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Sunday, January 30, 2022

Is there any limit to how dense matter can be?

Is there any limit to how dense matter can be?


Is there any limit to how dense matter can be?

Posted: 29 Jan 2022 09:02 AM PST

Was watching a video about the Big Bang yesterday and they mentioned that in the beginning all the matter in the universe was packed into an unimaginably tiny space. Which got me wondering: is there any physical limit to how much matter can be packed into a small space?

Also, I tagged this "astronomy" as it seems like this would fall under the astrophysics category. Sorry if that's not the case.

submitted by /u/ApologeticKid
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Are the superheavy elements well-mixed in the galaxy? Are there "nuclear deserts" where one might find the heaviest things (tellurium) absent?

Posted: 29 Jan 2022 11:00 AM PST

Might not be the right sub but why are the first four hydrocarbon roots not greek roots?

Posted: 29 Jan 2022 08:49 AM PST

I've always wondered this but since I'm now taking organic chem I really just want to understand. It's kinda been driving me mad the past half hour.

Like why are the first four made up but the rest are Greek roots? Why not make them either all Greek or if the scientific community really wanted to differentiate hydrocarbons, all Latin (ok that would actually be worse IMO), like we use Greek roots 1-4 with non-hydrocarbons, and I' pretty sure Greek roots for 11-24, 21-24, etc. are used. Why are meth-, eth-, prop-, and but- the roots for 1-4, what's the logic behind it?

submitted by /u/LilJesuit
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Oat Milk bad for Reproductive Organs?

Posted: 28 Jan 2022 11:16 AM PST

Barista here! Just had a customer order a Pumpkin Spice Latte and when I said Oat milk was our nondairy option, he backed away and said "whether you know it or not, oat milk messes with your reproductive organs." I then spelled O-A-T to confirm and said, "well I drink it all day so that's great" He confirmed oat and walked away.
Apologies in advance if this isn't considered a science question.. I just drink a lot of oat milk and have never heard this/would like to know if there's any grounds for this claim.

submitted by /u/anonymoussarah
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Why did we used to use oil derricks without pump jacks?

Posted: 29 Jan 2022 05:00 PM PST

I've been researching oil extraction for the past few weeks and something has confused me. I've discovered that oil derricks are generally used for drilling oil wells, and pump jacks for actually extracting the oil. This makes sense to me.

However, I'm confused by some images I've seen of past drilling operations (and some present ones) like those in this article: https://99percentinvisible.org/article/hollywood-worthy-camouflage-uncovering-the-urban-oil-derricks-of-los-angeles/ how does simply having an oil derrick work? Also, particularly for the third image, why were there hundreds of oil derricks so densely packed together? Surely they'd just be extracting from the same oil field?

submitted by /u/SaltResearcher4
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Which animal species came the closest to going extinct and then successfully recovered?

Posted: 28 Jan 2022 07:29 AM PST

Based on what I could find, the species that came the closest to extinction is the Laysan Duck (Anas laysanensis) which reached an all-time-low population of 12 Individuals and then rebounded to several hundred according to the IUCN. I'm curious if there are any species that came closer to going extinct than this one.

submitted by /u/SunpaiTarku
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How can collisions between molecules in the gas-phase result in cooling i.e. "collisional cooling" when collisions are also used to activate and fragment molecules i.e. "collision-induced dissociation"?

Posted: 28 Jan 2022 04:14 AM PST

This seems contradicting to me. Can someone explain the difference between a scenario where collisional cooling dominates and a scenario where collisional activation dominates? My particular example is for peptide ions in a mass spectrometer in case different theories apply for different regimes.

submitted by /u/CL1N73N
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Why is sensitivity lower than specificity in COVID tests?

Posted: 28 Jan 2022 05:49 PM PST

My common sense assumes that it's much more important to make sure positives are identified accurately, since it's not as big a deal having a false positive isolated than a false negative running around the streets

submitted by /u/supernanzio
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What causes visual noise in low light conditions?

Posted: 28 Jan 2022 06:11 PM PST

It's something I've noticed in the past, but exclusively in the dark. Today I was sitting outside and the sun was setting. I noticed the appearance of what looked like visual noise on a camera in the darker areas of the sky and none on the lighter portion. The "dots" I guess I would call them were miniscule and there were far to many to pick one out and follow it. If I had to describe them I'd say it looked like a swarm of bugs from a decent distance away. I assume this is common, so I'm wondering what in either the eyes, or in the way the brain interprets their information causes it.

Edit: To be clear. I am NOT talking about a camera. This post is probably dead, but I just wanted to update incase anyone else sees. This is something that happens to me, seeing through MY eyes in exclusively low light/dark conditions. It does looks a lot like the noise through a camera. Even as I type this I can look to a dark part of the room and see the noise.

submitted by /u/iMakeGirlsCry
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Are there any animals that bait prey, by pretending to be prey (for their prey) themselves?

Posted: 28 Jan 2022 02:49 PM PST

I've tried googling the question, but I couldn't find any good answer (instead I got general answers regarding prey)

submitted by /u/lirannl
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How is a space telescope able to take pictures of very distant objects without blur?

Posted: 28 Jan 2022 05:40 PM PST

Take for instance the Hubble Space Telescope, we send it into LEO, and now we want Hubble to photograph something very distant 160 or however many degrees in the other direction. Now before I get to my question, we know that an object in space that has been acted upon by a force will continue in whichever way the force acted upon it. So we have hubble and now we order it to use its thrusters to maneuver into the direction of the distant object, now as it is approaching the stopping mark, it begins to counter thrust to come to a complete stop right? But there's my question, does it 100% come to a full stop? As in it is not even moving 0.000000.... m/s in any direction, and if thats not the case, wouldn't viewing insanely distant stars or any object become blurred due to even the tiniest of movements? Thank you in advance.

submitted by /u/AlphaTangoCheesecake
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Why does cholecystitis cause fever?

Posted: 28 Jan 2022 07:08 PM PST

If it is caused by stones building up in the cystic duct? Is it because bacteria builds up there after the blockage forms?

submitted by /u/Comfortable-Grand235
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Is there any difference in vision capabilities because of the color of our eyes?

Posted: 28 Jan 2022 12:18 PM PST

What ever happened to all the radiation that dispersed into the ocean after the Fukushima nuclear disaster?

Posted: 28 Jan 2022 12:35 PM PST

Did the levels dissipate to where they were no longer a concern or are we more or less just turning a blind eye to it?

submitted by /u/oldspicycheese
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Do animals die of thirst in the winter?

Posted: 28 Jan 2022 04:06 PM PST

If wrong subreddit, please send me to the right one.

I know ice melts, but if it doesn't melt fast enough, what happens? Do they find a new source? Do they have a way to melt the ice? Are they winter camels?

submitted by /u/TheLastBiteofCake
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What happens to the intron after a mature RNAs is produced?

Posted: 28 Jan 2022 11:12 AM PST

While searching how protein is produced by the cell i found out that RNA needs to mature before becoming RNAs and that it is made with spliced parts from transcription called exons that got connected to create an RNAs sequence

BUT, when i search what happens to the intron after a mature RNAs is produced i get different results.

I want to know what happens to the introns and how are the tRNA,rRNA, and pRNA made

submitted by /u/AzizAuditore
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Why do we have regional accents and why is it so hard to mimic another accent?

Posted: 28 Jan 2022 05:31 PM PST

In linguistics, how do regional accents develop, and why do we find it so difficult to mimic?

submitted by /u/taflad
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Any reason for Greece’s one of a kind geographic shape, and why the coastline is so particularly unique from a geological standpoint?

Posted: 27 Jan 2022 02:51 PM PST

How does a solar panel produce useful current?

Posted: 27 Jan 2022 01:21 PM PST

I don't understand how the depletion region can preferentially/unidirectionally pass electrons. It seems to violate the laws of thermodynamics to take random motion of the freed electrons and turn it into useful energy. It's basically Maxwell's Demon. Why can't we just put a bunch of PN junctions between metals to preferentially send those free electrons in one direction for infinite energy when it obviously works in a solar panel?

I actually got a bloody masters degree in solar technology so I can do all the calculations and design my own cells but how this critical part works is beyond me.

submitted by /u/Ndvorsky
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Thursday, January 27, 2022

When my acoustic guitar vibrates loudly after I sneeze, what exactly is happening?

When my acoustic guitar vibrates loudly after I sneeze, what exactly is happening?


When my acoustic guitar vibrates loudly after I sneeze, what exactly is happening?

Posted: 27 Jan 2022 06:54 PM PST

How does the body 'learn' from immunosuppressants to keep an autoimmune condition in remission?

Posted: 27 Jan 2022 08:37 AM PST

For autoimmune conditions where the treatment is immunosuppresants to get the condition into remission, it would seem intuitive that the moment you stop taking the immunosuppresants the condition would return/flare up. But in some cases remission is maintained even when you stop taking the immunosuppresants, which seems counter-intuitive. How does the body 'learn' to stay in remission without the drugs?

submitted by /u/Habanero15
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Does cellular communication use radio waves or microwaves?

Posted: 27 Jan 2022 11:15 AM PST

May be a stupid question for a subreddit way more scientific than I could ever be, but I'm having trouble finding defined ranges for both radiowaves and microwaves and so I'm also having trouble categorizing cellular communication into either one. I was always pretty sure it was radio but now I'm having doubts from what I'm seeing on the internet.

(I sort of guessed the flair, my bad if it is incorrect)

submitted by /u/Dudeguygamer
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If you get animal blood on fabric, is simply washing the item enough to mitigate disease risk?

Posted: 27 Jan 2022 01:47 PM PST

If you're helping an injured animal (e.g. bird hit a window) and you get blood on a towel or other item, is it enough to just wash the item in a standard cycle? I know human blood is considered a significant biohazard but not familiar with animal blood.

Asking because I've got a towel with bird blood on it that I just threw in the washing machine (no bleach on hand).

submitted by /u/burf
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Why do severe injuries often not hurt the instant they happen?

Posted: 26 Jan 2022 11:46 PM PST

When I touch something unbearably hot, I feel the pain almost instantly. I've heard many people who have been shot often don't realize it. I understand that adrenaline masks pain, but how quickly does it take to kick in?

Another example, I smashed my face into the ground (unintentionally) and broke my nose some months ago. The initial impact was painless; I obviously could tell I hit a hard surface, but the only sensation I experienced was the pressure of the ground. Was adrenaline released as I was panicking and falling? Did my body not have enough time to process the pain? I've heard it takes a couple of minutes for adrenaline to be in effect, but of course I'm not an expert.

I'm not sure of this is caused by something else, but I'd love to understand it better.

submitted by /u/Thrackerzod_11
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What does the 'm' refer to in 178m2Hf?

Posted: 27 Jan 2022 10:14 AM PST

I came across the "Hafnium controversy" wikipedia page and am very confused to what 178m2 refers too. My understanding is that 178Hf would be a hafnium nucleus with 178 nucleons, so what on earth does the 'm2' part mean? Does it just mean it's in an excited state or something?

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hafnium_controversy

submitted by /u/Routine_Midnight_363
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Why didn't whole households die of consumption?

Posted: 26 Jan 2022 11:53 PM PST

In movies and old books, people are often shown with this very long, protracted illness. They're always coughing, and then one day they cough into a white handkerchief and it's stained with blood and you know they're a goner.

But you never see the people they live with get sick or even appear to be concerned about contracting the illness, even though they share the same house and are always in proximity with the sick person. Why is this? And how did the sick person contract it to begin with if it's apparently non-transmissible?

submitted by /u/WartimeHotTot
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Do screens use more energy depending on the color being displayed?

Posted: 26 Jan 2022 02:46 PM PST

For example, will a cell phone displaying a solid white background die more quickly than one with a solid black background?

submitted by /u/nickc43
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How is it possible for turtles (and any other creatures underwater) to yawn underwater?

Posted: 26 Jan 2022 07:36 PM PST

How does it actually work?

submitted by /u/marcoazeem
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Do other species yawn, and is imitative (dogs maybe), for the same reasons as humans (tired), or something else?

Posted: 26 Jan 2022 07:18 PM PST

When our adult teeth grow out, do the holes in which they were fill out? If yes, how and when?

Posted: 26 Jan 2022 03:04 PM PST

There are lots of well-characterised genetic conditions in humans, are there any rare mutations that confer an advantage?

There are lots of well-characterised genetic conditions in humans, are there any rare mutations that confer an advantage?


There are lots of well-characterised genetic conditions in humans, are there any rare mutations that confer an advantage?

Posted: 26 Jan 2022 11:50 PM PST

Generally we associate mutations with disease, I wonder if there are any that benefit the person. These could be acquired mutations as well as germline.

I think things like red hair and green eyes are likely to come up but they are relatively common.

submitted by /u/RichardsonM24
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AskScience AMA Series: We're the researchers who found that CBD can prevent SARS-CoV-2 replication, and that it has the potential to prevent COVID-19 in humans. Ask Us Anything!

Posted: 27 Jan 2022 04:01 AM PST

With the COVID-19 pandemic still going strong after almost 2 years, it's clear that we need more than vaccines to help stop the spread of the virus. In a study published last week in Science Advances, our interdisciplinary team of researchers found, to our surprise, that cannabidiol (CBD), a non-psychoactive cannabinoid produced by the cannabis plant, can prevent replication of the SARS-CoV-2 virus in human cells in a dish, and that mice who are pre-treated with CBD shower lower rates of infection when exposed to the virus. We also looked at real-world data collected from patients who were taking a medically prescribed CBD solution for the treatment of epilepsy and found that they tested positive for COVID-19 at significantly lower rates than similar patients who were not taking CBD. All together, we feel this provides compelling evidence that CBD could be a prophylactic treatment to prevent COVID-19, or even a treatment that could be used in the early stages of a SARS-CoV-2 infection. We are now hoping to launch clinical trials on the topic.

Read a summary of the research paper here.

Marsha Rosner, PhD, is the Charles B. Huggins Professor in the Ben May Department for Cancer Research at the University of Chicago. She usually studies the signaling mechanisms that lead to the generation of tumor cells and their progression to metastatic disease.

Glenn Randall, PhD, is a Professor of Microbiology at UChicago. He studies the roles of virus-host interactions in replication and pathogenesis in RNA viruses.

We'll be on after 2:30 Central (3:30 PM ET, 20:30 UT), Ask Us Anything!

Username: /u/UChicagoMedicine

submitted by /u/AskScienceModerator
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Do the Andes mountains contribute to the Amazon rain forest?

Posted: 26 Jan 2022 09:26 PM PST

I'm wondering if wind patterns blowing westerly and being blocked by the Andes mountains prevented erosion but provided pollination.

Or better question yet, what is the major contributing factor of the Amazon rain forest?

submitted by /u/tennisanybody
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Can we spin molecules using electromagnetic waves?

Posted: 26 Jan 2022 01:49 PM PST

Hello, I have been learning about radio, and now my understanding of a microwave oven is that water is polar, so changing electromagnetic fields can cause a torque(?)... Which reminds me of how an electric motor works. Surely if that's the case, we can spin molecules with electromagnetic waves. If we can, is there applications? Does anything interesting happen if molecules spin quickly?

submitted by /u/fofz1776
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How are radio waves with multiplicities of a given frequency distinguished?

Posted: 26 Jan 2022 03:24 PM PST

AFAIU we avoid having different entities interfere with each other on the same frequency by having e.g. FCC regulations, DFS on the WiFi networks, etc.

But what about multiplicities of a given frequency?

Let's say you and I are broadcasting bits by modifying amplitude at 100Hz and 200Hz - won't we interfere with each other?

submitted by /u/Serious-Film-579
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Why is the Mars Rover limited to 0,14 km/h in speed?

Posted: 26 Jan 2022 09:24 AM PST

Wouldn't it make more sense to go a little faster (like .5km/h) to cover the more flat parts of Mars?

submitted by /u/medardoo1
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If a chain of perfectly identical links is pulled from both ends with enough force to break it, where does it break?

Posted: 26 Jan 2022 09:09 AM PST

In real life, this would depend on how the links were made, imperfections in the material, stress from previous use etc. But imagine the platonic ideal of a steel chain, with every link perfectly identical. If you attach identical hooks to each end and pull with enough force to break the chain, where will it break? Will every link deform at the same rate so the whole thing falls apart at once?

submitted by /u/LazarusRises
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Why is there bacteria everywhere? What does bacteria feed on to survive and multiply on the floor for example?

Posted: 25 Jan 2022 03:56 PM PST

Wednesday, January 26, 2022

What determines the number of propeller blades a vehicle has?

What determines the number of propeller blades a vehicle has?


What determines the number of propeller blades a vehicle has?

Posted: 26 Jan 2022 03:23 AM PST

Some aircrafts have three, while some have seven balded props. Similarly helicopters and submarines also have different number of propellers.

submitted by /u/Steve1924
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If you've taken an annual influenza vaccine for say 10 years, does that give a better protection for influenza in general even if you were to not take it a year and get influenza?

Posted: 25 Jan 2022 09:19 AM PST

Has there been any study done to prove if it offers milder symptoms? In my mind that would possibly give a broad T-cell protection for most new influenza mutations.

E: I came back to far more replies than I expected! Thanks everyone, I highly appreciate the many interesting answers.

submitted by /u/rosts
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How many watts are spend to raise the body temperature in case of a fever?

Posted: 26 Jan 2022 02:22 AM PST

How many watts does the body (M / 80kg or 176 lbs) use to raise the body temperature from normal (37° C or 98.5 F) to 40° C or 104 F during a fever? How many extra watts are spent to keep this higher temperature for an hour compared to normal body temperature?

And yes, you guessed it right. Currently, I'm sick AF and bored AF.

submitted by /u/rbienz
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With the Covid-19 vaccines nearing 10 billion administered doses, would that make it the most administered approved drug/treatment/preventative in history?

Posted: 26 Jan 2022 10:09 AM PST

I don't know what a blanket term for administered "medications" would be called when considering preventatives and treatments, but I'm also curious if the vaccine also beats out those things as well?

(So not just compared to other vaccines, but to other treatments for other diseases, including long term administrations)

submitted by /u/MCPE_Master_Builder
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Do electron holes actually "move" in a P-type semiconductor?

Posted: 26 Jan 2022 09:44 AM PST

All the explanations I read say a hole carries the charges by moving through the semiconductor. But how can a hole or void actually move? From my understanding the hole gets filled with an electron, which creates a new hole where that electron was, and another electron fills the new hole, and the cycle continues. So how is the hole itself moving? To me it seems more logical that it's a chain of filling holes rather than a void moving through matter.

*Also I'm sorry I'm not sure whether this questions is physics, chemistry, engineering, or mathematics so I just went chemistry

submitted by /u/Mydogatemyexcuse
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What determines how far fast moving gas can move through a gas?

Posted: 26 Jan 2022 03:31 AM PST

If I use my mouth/lungs to blow air with some speed, I can feel that gust of air a meter away, but not ten meters away. Are there some formulas for how far a fast moving gas can retain speed, or how much it slows down, moving in a gas like air? It would probably depend on several factors, including the initial speed and pressure of the surrounding gas.

A concrete example: is there a speed v such that if we accelerated CO2 to that speed, aimed upwards, it would make it out into space with enough speed to permanently leave the planet? Or would Earth's atmosphere slow it down to capture it again, regardless of the initial speed?

submitted by /u/Dagusiu
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Ask Anything Wednesday - Economics, Political Science, Linguistics, Anthropology

Posted: 26 Jan 2022 07:00 AM PST

Welcome to our weekly feature, Ask Anything Wednesday - this week we are focusing on Economics, Political Science, Linguistics, Anthropology

Do you have a question within these topics you weren't sure was worth submitting? Is something a bit too speculative for a typical /r/AskScience post? No question is too big or small for AAW. In this thread you can ask any science-related question! Things like: "What would happen if...", "How will the future...", "If all the rules for 'X' were different...", "Why does my...".

Asking Questions:

Please post your question as a top-level response to this, and our team of panellists will be here to answer and discuss your questions. The other topic areas will appear in future Ask Anything Wednesdays, so if you have other questions not covered by this weeks theme please either hold on to it until those topics come around, or go and post over in our sister subreddit /r/AskScienceDiscussion , where every day is Ask Anything Wednesday! Off-theme questions in this post will be removed to try and keep the thread a manageable size for both our readers and panellists.

Answering Questions:

Please only answer a posted question if you are an expert in the field. The full guidelines for posting responses in AskScience can be found here. In short, this is a moderated subreddit, and responses which do not meet our quality guidelines will be removed. Remember, peer reviewed sources are always appreciated, and anecdotes are absolutely not appropriate. In general if your answer begins with 'I think', or 'I've heard', then it's not suitable for /r/AskScience.

If you would like to become a member of the AskScience panel, please refer to the information provided here.

Past AskAnythingWednesday posts can be found here. Ask away!

submitted by /u/AutoModerator
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Can the Hubble telescope take a picture of the Webb telescope?

Posted: 25 Jan 2022 07:20 PM PST

Do their relative positions let them see each other?

submitted by /u/rajost
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What makes a liquide "swim able" ? (Viscosity? Density?)

Posted: 26 Jan 2022 02:39 AM PST

I'm thinking if there are liquids that no matter how hard you swim, you would simply sink.

submitted by /u/0K4M1
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If someone is infected with SARS-COV-2 before vs. after vs. no mRNA vaccination, would their non-spike (nucleocapsid/membrane/envelope) antibody reponses be similar, or different? Would they have similar levels of said antibodies? Would those persist for a similar length of time?

Posted: 24 Jan 2022 09:18 PM PST

In other words, if one person was infected before getting vaccinated, another was infected after getting vaccinated, and another was infected and never got vaccinated, would they have similar levels of non-spike antibodies, say, 6-12 months later? Or would the levels be higher/lower in one or the other?

I know it varies from person to person based on many different factors, so for the sake of argument, let's say these three people are biologically identical clones and they were all asymptomatic.

submitted by /u/Any_Camel628
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Would A Binary System Of A Star (Preferable a yellow dwarf) And An Equally Sized Black Hole Be Stable?

Posted: 26 Jan 2022 12:02 AM PST

(This is for a sci-fi project of mine). What stars would be best for this binary system? Would it be habitable? Would it be possible to place the planet in between the two celestial bodies? Thanks in advance!

submitted by /u/FoulPeasant
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Can someone explain lateralization vs localization in the context of focal and secondary genralized seizures?

Posted: 26 Jan 2022 03:46 AM PST

I hear the terms thrown around alot on my neuro placement (med student), but googling things hasnt helped much.

From what I understand, localization is where the focal part of the seizure displays signs typical of a certain part of the brain? For example something involving right motor cortex might cause head / gaze / arm movement towards the left side?

It's lateralization that confuses me. How is this different?

submitted by /u/97anon
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Where do the positrons come from that are used in PET scanners?

Posted: 25 Jan 2022 11:02 PM PST

I've read a few articles that state the antimatter is pretty rare in the universe. If I understand correctly, positrons are antimatter. Yet PET scanners are run for many hours each day in hospitals around the world, so it seems like they can't be too rare. If antimatter is so rare, where do the scanners get the positrons they use? Can PET scanners run out of positrons like a car runs out of gas?

submitted by /u/propertyq
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Why was Asia mostly ice-free during the last glacial maximum while Europe and North America were half-covered by glaciers?

Posted: 24 Jan 2022 08:19 PM PST

Permanent Magnets and "Finite Energy"?

Posted: 26 Jan 2022 07:58 AM PST

How can permanent magnets wich are said to lose 1-5% efficiency in 100 years not be a life time energy suply ? In other words: If they lose 1-5% of they'r energy every few good years why we dont use them for free electricity? Or we already do and it hided ?

I whould apreciate to get an answear to any of this 2 questions and whit all the "bs" that whould explain why magnets can't make an nearly endless suply of energy if the answear is no.

submitted by /u/Aggressive_Duty4997
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If someone is doing research on Schedule I controlled drugs, where do they get the drugs?

Posted: 26 Jan 2022 07:32 AM PST

Are they made in their own labs or does the government dole them out from drug busts/seizures after testing them thoroughly? Other ways of getting them?

submitted by /u/OKrakenmyKraken
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What determines if a substance is stringy?

Posted: 25 Jan 2022 12:18 PM PST

For example, why are mixtures such as xanthan gum + PVA glue + laundry detergent or acetone + polystyrene stringy? These materials aren't stringy on their own but when mixed they are. How could i make my own super stringy substance?

to clarify, by stringy i mean if you were to put your finger in there and pull it out, it would latch on and make a long rope

submitted by /u/Saltyboi24
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Does the size of a pan affect the time it takes for its center (the area directly above the stove fire), to heat up?

Posted: 26 Jan 2022 02:17 AM PST

To elaborate, lets say we have two pans with the same thickness and same material. The only difference being, one pan has a larger diameter. My question if I apply the same amount of heat to both pans, will the center of the smaller pan heat up faster than the center of the larger pan?

submitted by /u/entelal
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The mite genus, Adactylidium, has an unusual lifecycle, where males impregnate sisters while both are still inside their pregnant mother. How does this not cause the sort of genetic catastrophe that inbreeding is known for?

Posted: 24 Jan 2022 05:41 PM PST

From Wikipedia (in case I summarized any of it incorrectly): The pregnant female mite feeds upon a single egg of a thrips, growing five to eight female offspring and one male in her body. The single male mite mates with all the daughters when they are still in the mother. The females, now impregnated, eat their way out of their mother's body so that they can emerge to find new thrips eggs

submitted by /u/anarcho-onychophora
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Why urine is hypertonic to blood in normal physiological conditions?

Posted: 25 Jan 2022 08:06 PM PST

Would appreciate if someone can explain!

submitted by /u/Feeling_Position_129
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How do cracks propagate at a molecular level? Once a crack starts, what makes it stop?

Posted: 25 Jan 2022 08:41 AM PST

I'm currently looking into relationships between hardness, tensile strength, and ductility of a substance. What I mostly trying to focus on are brittle materials and the way that they practically completely shatter once a fracture begins. I'm looking for information that relates the initial force applied to how far a crack would propagate through an object. How much energy is lost as a fracture expands through an object? Is the amount of energy lost so small it's almost negligible in brittle objects?

I'm still looking for the answer to these questions, but for some reason I just can't find them. I might not be searching the right things apparently.

submitted by /u/KaptainTZ
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Can multiple objects orbit at L2 or has Webb effectively 'taken' it?

Posted: 25 Jan 2022 09:03 AM PST

How do we know for sure that red-shift in distant galaxies / stars is because they are moving away and not because of some other unknown effect on light traveling for insanely long times / distances?

Posted: 25 Jan 2022 08:39 AM PST

I know that there is probably something very basic that I am missing but this question keeps coming back into my head after years of thinking about it, and I can't find anything online that explains it (from a google search anyway).

I understand how the doppler effect works, and have no doubt that stars moving away WOULD be red shifted. But doesn't the fact that the farther away we look the more red shifted a light source is imply that there could be some effect on light that is due to the distance / time that light travels?

As an analogy the farther I look in earth's atmosphere, the less color saturated the objects appear to be - that's not due to anything about the objects themselves, it's because of the journey the light has to travel to get to me and the effects of the atmosphere. The fact there is such a clear correlation between color saturation and distance would lead me to believe that the effect is because of the distance itself, not due to some other effect which causes objects that are further away to be less color saturated. I'm not saying that's a possible explanation for the effect, just an analogy of the way you would interpret the data and whether the effect is due to some property of the source itself or a property of the journey the information takes to get to you.

Basically how have astrophysicists ruled out this possibility?

submitted by /u/3xpansion
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What causes the covid headache?

Posted: 25 Jan 2022 07:27 AM PST

Headache seems to be one of the most common symptoms of COVID-19. What actually causes it? Dehydration? Blood flow changes? Inflammation? Inquiring minds want to know!

submitted by /u/eldoctordave
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