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Saturday, November 13, 2021

How did Schrodinger come up with the wave equation, if he didn't derive it?

How did Schrodinger come up with the wave equation, if he didn't derive it?


How did Schrodinger come up with the wave equation, if he didn't derive it?

Posted: 13 Nov 2021 07:55 AM PST

I am from India and conservative people often boast about how Schrodinger got his wave equation from Hinduism. They say Schrodinger, because he used to study Hindu scriptures, got the equation inspired from Vedanta. Now, I know this is pseudoscience, so I tried to see how Schrodinger derived it.

Google search says the equation can't be derived and is axiomatic. Then...how did he make this equation? Did his mind just produce this equation out of sheer intuition? I thought maybe its like how Newton got F=dp/dt, but again, this equation is far too complex to just come out of nothing. So...what's happening?

submitted by /u/N0nPolitical
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Why do waterfalls sound like white noise? What’s the mechanism that causes this?

Posted: 13 Nov 2021 03:07 AM PST

Why are there so many salt deposits in the Great Lakes? Wouldn't this be counterintuitive since they are freshwater lakes?

Posted: 13 Nov 2021 04:57 AM PST

Furthermore, is it more common for salt deposits to be under land underwater?

submitted by /u/ResidentRunner1
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Can scientists tell if trees in a forest are related ("parents"/"children") to each other?

Posted: 13 Nov 2021 10:26 AM PST

I understand that we can obviously say that a bunch of trees living near each other likely all came from the same group of older or long dead trees. But I mean can we scientifically say "Yes this tree is this other tree's direct descendant" or "this tree and this other tree came from the same 'parent'?"

For example, if we were to analyze the younger sequoia trees in the area around General Sherman in Sequoia National Park, could we say scientifically that this tree is General Sherman's "child", this other tree is the "grandchild", etc?

I hope this makes sense.

submitted by /u/TheDorkNite1
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Do quadrapedal animals experience hand-dominance?

Posted: 13 Nov 2021 09:47 AM PST

I was just playing with my cats, and realized that since they use they're front paws a lot like humans use their hands, that they might experience hand-dominance vs natural ambidexterity. Does hand-dominance exist on quadrapeds?

Also, sorry, there wasn't a flair for Zoology, so if this is the wrong sub let me know.

submitted by /u/xaudionegative
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What will happen other than hyperpigmentation if our body is exposed to excess Eumelanin? Will there be any other negative consequences?

Posted: 13 Nov 2021 07:21 AM PST

I was wondering about how tanning injections work and dug up a bit in the internet. I found out that Eumelanin is a pigment that is responsible for the dark skin colour in some people. I am curious to know why tanning injections have negative implications on human body. Is it because of Eumelanin or some other substance? If no harm is caused by exposure of Eumelanin, why is it not used in treating albinism?

submitted by /u/WishAffectionate7230
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What is the context of the geometric mean when the 50 ohm compromise for impedance matching was determined?

Posted: 12 Nov 2021 05:07 PM PST

I had wished to understand why transmission lines and other electrical systems typically use 50ohm loads for impedance. Everywhere I look online, websites just repeat the facts that this is derived from taking the values that provide highest power transfer (30 ohms), lowest power loss (77 ohms), finding the arithmetic mean (53.5) and geometric mean (48), and 50 is a compromise between them.

There's a lot of other history and data on various other values, but I'm hung up on why geometric mean was considered. I understand the arithmetic mean more intuitively as a midway point between these two ideals, but I can't wrap my head around the purpose of the latter. I have only seen the GM used in basic geometry for triangle side ratios or for certain statistical growth scenarios so I don't have a good image of its use in this real world application; is there a connection with the trigonometry of RF waves and reactive components, or something simpler?

submitted by /u/Demon_Prongles
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How long did it take for the dinosaurs to go extinct?

Posted: 13 Nov 2021 07:43 AM PST

It has been determined that the dinosaurs went extinct due to an asteroid hitting Earth. I feel that many people, myself included, believe that once the asteroid hit, the dinosaurs died almost instantly. Was this actually the case or did it take days, weeks, or even years for the dinosaurs to go extinct after the asteroid hit?

submitted by /u/Shoemagoo52
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How does losing your sense of taste affect digestion?

Posted: 13 Nov 2021 09:54 AM PST

I was taught that as soon as your tongue detects certain tastes (e.g. sugar) your body prepares to process that food (e.g. produce insulin), but if your sense of taste is impaired, does digestion proceed optimally? Is it slowed down?

submitted by /u/pupperonipizzapie
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What happens if a person who was previously vaccinated against rabies gets bitten by a rabid animal (and doesn’t go get booster shots or anything, they just rely on their previous vaccination)?

Posted: 12 Nov 2021 09:27 AM PST

edit: follow up question, is there some sort of "mild rabies" where you have just enough rabies antibodies to not die, but not enough the resist rabies fully? or is it death or no death and no in betweens

submitted by /u/noobiestnewbie
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Why don't Crustaceans have streaks or linings of fat in them like mammals, birds and fish do?

Posted: 13 Nov 2021 08:16 AM PST

Does it matter what type of stem cells are used in tissue engineering?

Posted: 13 Nov 2021 08:15 AM PST

I am not referring to adult stem cells vs embryonic stem cells, rather, for instance, dental follicle cells vs. dental pulp cells, in engineering of dental tissue. Thank you!

submitted by /u/BoyGuyManDude
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How can radium (solid) decay into radon (gas) and then back into polonium (solid)?

Posted: 13 Nov 2021 08:56 AM PST

Like what is the determining factor in what makes a gas and how does radioactive decay alter this factor that substantially, only for it to be changed back immediately afterward?

submitted by /u/NomenNescio13
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Do humans have a specific taste receptor for lead salts that makes it taste sweet or does it bind to existing taste receptors?

Posted: 12 Nov 2021 10:41 PM PST

Just wondering why our body evolved the ability to taste lead in a way that doesn't make us instinctively hate it.

submitted by /u/ChristopherLavoisier
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Can a routine blood test (CBC) detect a blood clot or pulmonary embolism?

Posted: 12 Nov 2021 09:59 PM PST

Does the amount of sleep needed changes according to the intensity of your day?

Posted: 12 Nov 2021 07:37 PM PST

If you have been hard at work for the whole day do you need your more then 7-9 hours

Or alternatively if you have been sitting on your butt all day do you need less then 7-9?

submitted by /u/DogeyLord
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Can light change frequency after passing thru a substance?

Posted: 12 Nov 2021 06:08 PM PST

Is there a substance that when visible light passes through it, it changes into say, radio waves, or vice versa?

submitted by /u/Nuclear_Nutsacc
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In cultures with a concept of 'profanity' (as English speakers would think of it), is it universal to curse when under stress or in pain? Why?

Posted: 12 Nov 2021 10:10 AM PST

This question is actually an intersection of psychology, neuroscience, and linguistics, but the psych/neuroscience element is most interesting to me.

I'm tetra-lingual (knowing 3 Indo-European languages and 1 Dravidian language) and in each language I'm familiar with there are a subset of words that are sort of "taboo" to use in polite company but it is common to shout them when in distress, like if you are hurt or angry.

Is this a universal thing across languages and language families? Are these cultures that don't have such 'profanity' taboos?

And where it does exist, why do people tend to utter these words specifically under stress but put up a taboo around doing it at other times? Is there a psychiatric element to this and is it at all related to the vocal tics that come with impulse control disorders?

submitted by /u/WitnessedStranger
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Would a star ever be able to produce elements heavier than iron?

Posted: 12 Nov 2021 11:50 AM PST

In a hypothetical situation in which one was able to add a large amount of hydrogen back into the core of a star passed its hydrogen burning stage, would the addition of enough hydrogen be able to get the core hot enough to create elements heavier than iron?

submitted by /u/kingc-ro
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Are there still gaps in Newtonian physics?

Posted: 12 Nov 2021 06:26 PM PST

Quick question from a high school student:

Hey, I've just been thinking about this a lot: almost every real world phenomenon can be expressed as some type of equation, or a combination of equations, and every quantity can be calculated like-wise. So yeah, are there still gaps in Newtonian physics? It's the only thing we've discussed so far. In any case, it doesn't feel good to make a paper that seems like it is just a rehash of other papers with some of the slightest modifications.

While this branch of physics is more useful in our everyday lives, it does feel like something like quantum physics, as well as astrophysics and cosmology are going to take the lead in the future in terms of research. And so I am very excited to learn about those next academic year.

submitted by /u/oort_cloud_me
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Why were enantiornithes the dominant small, flying dinosaur before the K-Pg extinction event whereas aves seemed to be a small, niche group of species? Which features made enantiornithes better suited for that world than aves?

Posted: 12 Nov 2021 10:24 AM PST

It seems that the major hallmarks of aves (beak, no physical tail, no claw on wings) had evolved separately several different times in therapod evolution going back tens of millions of years before the K-Pg extinction event yet enantiornithes (which mostly still had a mouth with teeth, at least a small physical tail and a tiny claw on their wings) remained the dominant small, feathered flying dinosaur.

A follow-up question - Are there any features of birds, such as having a beak, thought to be an evolutionary adaptation that can't be done in reverse? As in, a bird having a mouth with teeth might be "better" in certain modern ecological scenarios but the mutations needed to for a bird species to evolve that is virtually impossible?

submitted by /u/slippy0101
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Friday, November 12, 2021

How was covid in 2003 stopped?

How was covid in 2003 stopped?


How was covid in 2003 stopped?

Posted: 11 Nov 2021 03:46 PM PST

Many people seem to instinctively fear spiders, snakes, centipedes, and other 'creepy-crawlies'. Is this fear a survival mechanism hardwired into our DNA like fearing heights and the dark, or does it come from somewhere else?

Posted: 12 Nov 2021 05:15 AM PST

Not sure whether to put this in anthropology or psychology, but here goes:

I remember seeing some write-up somewhere that described something called 'primal fears'. It said that while many fears are products of personal and social experience, there's a handful of fears that all humans are (usually) born with due to evolutionary reasons. Roughly speaking, these were:

  • heights
  • darkness,
  • very loud noises
  • signs of carnivory (think sharp teeth and claws)
  • signs of decay (worms, bones)
  • signs of disease (physical disfigurement and malformation)

and rounding off the list were the aforementioned creepy-crawlies.

Most of these make a lot of sense - heights, disease, darkness, etc. are things that most animals are exposed to all the time. What I was fascinated by was the idea that our ancestors had enough negative experience with snakes, spiders, and similar creatures to be instinctively off-put by them.

I started to think about it even more, and I realized that there are lots of things that have similar physical traits to the creepy-crawlies that are nonetheless NOT as feared by people. For example:

  • Caterpillars, inchworms and millipedes do not illicit the kind of response that centipedes do, despite having a similar body type

  • A spider shares many traits with other insect-like invertebrates, but seeing a big spider is much more alarming than seeing a big beetle or cricket

  • Except for the legs, snakes are just like any other reptile, but we don't seem to be freaked out by most lizards

So, what gives? Is all of the above just habituated fear response, or is it something deeper and more primal? Would love any clarity on this.

submitted by /u/seafoodboiler
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If arrows spun, would it improve their flight stability in the same way as spinning bullets?

Posted: 11 Nov 2021 03:15 AM PST

What is the Origin of the Negative Phase of a Shockwave?

Posted: 11 Nov 2021 04:52 PM PST

The pressure-time characteristic of a blast wave has a positive phase followed by a negative phase. What is the cause for this negative phase? I thought it may be conservation of mass accounting for the increased density of the overpressured air, but I haven't found any solid answers.

submitted by /u/HuronDorado
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How does quantum tunneling work?

Posted: 11 Nov 2021 07:43 AM PST

i mean, a particule can go throught matter because, it´s going too fast, or it can travel trought the gasp in our cells?.i mean, in that way why arent we change by this objects. like. Hows a particule can go so fast that can traverse you without been notice.Ex:- you can feel photons (light) but you can´t feel neutrons so.....

submitted by /u/HiroyashiDr
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When a cloud of gas gravitationally collapsed to form our Solar System, how wasn't that a violation of the second law of thermodynamic?

Posted: 12 Nov 2021 03:31 AM PST

According to Wikipedia, the Solar System was a giant cloud, then parts of it collapsed due to gravity, and this formed the star and the planets. But how does that make sense thermodynamically? A uniform cloud of gas is pretty much the highest entropy you can have. The same matter cleanly delineated into separate bodies with vastly different properties, including non-uniform temperature (the Sun is much hotter than Pluto) -- isn't that strictly less entropy? How come gravity gets us from high entropy to low entropy with no additional energy put into the system?

submitted by /u/thetimujin
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Theory of relativity universe cannot be divided as quantum mechanics suggests is this correct?

Posted: 12 Nov 2021 05:27 AM PST

I been learning a little about quantum mechanics which my understanding about it is near to zero besides the basics I've learned watching some youtube videos.

This video link below David Bohm at the start of the video says according to Theory of relativity the universe cannot be divided while my little understanding of quantum mechanics says the particles divide between different universes.

Can someone explain is what Bhom says correct? are the two Theory of relativity vs quantum mechanics in disagreement?

Discussion starts at 1:55

https://youtu.be/r-jI0zzYgIE?t=115

submitted by /u/kvixvuixe
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How come some moon phases can be seen during the daylight and some can only be seen at darkness?

Posted: 12 Nov 2021 08:06 AM PST

How do archeologists know if damage to a skeleton occurred during life or after death?

Posted: 11 Nov 2021 01:33 PM PST

What got me thinking about it is I have a small chip in one of my canine teeth, but how would an archeologist in the future know that that damage occurred during my life vs getting chipped at some point during or after a burial considering enamel doesn't grow back?

submitted by /u/ZenHun
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Can allergies be hereditary?

Posted: 11 Nov 2021 12:18 PM PST

How do accents develop?

Posted: 11 Nov 2021 06:16 AM PST

I'm trying to understand how accents develop. For example, why do people from Australia, New Zealand, Canada, and the US all have different accents when certain regions in those countries were populated by people immigrating from the same region in the UK? (I.e. the west coast of Scotland.)

submitted by /u/CourseCold9487
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Are there any animals whose diets change significantly during pregnancy/reproductive cycle?

Posted: 11 Nov 2021 12:28 PM PST

Obviously when growing an entire organism(s) within oneself more nutrients have to be consumed, but are there any animals that have a more dramatic change in their diet? For instance, switching from a primarily herbivorous diet to one that includes meat or other animal products, or vice versa. I tried looking it up but only found sources for what to eat or feed pets during pregnancy.

submitted by /u/therealnotrealtaako
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If Class Reptilia is paraphyletic, why do we still recognize it as valid taxon?

Posted: 11 Nov 2021 08:35 AM PST

So my question is based on my understanding of phylogenetic clusters. Taxons should always be monophyletic, as polyphyletic and paraphyletic groups are problematic. Now according to a lot of trees, Class Reptilia is paraphyletic. If it is indeed invalid, why do we still teach it as if it is valid?

Also follow up question where does the arbitrariness of a clustering regulated? Do we have like IUPAC (in chemistry) for systematics and taxonomy? Because I really don't get how scientists decide whether a taxon is phylum, class, order , etc.

submitted by /u/Deus_Sema
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What makes a drug chemo?

Posted: 10 Nov 2021 10:42 PM PST

So, I am aware that many drugs for autoimmune diseases (ie Chrons, Rheumatoid Arthritis use Methotrexate) are the same drugs used in cancer treatment but at lower dosages.

At doses used for autoimmune diseases, Consumer Medical Information, and websites such as the support agencies for the diseases, explicitly state that the drug is not chemo.

So what is the definition of chemo, and what triggers that definition for the same drug but different dosage.

submitted by /u/PerpetualPoopMachine
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What makes a computer virus so distinctively different from normal computer programs that anti-virus software is able to detect them?

Posted: 10 Nov 2021 02:40 PM PST

Can Ultrasound imaging be used to scan for ligament/tendon injuries in foot?

Posted: 10 Nov 2021 04:11 PM PST

Or elbows.

Why do we need MRI's if Ultrasound is cheaper?

submitted by /u/Mindless-Yam-5739
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Thursday, November 11, 2021

Could there be an island of stability somewhere further down the periodic table?

Could there be an island of stability somewhere further down the periodic table?


Could there be an island of stability somewhere further down the periodic table?

Posted: 10 Nov 2021 12:56 PM PST

Why does the standard detection of Sars-CoV-2 by RT-qPCR require 3-gene positivity?

Posted: 10 Nov 2021 05:59 PM PST

Why is my water bottle pressurized after the ice melts in it?

Posted: 10 Nov 2021 11:38 AM PST

So I have a classic Nalgene water bottle which I fill up with ice and water everyday before work. Typically I drink 2-3 cups of coffee over the course of the morning before going for the water. Most of the time at this point the ice has melted completely.

When I open the bottle the first time there is some kind of pressure action happening. I can't describe it better than it feels like the opposite of opening a carbonated bottle.

My guess is that as the ice melts the water level drops and the air that is in the bottle is now stretched across a larger area creating a lower vapor pressure than the air outside of the bottle.

submitted by /u/YUMADLOL
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How come that immunity fades away over time?

Posted: 10 Nov 2021 09:48 AM PST

I've learnt a lot about our immune system, but something that doesn't add up here is why immunity fades away over time. This question is kinde related to covid-19, because here they are talking about a boostershot. When you get infected, you create memory cells (T and B) which will be activated when the same pathogen infectes your body. But won't those memory cells be in our body's for a very long time? Won't they immediately bring up a immune response when activated?

submitted by /u/Pink_Lasagne
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Can you see facial expressions in peripheral vision?

Posted: 10 Nov 2021 09:32 AM PST

Where did the electricity for telegraphs come from during the American Civil War?

Posted: 09 Nov 2021 07:25 PM PST

Looking at Wikipedia, it mentions electromagnets and voltaic piles, but I don't understand how such a small amount of electricity would be able to travel the hundreds of miles needed. I can notice a reduction of power in my leaf-blower when using multiple extension cords, so how would wires from the mid 1800s be able to carry a signal from an early electrochemical battery over a meaningful distance?

Edit: Thanks for the explanations and analogies, they've really helped! It makes a bit more sense now.

submitted by /u/purpleD20
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How are plasma amino acids regulated?

Posted: 09 Nov 2021 08:26 PM PST

What controls how much of each major amino acid is available in the blood / plasma? Does eating a high-protein meal cause a spike in the levels of amino acids in the blood? Is it regulated by glucocorticoid hormones, which increase free amino acids?
Thanks in advance!

submitted by /u/DeliciousPreference5
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Why doesn't autophagy happen more often in the human body? Why does it require at least 24hrs fasted state?

Posted: 09 Nov 2021 07:29 PM PST

I've been trying to research autophagy and the conditions that encourage it, and the consensus seems to be that at least 24 hours of fasting are needed to trigger it. Why is this? It seems that autophagy provides numerous benefits that improve health therefore extending longevity; wouldn't it be more evolutionarily beneficial for autophagy to occur more frequently?

submitted by /u/PhoenixOstara
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Why do female chimpanzees live on average 7 years longer than male chimpanzees?

Posted: 09 Nov 2021 08:01 PM PST

Is it due to environmental fighting where males are more likely to be killed or genetics where the XX chromosome provides more genetic protection with it's redundancy

submitted by /u/chosis12399
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Wednesday, November 10, 2021

If there was abundant water on Mars in the past, could there be gemstones like opals, jade or turquoise under the surface?

If there was abundant water on Mars in the past, could there be gemstones like opals, jade or turquoise under the surface?


If there was abundant water on Mars in the past, could there be gemstones like opals, jade or turquoise under the surface?

Posted: 09 Nov 2021 06:02 PM PST

Why do healthy habits usually require a lot of will power? Why are unhealthy habits so addicting?

Posted: 10 Nov 2021 03:43 AM PST

What evolutionary reasons made humans so prone to make bad long term decisions?

submitted by /u/fangfried
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Ask Anything Wednesday - Physics, Astronomy, Earth and Planetary Science

Posted: 10 Nov 2021 07:00 AM PST

Welcome to our weekly feature, Ask Anything Wednesday - this week we are focusing on Physics, Astronomy, Earth and Planetary Science

Do you have a question within these topics you weren't sure was worth submitting? Is something a bit too speculative for a typical /r/AskScience post? No question is too big or small for AAW. In this thread you can ask any science-related question! Things like: "What would happen if...", "How will the future...", "If all the rules for 'X' were different...", "Why does my...".

Asking Questions:

Please post your question as a top-level response to this, and our team of panellists will be here to answer and discuss your questions. The other topic areas will appear in future Ask Anything Wednesdays, so if you have other questions not covered by this weeks theme please either hold on to it until those topics come around, or go and post over in our sister subreddit /r/AskScienceDiscussion , where every day is Ask Anything Wednesday! Off-theme questions in this post will be removed to try and keep the thread a manageable size for both our readers and panellists.

Answering Questions:

Please only answer a posted question if you are an expert in the field. The full guidelines for posting responses in AskScience can be found here. In short, this is a moderated subreddit, and responses which do not meet our quality guidelines will be removed. Remember, peer reviewed sources are always appreciated, and anecdotes are absolutely not appropriate. In general if your answer begins with 'I think', or 'I've heard', then it's not suitable for /r/AskScience.

If you would like to become a member of the AskScience panel, please refer to the information provided here.

Past AskAnythingWednesday posts can be found here. Ask away!

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How to break strong ethanol & oil emulsions?

Posted: 10 Nov 2021 05:34 AM PST

Hello,

I have been struggling to break essential oil-alcohol emulsions. I tried many experiments but nothing came out of them

Fraction distillations, adding water or salt or both, supersaturated solutions, non polar solvents, heating, cooling but all I'd get would be a turbidity or emulsion or louche that doesn't break.

Some concrete examples are the following: Pastis, raki, ouzo effect, absinthe. If you dilute the following liquors with water they form an emulsion in the form a white turbid solution (ouzo effect)

Any idea?

Thank you for your time!

P. S: I had some ideas in mind like centrifuging, but I am not planning to pay a few 100 bucks to make a couple of experiments..

submitted by /u/Unlikely_Lake_8433
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Why are there atmospheric tides at 12 hours?

Posted: 09 Nov 2021 10:37 AM PST

I've read around this a little and got answered such as 'it forms a square wave rich in harmonics...' to ' resonance theory and free oscillation in the atmosphere', but as far as I can understand, it's due to the rate of heating and cooling being uneven. Can someone help with a simple ish answer? Thanks in advance!

Edit: the title should say with a frequency of 12 hours.

submitted by /u/Semi_dad
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[Semiconductors] How does the diffusion of dopants create features?

Posted: 09 Nov 2021 04:22 PM PST

Say I have an integrated circuit with 100 NPN transistors on it. How are such features actually created? Like, I'm imagining an NPN transistor as an area of the chip where you've got a bit of phosphorus at the collector/emitter and some boron at the base. But, how do you get these dopants where they're supposed to go?

submitted by /u/MeleeMeistro
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If canned air gets cold because the energy needed to change the liquid to gas is pulled from the metal can, would it work in a refrigerator?

Posted: 09 Nov 2021 12:46 PM PST

Or if the can was already cold? Because then there wouldn't be any heat to draw from the can to convert the liquid to gas.

submitted by /u/SinJinQLB
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Are twins/triplets/etc more likely to reproduce more twins/triplets/etc?

Posted: 08 Nov 2021 02:19 PM PST

I'm a failed triplet(one of my siblings was absorbed and the other was miscarried) my dad is a twin and his mother is too. Is it more likely for twins to reproduce more twins than non twins?

submitted by /u/Nesturim-Nyocheakmuc
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Tuesday, November 9, 2021

Why can't the immune system create antibodies that target the rabies virus?

Why can't the immune system create antibodies that target the rabies virus?


Why can't the immune system create antibodies that target the rabies virus?

Posted: 09 Nov 2021 12:08 AM PST

Rabies lyssavirus is practically 100% fatal. What is it about the virus that causes it to have such a drastic effect on the body, yet not be targeted by the immune system? Is it possible for other viruses to have this feature?

submitted by /u/jla-
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How is it possible that each star in the sky puts out enough photons that I can see it from any slight deviation in my position on earth?

Posted: 09 Nov 2021 01:28 AM PST

If I'm looking at a star in the sky, billions of miles away, and I take one step to the left, I am stepping into a new stream of photons from that star. What is the resolution of this line of sight? Is there theoretically a small enough distance that I could move to fit in between the stream of photons?

submitted by /u/reverendrambo
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AskScience AMA Series: Greetings, Science fans. I'm a paleontologist, science editor and author, Henry Gee. AMA about evolution, extinction, apocalyptic disaster and my latest book 'A (Very) Short History of Life on Earth'

Posted: 09 Nov 2021 04:00 AM PST

I'm an author and editor on the science journal Nature, the place where scientists like to publish their coolest finds. As Nature's resident fossil hound for more than 33 and a third revolutions (which must be a long playing record) I've had the honor and privilege of steering the first feathered dinosaurs, the fishapod Tiktaalik and the hobbit Homo floresiensis into the light. I know more secrets than the average spy. In my new book I've poured it all on to the page and discovered a lot about evolution, extinction and climate change, both now and in the past. You can find out everything you need to know about my book here: http://www.averyshorthistoryoflifeonearth.com.

I'll be here at 1pm ET (18 UT), AMA!

Username: /u/Henry_Gee

submitted by /u/AskScienceModerator
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Between Eusthenopteron and Panderichthys what happened to the anal fin?

Posted: 08 Nov 2021 05:53 PM PST

Looking at the charts of evolution of land animals the anal fin disappears between Eusthenopteron and Panderichthys. Do they become part of the pelvis? Do the bones of the anal fin simply stop being being created? Some combination or do they change in some other way all together?

submitted by /u/MaesterOlorin
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Given a planet with higher gravity than earth, lets say 3g, do humans become more or less bouyant in regular water and why?

Posted: 08 Nov 2021 08:25 AM PST

Considering we can easily float on water in our current planet, if the gravity would increase we would be heavier but so would the water, would this extra weight make the water easier to swim in?

submitted by /u/GrandTusam
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What would it take to land a telescope on the moon, and how well would it work?

Posted: 09 Nov 2021 04:59 AM PST

Would it be possible and practical to land a telescope on the moon, and how well would it work?

submitted by /u/turkeyburst
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How does a scintillating scotoma create perfectly straight zigzags that retain their exact same geometry throughout the growing event?

Posted: 09 Nov 2021 05:38 AM PST

As I understand it, the event is the result of a cascade in the visual cortex, but what I don't understand is how the form of the visual representation can remain completely fixed throughout the approximately half hour of growing from a pinpoint to expanding beyond periphery. I experience them relatively infrequently, but fairly regularly, and I always want to know more about them.

As a secondary question, how would I go about finding if there is a study on this to volunteer for?

submitted by /u/Paracortex
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Do we or can we ever know how our immune system evolved?

Posted: 08 Nov 2021 06:24 PM PST

I've been reading Immune by Philipp Dettmer and I'm simply blown away by the complexity and ingenuity of our immune system. So, my question for you is do we know or will we ever come to understand how our immune system evolved to get to this point?

It's simply perplexing how complex the system is.

submitted by /u/membershipreward
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Can the energy output of a fusion reactor be throttled?

Posted: 08 Nov 2021 09:23 PM PST

Scroll to the bottom for the more direct question. For context - I'm writing a science fiction book where I'm mostly trying to keep to physics, with a few "hand wave" or "inventions" to make the setting I pictured.

One of these things is small fusion reactors that power spaceships. Specifically Boron-11 fueled reactors (loosely based on these two: HB11 and Tokamak ST40).

As I understand, getting electricity from the heat generated by the reactor requires a steam turbine engine, or inefficient thermocouples, or some combination of both.

My question is, is it possible to "throttle" the reactor once the actual fusion reaction has started? Can you somehow change the rate at which it would 'burn' through the Boron-11 fuel to modulate the energy output? Or is it more of a "once it's on, it's on and this is exactly how much energy it will produce until it's off" type of thing?

Thanks so much!

submitted by /u/MoviesColin
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Why does the JWST need to be in a "halo orbit" at the L2 Lagrange point?

Posted: 08 Nov 2021 09:53 AM PST

I thought the point of putting satellites at the Lagrange points was that the unique gravitational properties of these spots in 3-body systems allowed them to basically sit still with little to no fuel needed to keep them there in a stable manner. Reading about the JWST I saw that the telescope will be in a constantly moving Halo Orbit, which requires fuel to maintain stability. Why would that be necessary?

submitted by /u/Ephemeris
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How do scientists decide whether create a new phylum or class or others depending on a classification variables?

Posted: 08 Nov 2021 06:33 PM PST

So I am a biology major and I am fascinated by phylogenetic studies and systematics. Yet I don't understand how they decide to make phyla, class (some even make sub phyla, division, etc.) it is as if they cannot agree on a particular criteria. How do they do this?

submitted by /u/Deus_Sema
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When your lungs are affected by COVID-19, do you automatically have pneumonia? If not, what is the difference between COVID-induced lung problems and pneumonia?

Posted: 08 Nov 2021 12:33 PM PST

What is the total number of subclades of flu virus?

Posted: 08 Nov 2021 06:45 AM PST

The CDC classifies flu by type, subtype, clade (group), and subclade (subgroup). For example, A (H1N1)68.1A.

Can someone tell me the total number of subclades or provide a link to a list of subclades?

submitted by /u/ikarosswings0
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