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Thursday, March 31, 2022

Why is the Ampere an SI base unit?

Why is the Ampere an SI base unit?


Why is the Ampere an SI base unit?

Posted: 30 Mar 2022 07:56 PM PDT

Wouldn't it make more sense to have the Coulomb, the unit of charge, to be a base unit instead? After all, current is the flow of charge. It seems backwards to define the Coulomb as 1 A*s.

submitted by /u/Iluvatardis
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AskScience AMA Series: We're Hayden Reeve, Steve Widergren, and Robert Pratt from Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, and we study the power grid. We recently found using a transactive energy system could save U.S. consumers over $50 billion annually on their electrical bills. Ask us anything!

Posted: 31 Mar 2022 04:00 AM PDT

Hello Reddit, Hayden Reeve, Steve Widergren, and Robert Pratt here. Our team of energy experts study the U.S. power grid, looking at ways to modernize it and make it more stable and reliable. We're not fans of brownouts. Recently, we conducted the largest simulation of its kind to determine how a transactive energy approach would affect the grid, operators, utilities, and consumers. In a transactive energy system, the power grid, homes, commercial buildings, etc. are in constant contact. Smart devices receive a forecast of energy prices at various times of day and develop a strategy to meet consumer preferences while reducing cost and overall electricity demand. Our study concluded consumers stand to save about 15 percent on their annual electric bill and peak loads would be reduced by 9 to 15 percent. We'll be on at 2:00 PM Pacific (5 PM ET, 21:00 UT) to answer your questions.

You can read our full report on our Transactive Systems website.

Username: /u/PNNL

submitted by /u/AskScienceModerator
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Are there any known organism that is so photophobic that they can actually die from too much exposure to common sources of light?

Posted: 31 Mar 2022 07:32 AM PDT

And no, I dont mean the heat that usually comes with most light source. I mean light. And by "common" I mean not something that can only be produced in a lab or in space like gamma or x-rays. I mean sunlight or a torchlight.

submitted by /u/samazam94
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How did science explain dissolution before atoms were discovered?

Posted: 30 Mar 2022 08:17 PM PDT

If we have B-cells for every possible pathogen, why don't we have automatic immunity to everything?

Posted: 30 Mar 2022 09:11 AM PDT

Since we automatically have B cells that produce antibodies for every possible antigen after they pass through the thymus, why don't we automatically have memory b cells for every possible antigen?

submitted by /u/pussyriot94
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Is there a latency period for human vitamin D production upon UVB exposure, or are skin cells synthesizing vitamin D as soon as exposed? Would we get the same amount of vitamin D from 60 ten-second periods of sunlight as from a single 10 minute period of sunlight?

Posted: 30 Mar 2022 12:22 PM PDT

Ask Anything Wednesday - Physics, Astronomy, Earth and Planetary Science

Posted: 30 Mar 2022 07:00 AM PDT

Welcome to our weekly feature, Ask Anything Wednesday - this week we are focusing on Physics, Astronomy, Earth and Planetary Science

Do you have a question within these topics you weren't sure was worth submitting? Is something a bit too speculative for a typical /r/AskScience post? No question is too big or small for AAW. In this thread you can ask any science-related question! Things like: "What would happen if...", "How will the future...", "If all the rules for 'X' were different...", "Why does my...".

Asking Questions:

Please post your question as a top-level response to this, and our team of panellists will be here to answer and discuss your questions. The other topic areas will appear in future Ask Anything Wednesdays, so if you have other questions not covered by this weeks theme please either hold on to it until those topics come around, or go and post over in our sister subreddit /r/AskScienceDiscussion , where every day is Ask Anything Wednesday! Off-theme questions in this post will be removed to try and keep the thread a manageable size for both our readers and panellists.

Answering Questions:

Please only answer a posted question if you are an expert in the field. The full guidelines for posting responses in AskScience can be found here. In short, this is a moderated subreddit, and responses which do not meet our quality guidelines will be removed. Remember, peer reviewed sources are always appreciated, and anecdotes are absolutely not appropriate. In general if your answer begins with 'I think', or 'I've heard', then it's not suitable for /r/AskScience.

If you would like to become a member of the AskScience panel, please refer to the information provided here.

Past AskAnythingWednesday posts can be found here. Ask away!

submitted by /u/AutoModerator
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When was the sonic boom first identified, or predicted?

Posted: 30 Mar 2022 05:37 PM PDT

Though I know things like bullwhips and canon fire create small sonic booms, as far as I can gather the noise wasn't identified for what it was at the time. Historically (as far as I can tell) the first large object to break the sound barrier and create an identifiable sonic boom as the V-2 rocket developed during WWII. My question is was the science behind the sonic boom already theorised at that point, or did the sound come as a surprise? Did they know the rocket would make a sonic boom, or was the theory being the boom developed later to explain what they heard?

submitted by /u/Melodic_692
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Will frequently donating blood lead to any negative long term effects?

Posted: 31 Mar 2022 12:29 AM PDT

I try and donate blood (plasma/platelets/red blood cells) about once a month. I am happy to donate but have a slight concern I could be putting myself at risk for something long term. I understand there are some short term side effects when donating blood, but are there any studies suggesting that frequently donating blood can negatively harm your health?

submitted by /u/tanner828
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Do bugs sleep? Do they have rest periods where they recharge?

Posted: 29 Mar 2022 05:08 PM PDT

Why is the line of gravitational lensing in NASA’s latest Hubble discovery looped?

Posted: 31 Mar 2022 12:28 AM PDT

As seen on their tweet, the galaxy appears to produce a loop or whorl in its lensing line.

submitted by /u/Random-Mutant
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If there are rogue planets, does that mean there could, theoretically, be rogue solar systems?

Posted: 30 Mar 2022 09:41 PM PDT

As in, solar systems hurtling through space not in the gravity well of a galaxy? Would life be affected in any way if this were a thing that existed? For instance if the Sol system were to become one of these "rogue systems", would we even notice (apart from the a drastically reduced amount of stars in the night sky I'm assuming)

submitted by /u/Insertclever_name
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What exactly happens in the reaction of copper chloride and aluminium?

Posted: 31 Mar 2022 04:26 AM PDT

It is supposed to be a simple double displacement reaction with no gases released:

3CuCl2 + 2Al --> 3Cu + 2AlCl3

I've seen some videos about it and it always also releases some gas. I¨'ve tried it myself and it indeed, also releases some gas. Does anyone know what the gas is? Could it be that the aluminium chloridde immediatly decomposes because of how exothermic the reaction is and releases HCl?

submitted by /u/17pdrSweat
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What type of bond does ADP make to the F1 substructures of ATP synthase and what type of bond does the Pi make to the ADP to form ATP?

Posted: 31 Mar 2022 04:23 AM PDT

Am I correct in saying ADP bonds to the F1 subsctructures using hydrogen bonds? And ADP -> ATP uses covalent bonds?

Thanks in advance.

submitted by /u/saffa05
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When I recite my ABCs, am I firing neurons from my childhood? And/or am I firing the same network that dates back to my childhood?

Posted: 30 Mar 2022 10:00 AM PDT

How did biodiversity prior to the Permian and Cretaceous extinctions compare to the biodiversity on Earth prior to Industrialization?

Posted: 30 Mar 2022 04:39 PM PDT

I'm presuming that Biodiversity generally increases as time goes on, with the occasional drop as a result of Mass Extinction events.

submitted by /u/wiz28ultra
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How does potassium cycle in nature?

Posted: 31 Mar 2022 03:33 AM PDT

How does potassium cycle in nature? We know how water, carbon and some other elements do but how does potassium? How does potassium stay in nature when for example we use fern ash to make potassium hydroxide?

submitted by /u/Aptotip
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not sure how to title this but the question is about the affects of an oxygen deficient environment on the body?

Posted: 29 Mar 2022 07:02 AM PDT

if a person went outside in an environment with little to no oxygen so they had a oxygen supply for breathing what effects would the oxygen deficient environment have on the body?

submitted by /u/playalot3
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Do individual molecules have a state of matter?

Posted: 30 Mar 2022 09:56 PM PDT

Let's say I have a container of liquefied natural gas and a container of natural gas (gaseous). If I were to remove one single molecule from each container, and keep each molecule at its respective temperature and pressure, would the individual molecule still be liquid/gaseous?

submitted by /u/alienatedtruth
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Is ‘Wolf’s Law’ applicable to cranial suture tissue?

Posted: 31 Mar 2022 12:33 AM PDT

I'm sure I don't have to go too in-depth about what 'Wolf's Law' is; applied stress / pressure causes bone remodelling - increasing density and strength - hence why tennis players often have far denser bone mass in one leg. Specific cells found in bone are needed to achieve this.

I was curious as to if this was applicable to the tissue that makes up cranial sutures, and if said tissue contain the same cells that would cause an increase in strength and density. If this were the case [in the assumption you aren't past the age (24-28) where the solicitation process naturally takes place], would applying pressure to the suture speed up the solidification of cranial sutures?

submitted by /u/AccountForQuestions5
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What’s the purpose of a yawn?

Posted: 30 Mar 2022 11:20 AM PDT

Is it true a yawn represents a rush of oxygen to the brain?

submitted by /u/em_jalapeno
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Do plants "sleep" at night when there's no sunlight to fuel their activities?

Posted: 29 Mar 2022 10:49 PM PDT

I know they store fuel and nutrition within them, but if they are still "active" at night using those, what kinds of activities do they do? Are daytimes and summers significantly more active for plants than nighttime and winters?

submitted by /u/aaqucnaona
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How is that plastic micro particles can enter the bloodstream? Aren’t they too large?

Posted: 30 Mar 2022 04:20 AM PDT

Recently researchers found micro plastics in the human bloodstream for the first time. I can understand finding plastic chemicals and compounds in blood, but aren't actual particles too big to pass? We must ingest or breath all sorts of countless fine particles daily. Yet do those pass into our bloodstream too?

submitted by /u/AzourSM
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Is it possible to have a small localized atmosphere on "airless" bodies like moons and asteroids?

Posted: 29 Mar 2022 06:37 PM PDT

Could gas pool in a crater and have things like convection and 'wind' and primitive weather for any reasonable amount of time?

I'm imagining a scenario where a comet is outgassing and some of that gas is below the Jeans Escape temperature and settles into a crater or a valley, would a constant supply of outgassing material be able to support a thin atmosphere or would it just sublimate to solid again immediately?

submitted by /u/f4fotografy
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How did social class effect chances of survival for HIV patients durring the 80'and 90's?

Posted: 30 Mar 2022 03:19 AM PDT

HIV/AIDS is often portrayed in the media as this neo-bubonic plague that could strike down anyone at any time, no matter your background. But im wondering how accurate that is. We've seen from the past couple of years how wealth can increase your odds of survival just through better palliative care. Im wondering how much wealth impacted survival chances durring the HIV crisis, even before there was any kind ofegit treatment available? Was it truely no respector of persons with little that even the rich could do to stop it?

submitted by /u/thecosmicgoose
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Monday, March 28, 2022

AskScience AMA Series: Biomedical research has a diversity problem that NIH scientists & other researchers are working to fix. The All of Us Research Program just released nearly 100K whole genome sequences from a group of diverse participants into our secure Researcher Workbench. Ask us anything!

AskScience AMA Series: Biomedical research has a diversity problem that NIH scientists & other researchers are working to fix. The All of Us Research Program just released nearly 100K whole genome sequences from a group of diverse participants into our secure Researcher Workbench. Ask us anything!


AskScience AMA Series: Biomedical research has a diversity problem that NIH scientists & other researchers are working to fix. The All of Us Research Program just released nearly 100K whole genome sequences from a group of diverse participants into our secure Researcher Workbench. Ask us anything!

Posted: 28 Mar 2022 04:00 AM PDT

The National Institutes of Health's All of Us Research Program is inviting one million or more people across the U.S. to help build one of the most diverse health databases in history. In support of our recent controlled tier and genomic dataset announcement, we will be answering questions about genomics, diversity in biomedical research, and how the All of Us Research Program's dataset may help drive medical research forward and improve health equity.

We are:

We'll be here to respond to questions between 1pm - 5pm ET (17-21 UT), ask us anything!

Username: /u/AllofUsNIH

submitted by /u/AskScienceModerator
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How does our brain measure the age of memories?

Posted: 28 Mar 2022 09:10 AM PDT

How can we tell if something happened before something else? How can your brain recall the date of something you saw or learned?

submitted by /u/Walid_Fakhfakh
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Which animals have the largest vocal range?

Posted: 28 Mar 2022 08:04 AM PDT

I did some quick googling but only got stuff for hearing range, which is more easily measurable. The average human has a range between 2 - 3 octaves for full voice, but there are lots of exceptions and this can be expanded with training. What about the rest of the animal kingdom?

Edit: After some discussion below here's my preliminary definition of vocal range: The number of pure tones capable of being produced by the voluntary movement of an internal apparatus similar to the vocal cords in humans.

submitted by /u/VoodooPatches
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Why can’t we see a new moon?

Posted: 28 Mar 2022 01:42 AM PDT

Why don't we see a big round dark circle floating around creating an eclipse of the stars?

submitted by /u/CandyOwn7649
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Do caves / cavern systems exist on Mars? If they do, how deep would we have to go to be in an area that is warm enough to support life?

Posted: 28 Mar 2022 05:31 AM PDT

Why is argon so abundant in Earth’s atmosphere?

Posted: 27 Mar 2022 08:30 AM PDT

Looking at a pie chart of Earth's atmospheric composition, argon gets its own "slice", being nearly 25x more abundant than all other non-oxygen/nitrogen gases COMBINED. Why should this be the case?? I understand that lack of reactivity probably accounts for some of it, but that still doesn't explain why argon is much more abundant than other noble gases, like neon and krypton.

Thanks for any info you can provide!

submitted by /u/opteryx5
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If a mother is malnourished during childhood, will it affect a baby she has later in life?

Posted: 27 Mar 2022 08:47 AM PDT

What really causes diverticulitis?

Posted: 27 Mar 2022 07:50 AM PDT

When an electron and positron annihilate, they give off two gamma rays - is it always exactly two? Might it be more?

Posted: 27 Mar 2022 05:05 AM PDT

And what if a proton and an antiproton annihilate? Will that also usually be two gamma rays?

submitted by /u/SurprisedPotato
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How can pure substances have multiple triple points?

Posted: 28 Mar 2022 04:21 AM PDT

So a triple point is defined as "the temperature and pressure at which three phases (gas, liquid, and solid) of that substance may coexist in thermodynamic equilibrium" but my textbook also says "a pure substance can have a number of triple point, but only one triple point has a solid, liquid and vapor equilibrium.

If it's defined as the point where gas, liquid and solids meet... and there's only one such point... how are there multiple?

My best guess is the "(gas, liquid, and solid)" bit doesn't account for allotropic transformations while my textbook does. Stuff like Ice IV and ice V count as different states so if 3 of those states (where 2 or more could be solid, just different types) converge thats a triple point. Also apparently there's 19 types of water ice so thats just wild. Anyway, is my assumption correct?

submitted by /u/badassito
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How does the body generate heat?

Posted: 27 Mar 2022 09:56 AM PDT

Whenever you get an infection, the body turns up the temperature, which we call a fever right? So how exactly does it generate this excess heat

submitted by /u/Crux_AMVS24
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What exactly is “dry steam”? In the context of rocket engines.

Posted: 28 Mar 2022 12:33 PM PDT

Why is the human body's immune response so ineffective at stopping Bubonic Plague?

Posted: 27 Mar 2022 10:14 AM PDT

The plague ended up causing swelling, necrosis, and explosions in the lymph nodes, the very heart of the adaptive immune system.

Why is the human body so poorly adapted to fight off the plague bacteria? Does the innate immune system just get overwhelmed so quickly the adaptive has no time to kick into gear, or is the plague bacteria unique in some way?

submitted by /u/Alashion
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How can asymptomatic cases cause long-COVID? Doesn't that stem from the damage caused by the initial symptoms?

Posted: 27 Mar 2022 04:40 PM PDT

How do anti leptons and muons interact?

Posted: 28 Mar 2022 03:19 AM PDT

Is there a difference between the way anti leptons and muons interact compared to anti leptons and leptons or anti muons and muons?

submitted by /u/KillerWattage
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How do blood clots go away? Do they dissolve and just eventually move on once small enough or do they just get dislodged randomly?

Posted: 27 Mar 2022 09:44 PM PDT

Why are cancers and tumors so often only detected in their late stages? Why can’t people past a certain age just receive an annual test?

Posted: 27 Mar 2022 08:59 PM PDT

Having just lost a parent to a brain tumor, this question is heavy on my mind. They were around 70, and in and out of the hospital for various ailments. Heart issues, etc. I just find it shocking nobody noticed a brain tumor so advanced the doctors wouldn't even do a biopsy on it, and parent was gone three months after it was detected.

Thanks in advance for any insights.

submitted by /u/Kind-Concept968
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Is there any forms of life that don’t use ADP for storing energy?

Posted: 27 Mar 2022 08:25 PM PDT

Are there any rocks that don't fit neatly into the igneous/metamorphic/sedimentary classification system?

Posted: 27 Mar 2022 07:04 AM PDT

Could increased snowfall mitigate the reduction of the ice caps in regards to reflection of sunlight?

Posted: 27 Mar 2022 09:26 AM PDT

To my understanding increases in snowfall are a consequence of global warming as more water is vaporized. Where I live we've had two record snowy winters in a row, and with things like the Texas blizzard some time ago I started thinking if this increase in snow coverage could somehow mitigate the reduced reflection of sunlight from the melting of the ice caps? Or is it completely negligible?

submitted by /u/Identity_ranger
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Is Ocean Acidification Homogeneous?

Posted: 27 Mar 2022 11:26 AM PDT

Hello,

I've noticed that the pH measurements of oceans are often made at the surface. I think anthropogenic carbon emissions from the oceans also occur at the ocean surface because most of the carbon dioxide we produce is dispersed into the atmosphere.

When I think in the context of heat maps for the pH level of oceans, I intuitively think that the acidification of hot tones will be deeper. Is the acidification in the oceans spreading homogeneously or in the form of an increasing gradient towards the surface?

submitted by /u/BerkayKutsal
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Can you cut a hammerhead worm up into 2-3 pieces and once regrown cut again ad infinitum?

Posted: 28 Mar 2022 02:03 AM PDT

I heard you can only clone plants so many times before the genetics get screwy. What about worms. Would the 30th split be just as viable as the first? Thanks

submitted by /u/deadenddrive555
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Would people who live on different planets age at different rates if one planet moves through space faster than the other?

Posted: 27 Mar 2022 11:17 AM PDT

What is happening physiologically when the urge to sneeze arises?

Posted: 28 Mar 2022 12:45 AM PDT