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Sunday, January 9, 2022

Why are prions so hard to destroy?

Why are prions so hard to destroy?


Why are prions so hard to destroy?

Posted: 09 Jan 2022 12:31 AM PST

Most proteins denature below boiling temperature. Prions, as far as I know, are just a type of protein.

Is there a specific reason why prions are so hard to destroy? And is it in any way linked to the diseases they cause? Or is it just pure coincidence?

submitted by /u/shieldyboii
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Evidence for Biological Age Acceleration and Telomere Shortening in COVID-19 Survivors. What does this mean for the general population?

Posted: 08 Jan 2022 09:46 PM PST

Assuming COVID-19 originated from bats, is it possible to identify trends of infection spread, symptoms, death, and variants in the source animal to predict outcomes of COVID-19 in humans?

Posted: 09 Jan 2022 07:56 AM PST

In other words... is there anything we can learn from the bat species that infected humans based on their experience with the virus?

submitted by /u/clucky12
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How do Prions transfer their shape to other proteins?

Posted: 08 Jan 2022 09:09 PM PST

All I could find is the are ABLE to do this, but how do they do this? Aren't prions just a misfolded protein? How could they reshape a protein?

submitted by /u/Frayjais
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Does the Moon's gravity leave any geological traces that are identifiable in Earth's strata over time?

Posted: 08 Jan 2022 06:09 PM PST

I mean, are there any geologic markers on Earth that have been identified to track the historical path of the Moon around the Earth, to identify when the Earth first captured the Moon?

submitted by /u/sweaterJana
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Does monoclonal antibody treatment for COVID make someone noncontagious sooner than otherwise?

Posted: 08 Jan 2022 09:39 PM PST

Are the 'Delmicron' and the newly-discovered 'Deltacron' variants significantly different?

Posted: 09 Jan 2022 05:30 AM PST

There were recently news about a Delmicron variant (such as this one), but it seems a Deltacron variant has been discovered in Cyprus (source). Are these variants significantly different?

submitted by /u/LordSaumya
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Do electrons actually move in a transistor?

Posted: 08 Jan 2022 04:30 PM PST

I know in a closed circuit that electric charge flows through conductive material but that the drift velocity of the electrons transferring the charge works out to be something in the range of a few centimeters per hour. In a transistor (in a closed circuit) is there a similar drift velocity value or is there some greater degree of complexity to the movement of electrons?

submitted by /u/boderanos
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Does taste of food matter in animals ? does it differ between domestic and wild animals ?

Posted: 08 Jan 2022 01:59 AM PST

Saturday, January 8, 2022

Can prions from contaminated meat remain on cutlery, dishes, pans etc, after contact with them?

Can prions from contaminated meat remain on cutlery, dishes, pans etc, after contact with them?


Can prions from contaminated meat remain on cutlery, dishes, pans etc, after contact with them?

Posted: 08 Jan 2022 08:17 AM PST

I read that iatrogenic cjd can be transmitted through contaminated surgical instruments after contact with contaminated tissue, so can variant cjd be transmitted in this way, but through the kitchen utensils that were used to cook this meat? For example, if contaminated meat is cooked in a frying pan, and later normal meat (or any other food) is cooked in the same frying pan, will this normal meat get infected through the frying pan? Will prions from the contaminated meat remain on it?

submitted by /u/vhiugnk
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The "Green Sahara," period ended 5,000 years ago when changes in the West African monsoon season dried out the area. How much of this was driven by expanding agriculture and the resulting deforestation?

Posted: 08 Jan 2022 09:14 AM PST

Would rainfall in the Sahara/Sahel increase if the Sahara borderlands were reforested?

submitted by /u/RusticBohemian
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How can gravity escape a black hole?

Posted: 08 Jan 2022 02:02 AM PST

If gravity isn't instant, how can it escape an event horizon if the space-time is bent in a way that there's no path from the inside the event horizon to the outside?

submitted by /u/imihajlov
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Why is Covid testing so much easier than a year ago?

Posted: 08 Jan 2022 06:39 PM PST

Originally to get tested you had to stick the swab like 2 inches into your nose. Now you can just swab around the opening.

Has tests gotten better, or were we just not great at understanding how Covid works so sticking it really far up you nose was a cautious measure to ensure accuracy.

submitted by /u/JayKayne
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Can long term use of antidepressants cause epigenetic changes?

Posted: 08 Jan 2022 11:24 AM PST

Why does fallen fruit begin to grow mold while fruit still attached to the tree does not?

Posted: 07 Jan 2022 04:06 PM PST

My guess is that the tree as some form of defense against fungi but I am at a loss to what mechanisms make up that defense.

submitted by /u/emilets07
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To what extent does physical exercise can improve or help to combat potential or already present chronic, genetical deseases like diabetes, hemophilia or hypertension?

Posted: 08 Jan 2022 02:26 PM PST

Could a tidally locked planet be capable of hosting a tidally locked moon?

Posted: 08 Jan 2022 02:24 PM PST

I was trying to visualise it in my head and I couldnt figure out what it would be like

submitted by /u/TheSentinelsSorrow
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What is believed to cause the apparent randomness of "good days" and "bad days" for people who have/have had dementia or stroke?

Posted: 07 Jan 2022 03:02 PM PST

How do we age living trees without cutting them down?

Posted: 08 Jan 2022 10:35 AM PST

I'm curious on this, as the two forms of dating I know are tree rings, which require it to be cut down, and carbon dating, but as they're still alive I'm not sure this would work.

submitted by /u/ReggusAttor
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The wild-type SARS-2 was less contagious then the original SARS outbreak. What caused this virus to become a pandemic while the original didn't?

Posted: 08 Jan 2022 02:00 PM PST

How can B2H6 form even when boron has only 3 valence electrons?

Posted: 08 Jan 2022 07:50 AM PST

I was studying chemistry when I read this. It said something like terminal hydrogen and bridge hydrogen and "Banana" bond. But I wasn't able to understand.

submitted by /u/Shivang05Sharma
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How does COVAXIN compare to mRNA vs Omicron?

Posted: 08 Jan 2022 06:19 AM PST

How did the 2009 H1N1 Pandemic end, and can it tell us anything about how COVID-19 might end?

Posted: 07 Jan 2022 08:06 PM PST

In a quote from the linked article from Nature “we describe the genomic profile and early transmission dynamics of Omicron, highlighting the rapid spread in regions with high levels of population immunity.” How does Omicron “spread” in area without high levels of population immunity?

Posted: 07 Jan 2022 11:16 PM PST

Is energy conserved in the redshift of cosmic microwave background (CMB) radiation?

Posted: 07 Jan 2022 05:45 PM PST

If I understood correctly, the CMB originated at a time when the universe was much hotter and denser than today, and originally consisted of photons of much shorter wavelength than today. As the universe expanded and cooled, the photons comprising this background radiation did too, and at present it appears to us in the microwave range of wavelengths.

I don't understand how the law of conservation of energy holds for the total amount of energy carried by the CMB. The number of photons comprising the CMB can't increase. It can only remain the same or decrease (some photons will get absorbed by matter), and their wavelength is continually increasing. The total amount of energy carried by the CMB should therefore decrease (photons will longer wavelengths have less energy). If energy is conserved, where did this energy go?

submitted by /u/phlogistonical
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What might cause the creation of many waterfalls (in a hypothetical world)?

Posted: 08 Jan 2022 03:33 AM PST

Just theoretically, what properties would an ecosystem/planet need to have for the creation of a large number of waterfalls? Say, more than Earth has.

I know waterfalls are created by soft rock eroding next to hard rock under a water current, but how might this scenario be naturally achieved on a grander scale?

submitted by /u/untroubledcoconut
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Heat seeking technology: how does it work?

Posted: 08 Jan 2022 01:49 AM PST

Is there a certain tracking distance this technology is limited by? For instance, heat seeking missiles: do they operate off of infrared light and gps, locating the target first by infrared, then tracking its path by coordinate displacement?

submitted by /u/Zjlm1510
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Where in the sky will Sol (our sun) be in 100 years?

Posted: 08 Jan 2022 08:34 AM PST

If we take into account local motion among nearby stars, rotation around the Milky Way, and movement of the Milky Way itself, where would I look in the sky to see the future path of our sun (and us)?

submitted by /u/mschroner
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Friday, January 7, 2022

Is there real-world data showing boosters make a difference (in severity or infection) against Omicron?

Is there real-world data showing boosters make a difference (in severity or infection) against Omicron?


Is there real-world data showing boosters make a difference (in severity or infection) against Omicron?

Posted: 07 Jan 2022 06:21 AM PST

There were a lot of models early on that suggested that boosters stopped infection, or at least were effective at reducing the severity.

Are there any states or countries that show real-world hospitalization metrics by vaccination status, throughout the current Omicron wave?

submitted by /u/kolt54321
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Can plants get viruses or transmit them?

Posted: 07 Jan 2022 05:53 AM PST

How would a nuclear explosion in space differ from on the earth?

Posted: 07 Jan 2022 09:25 AM PST

I'm just wondering if vacuum of space and lack of gravity would change the explosion? I'm guessing because of the conservation of energy, more of the energy would be released as light or other electromagnetic waves, than a similar explosion on earth, where the energy is also distributed as sound waves, heat conduction, kinetic energy (moving rock / earth), etc.

Is that right? and would there be any other major differences? Thanks

submitted by /u/RLJ05
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Where do animals with no bones and circulatory systems generate their blood cells?

Posted: 07 Jan 2022 05:05 AM PST

Mammals, and I'd imagine other animals with bones, have evolved such that we produce red blood cells in our bone marrow.

We're do octopuses and crabs and such produce their oxygen carrying blood cells?

This was prompted by the front page post about octopuses having copper based blood cells…

submitted by /u/jackduloz
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What exactly does it mean that a vaccine/booster etc is X% effective?

Posted: 07 Jan 2022 08:20 AM PST

Is it be possible for a moon to be gaseous ?

Posted: 07 Jan 2022 10:34 AM PST

I am legitimately curious.

Also let's assume the object the moon is orbiting and the moon has significant enough mass to remain gaseous

submitted by /u/IllBoysenberry2322
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What causes the blue-grey discoloration of third or fourth degree frostbite, and how long does it stay that way before either turning black or peeling off/healing?

Posted: 07 Jan 2022 10:34 AM PST

(NSFW level detail is fine) Thanks so much!

submitted by /u/halyasgirl
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When there is wind, does the surface of a lake still freeze?

Posted: 07 Jan 2022 11:29 AM PST

Are faster moving objects relatively hotter than those standing relatively still?

Posted: 07 Jan 2022 08:48 AM PST

Would two objects travelling at different speeds, but otherwise having an identical "local" temperature have different temperatures when observed by a third party?

My thought being that if temperature is a measurement of the speed of each atom's vibration - would the temperature measurement not need a reference frame for the speed to be relative to?

submitted by /u/belegdae
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Is it possible to identify blood cells in (zebrafish) embryos using a modified version of blood smearing?

Posted: 07 Jan 2022 09:54 AM PST

Context: I am a high school student partaking in AP research. For my topic, I wanted to see if blood cell presence is affected during hair cell regeneration in zebrafish, which are well-known for their regenerative capabilities.

My initial method was to take blood from adult zebrafish, but that would result in fish genocide.

My second method was to use fluorescent dye so I can look under a microscope and visibly see changes in the blood components, but the materials are notoriously expensive and I do not know what material can identify both red and white blood cells.

My third method, and current, method is to use the blood smearing method, but with zebrafish embryos. Instead of smearing blood across a film, zebrafish embryos can be distributed on it instead. Hemastain will then be used to mark the red and white blood cells.

Is this method feasible?

submitted by /u/Einescii
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Are there any effects of drinking alcohol after getting vaccinated?

Posted: 07 Jan 2022 07:18 AM PST

Can Eurotium Cristatum induce THC-like psychoactive effects?

Posted: 06 Jan 2022 10:28 PM PST

I like to drink a somewhat niche (at least in the USA) type of tea called fu cha (aka fu zhuan or fu brick tea). This is a type of fermented tea made from real tea (camellia sinensis) in which a particular type of mold growth is induced and presents as golden spores known as golden flowers/"jin hua".

After drinking a somewhat large amount of fu cha and feeling some sensations I've not noticed from other teas, I noticed that they felt somewhat related to the sensations I get when using cannabis.

Now I recognize the effects of caffeine, but I am a bit skeptical of some of the less understood psychoactive effects which can be ascribed to tea, like 'tea drunkenness' and cha qi. But the feelings I had from this were different and too significant to ignore. Don't get me wrong, this was maybe 20% - 30% of the intensity of being high from weed (at least for me). Nonetheless, the sensations were very similar but of milder degree.

So I wanted to see if there was something to this idea, and I did some searching around.

As is pretty well known, the golden flowers (jin hua) found in most fu cha are actually the mold Eurotium Cristatum. Doing a bit of digging, I found some research that explains that this mold has certain metabolites which exhibit some sought after immunoregulation properties. And moreover, these metabolites' structures can act like another chemical that has a profile of activity "which is similar to, though less potent than, A9-THC... and is capable of mimicking the psychoactive effects thereof."

To a non-chemist like me, this sounds like it's possible that this mold could produce psychoactive effects at some threshold (likely varying person to person) which are similar to TCH.

However, I have no meaningful experience in biochemistry or organic chemistry, so I am not sure if I am interpreting those research articles properly. But I think I am. Can someone with a better understanding double check my work?

TLDR: Does the research I linked above suggest that Eurotium Cristatum ingestion can produce THC-like psychoactive effects?

(Edit: And to anyone worried that I'm asking this in hopes of abusing or distributing this as a substitute for cannabis, I live in Oregon, USA so such activities would be neither time efficient nor cost effective.)

submitted by /u/Handyandy58
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does diabetic blood clot faster/slower?

Posted: 07 Jan 2022 01:57 AM PST

I know that diabetic sores can cause blood clots inside the body and all, but say, hypothetically, a diabetic person was stabbed. Would their blood take longer/shorter to clot than a non-diabetic's blood?

submitted by /u/0ctag0nal
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Is balding accelerated by external factors like stress, or is it just genetic?

Is balding accelerated by external factors like stress, or is it just genetic?


Is balding accelerated by external factors like stress, or is it just genetic?

Posted: 06 Jan 2022 06:12 AM PST

What happens to the lungs after death?

Posted: 06 Jan 2022 09:13 PM PST

Do bodies really exhale like on TV? Can you die with a full breath inside your lungs? If you can die with air inside, how long does the remaining air last? Does your diaphragm need to move to empty the lungs?

submitted by /u/tokensmoker
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Do my thoughts feel like they come from my head because I know that's where my brain is?

Posted: 06 Jan 2022 06:59 AM PST

Or have inner monologues always felt like they're in our head? And of that's the case, isn't it obvious that your brain is the originator of thought? Why did it take Alcmaeon of Croton to come along and tell us all the brain is where thought comes from?

I asked this question yesterday on another sub, but I feel like this sub might be more appropriate.

submitted by /u/UsernameNumberThree
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Will filling up your car tank with gas when it's cold get you more gas when it gets warm and expands?

Posted: 06 Jan 2022 09:50 AM PST

Someone told me this, and consumer reports https://bit.ly/3pZ8mel says it's negligible. I thought, if you added the same liquid volume of gas, even if it expands, doesnt the same total energy remain?

submitted by /u/Jucarias
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Do other planets in our solar system have a tilted axis like Earth’s?

Posted: 06 Jan 2022 06:51 PM PST

With FM (frequency modulation), how can radio channels not get mixed up if the information is contained in the variation of the frequency?

Posted: 06 Jan 2022 08:03 PM PST

If I set my radio to 90 MHz, I think the frequency of the signal must vary around that frequency to carry information. Don't the 90 MHz and 89.9 MHz signals mix because of this variation? Or are they confined to a narrow band?

submitted by /u/ucusansinekler
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How do fancy sunglasses make colors “pop?”

Posted: 06 Jan 2022 01:13 PM PST

Do we know what provides better protection against omicron? Previous Covid infection or vaccines?

Posted: 06 Jan 2022 02:33 PM PST

What are the current early treatment methods for a covid infection if caught early?

Posted: 06 Jan 2022 10:45 AM PST

Is road salt significantly affecting the environment?

Posted: 06 Jan 2022 08:32 AM PST

Every winter my city is constantly spreading salt on every driving surface. This is of course happening in every cold weather city. It seems like a ridiculous amount of salt that gets washed down the storm drain every year.

Is this significantly affecting the streams, rivers, and oceans? Is the salinity of the ocean growing by any significant margin? Are there other environmental affect I'm not thinking of?

submitted by /u/goharvorgohome
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Can the immune system generalise antibodies?

Posted: 06 Jan 2022 02:30 AM PST

I know the immune system can create antibodies specific to an antigen, but I was wondering if it makes less specific antibodies as a preventative measure, or as a side effect of producing specific antibodies

submitted by /u/NocturnalFiend
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Since the James Webb space telescope is at L2, it has been said that if anything is wrong with it, it's too far away to send a mission to fix. Why can't we send a shuttle mission out that far, is it lack of equipment, lack of supplies, or something else?

Posted: 06 Jan 2022 07:32 AM PST

What is 'Excited Delirium' and how can you die from it?

Posted: 06 Jan 2022 03:14 PM PST

I got on a 'police video' binge recently and I must have watched 5 or more videos where a person dies (seemingly) from just being bound/restrained/handcuffed. They seem to go from alert and awake, to unresponsive and not breathing in a matter of just 2-3minutes.

Has anyone studied 'Excited delirium'?

Is it possible for a human to die if they have too much 'lactatic acid' or 'lactate' or maybe even adrenaline in their system, and then are restrained, so their body can't 'burn it off'?

submitted by /u/LFP_Gaming_Official
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How do GPS satellites stay in geosynchronous orbit as the Earth goes through it's yearly tilt back/forth cycle that makes the seasons?

Posted: 06 Jan 2022 10:29 AM PST

Do they have to burn fuel to do this? How much fuel and since they are so far away how far do they have to travel to stay in geosynchronous orbit.

Or do they have something built into the GPS protocols that accounts for the Earth's yearly tilt?

submitted by /u/sweaterJana
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It's been almost 2 years, how effective are lockdowns really?

Posted: 06 Jan 2022 09:15 PM PST

Since it's been quite a while, there has probably been a good amount of time to collect data on this.

What does the literature say about the efficacy of lockdown measures on controlling the spread of the disease? How have lockdown measures panned out differently in other countries? What specific measures/restrictions seem to be more effective than others? (i.e. are gyms or schools more dangerous for the spread of the disease)

Maybe this data won't be as relevant with the recent prevalence of the omicron variant, but what does the data say now?

submitted by /u/TheGetDown_
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(Statistics) How do you separate out two factors integrally related to one another?

Posted: 06 Jan 2022 07:28 AM PST

In this study https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5383251/ the authors analyze increased dementia risk associated with antidepressant usage. However, the rub seems to me to be that depression itself is associated with dementia risk. And the other things antidepressants are used for--anxiety, insomnia--also have higher independent dementia risk. The paper acknowledges this confounding factor and then says they do some kind of statistical magic to get around it.

How does this work? How do you get around a confound like this?

submitted by /u/steveloafworld
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What would the major differences be between the coastlines of today and 12,000 years ago?

Posted: 05 Jan 2022 08:27 PM PST

I know the continents had all reached their modern locations by that recently, but I also know that there were a few major differences, like Britain still being connected to the continent via Doggerland and much of the Persian Gulf was still above water. What other geographical differences would we have seen then before the agricultural revolution?

submitted by /u/MarcMercury
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Why don’t people get Covid again within 90 days of a previous Covid illness?

Posted: 05 Jan 2022 10:05 PM PST

Everything I've seen - including information on my state's testing site - says that you are basically immune to Covid for 90 days after having it. I'm curious about several questions relating to this:

  1. Is this true? Since people are discouraged from testing within 90 days of the initial start of the Covid illness due to false positives (an issue with PCR mostly, from what I've heard), is it possible/ probable that people are getting reinfected again within this time, but are not aware of it due to lack of testing.

  2. Will omicron change the likelihood of reinfection within this 90 day window? Omicron is quite different from the previous viral strains - will the mutations on the spike protein enable it to dodge recent post-infection antibodies as well as it apparently dodges vaccine antibodies?

submitted by /u/bird-nird
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What is caffeine's use in nature?

Posted: 05 Jan 2022 07:55 PM PST

So I know we as humans use caffeine as a stimulant but what is it's original use in nature, what I mean is what does the plane use it for, as a defense mechanism? or is it used to help make a symbiotic relationship with creatures? i.e. an animal eats something with caffeine giving it energy causing it to come back to the plant and spread seeds/pollen.

submitted by /u/Accomplished_Kale670
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