat under the skin?

Posted: 24 Apr 2016 08:38 PM PDT

What's the mechanism of action?

submitted by /u/364634634634
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When I add cream or milk to my coffee to mellow it out, is the coffee actually changing chemically in some way? Or is the dairy just masking the coffee's acidic character and tricking me?

Posted: 24 Apr 2016 03:56 PM PDT

How do firearm scopes accurately predict where a bullet will land when it is slightly above from where the bullet is fired?

Posted: 24 Apr 2016 08:21 PM PDT

If the barrel is below the scope, than how does the scope accurately predict where the bullet will land? Wouldn't the bullet land slightly below where the scope predicts it will, since the barrel is slightly below the scope?

submitted by /u/charlie12520
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Why does an electric motor interfere with TV reception?

Posted: 24 Apr 2016 08:11 PM PDT

My digital antenna signal loses some reception when a certain powerful electric motor is used nearby. I have a moderate understanding of electronics, but I was really surprised when this happened.

submitted by /u/jakera
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Recording tinnitus - can you measure it?

Posted: 24 Apr 2016 04:05 PM PDT

I was once at an audio engineering society meeting where headphone experts were talking about how tinnitus can be an oscillation. I was told that it could actually be recorded if the ear was in the a room like an anechoic chamber. Could anyone fill me in if this were possible?

Thanks Reddit.

submitted by /u/APKaudio
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Liquid nitrogen excessive boiling before critical temperature?

Posted: 24 Apr 2016 10:03 AM PDT

I've used liquid nitrogen for the last few years as a low temperature reference point for the calibration of PRTs (Platinum Resistance Thermometers). The process of which involves a filling a 2 liter dewar flask and submerging a copper block inside of it. The process of getting the copper down to the boiling point of the liquid nitrogen takes about 10-12 minutes, for those curious, but what I want to know happens RIGHT before it reaches thermal stability.

About 30 seconds before thermal stability the nitrogen starts to boil more vigorously. It "erupts" from the holes at the top of my test set up and shoots a huge cloud of water vapor (from the air) and droplets of liquid nitrogen everywhere.

So my question is this: Why do objects submerged in liquid nitrogen cause it to boil more rapidly when they reach the boiling point (-196°C)?

submitted by /u/gustomtb
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Does the excessive comsuption of violent media has any effect on us?

Posted: 24 Apr 2016 02:51 PM PDT

Do the lungs, rather the bronchii and alveoli inside them fill from top to bottom, or vice versa?

Posted: 24 Apr 2016 04:34 PM PDT

I'm just a man interested in knowing things.

submitted by /u/alienf00d
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Why do some metals corrode faster than others?

Posted: 24 Apr 2016 04:31 PM PDT

If the environment is the same,why do some metals form rust faster than others. I.e. Copper in sulfuric acid vs steel in sulfuric acid

submitted by /u/Onpieceisfun
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What type of computer / communications hardware / software was used on the Lunar Landing Missions (Apollo)?

Posted: 24 Apr 2016 03:39 PM PDT

Couldn't find much info on:

  1. Computing power of Lunar Orbiter / Lunar Landing Craft

  2. Radio & Television broadcasting Equipment & Frequencies / Power Needed to transmit to earth

  3. Navigation systems used

Considering commercial air travel relies Heavily on "fly-by-wire" / computerized Systems, GPS, VHF radio, RADAR, etc, How did NASA pull off getting a Lander, As well as a Lunar Escape / Earth Re-Entry craft to the moon and back without the items less-intense aviation such as Commercial Air Traffic uses today.

It's my understanding that a smart-phone today likely has more computing power than NASA had in its entire Mission Control in 1969. How was this feat accomplished lacking the hardware and software we have today?

(Which almost begs the question "why haven't we ever returned to the Moon?" Given it should be exponentially easier in 2016 than it was in the late 1960's / early 1970's)

submitted by /u/PoppingZitz
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