AskScience AMA Series: We're scientists and engineers working on NASA's Lucy mission to explore Jupiter's Trojan Asteroids. Ask us anything!

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• AskScience AMA Series: We're scientists and engineers working on NASA's Lucy mission to explore Jupiter's Trojan Asteroids. Ask us anything!
• Isn't CO2 emission reduction without carbon capture somewhat pointless?
• Have any other planets experienced reversal of the magnetic poles?
• Fast charging: How do your charger knows what voltage to release?
• How do deciduous plants sense the change of seasons?
• Some carnivores have this notch near the front of their upper jaw that interrupts the tooth row. I can't seem to find any satisfying reason for why it's there. Anyone got an answer?
• Are there any positive effects of a volcano explosion?
• How did black holes at the size and mass of TON 618 even form? I know about the concept of quasi stars but still a black hole forming from such a star wouldnt even compare to TON 618
• How do furanocoumarin compounds activate the arachidonic acid cascade?
• When did the flu become endemic in society? I read that it was after the Spanish flu, is this true?
• How Often does Mercury Get Hit by Coronal Mass Ejections?
• What exactly happens in my body when I drink a "zero calorie" diet tea with sucralose? What does the body do with sucralose?

AskScience AMA Series: We're scientists and engineers working on NASA's Lucy mission to explore Jupiter's Trojan Asteroids. Ask us anything! Posted: 12 Oct 2021 01:00 AM PDT The Trojan asteroids are rocky worlds as old as our solar system, and they share an orbit with Jupiter around the Sun. They're thought to be remnants of the primordial material that formed the outer planets. On Oct. 16, NASA's Lucy mission is scheduled to launch from Cape Canaveral, Florida, to explore these small worlds for the first time. Lucy was named after the fossilized human ancestor (called "Lucy" by her discoverers) whose skeleton expanded our understanding of human evolution. The Lucy Mission hopes to expand our understanding of solar system evolution by visiting these 4.5-billion-year-old planetary "fossils." We are: Jeremy Knittel, Senior Mission Design and Navigation Engineer at KinetX Aerospace Amy Simon, Senior Planetary Scientist for NASA Goddard Space Flight Center Audrey Martin, Graduate Research Assistant at Northern Arizona University Cory Prykull, Systems Integration and Test Supervisor at Lockheed Martin Joel Parker, Director at Southwest Research Institute All about the Lucy mission: www.nasa.gov/lucy We'll be here from from 2-3 p.m. EDT (18-19 UT), ask us anything! Username: /u/NASA submitted by /u/AskScienceModerator [link] [comments]

Isn't CO2 emission reduction without carbon capture somewhat pointless? Posted: 12 Oct 2021 01:48 AM PDT So as far as I understand it the CO2 content of the air simply determines the rate of change of the earth's temperature. Right now the energy surplus from solar radiation on the earth is somewhere around 1 W/m², which leads to warming. If we hypothetically reduced our CO2 output to zero instantly, we'd still maintain the same CO2 atmosphere content and thus radioation surplus and the same rate of change, so the earth would still heat up at the current pace, right? Am I missing something? And if I'm not, isn't it then mandatory to also look into ways of reducing the rate of change of temperature, rather than only trying to reduce the pace at which the rate of change rises (=reducing emissions)? submitted by /u/Troggolicious [link] [comments]

Have any other planets experienced reversal of the magnetic poles? Posted: 11 Oct 2021 08:12 PM PDT submitted by /u/Ott621 [link] [comments]

Fast charging: How do your charger knows what voltage to release? Posted: 12 Oct 2021 01:47 AM PDT So, fast charging has been a thing for a while now, and as far as I know there is no standard for it. So, what I keep thinking is, how does a particular charger knows that the phone plugged into it is compatible with the kind of fast charging voltage it is able to provide? Does it know? Thanks for coming here :) submitted by /u/Mr_Bille [link] [comments]

How do deciduous plants sense the change of seasons? Posted: 11 Oct 2021 04:06 PM PDT How do deciduous plants 'know' that the seasons change? Do they sense the change in temperature to start shedding or growing leaves or do they have some kind of internal clock? If it is the change of temperature, what if the temperature of a particular season is not normal, for example if it keeps warm in autumn? submitted by /u/Jusfiq [link] [comments]

Some carnivores have this notch near the front of their upper jaw that interrupts the tooth row. I can't seem to find any satisfying reason for why it's there. Anyone got an answer? Posted: 11 Oct 2021 04:31 PM PDT The only examples I've found so far are in reptiles like crocodiles and a couple of dinosaurs like Spinosaurus and Dilophosaurus. I've seen it referred to as a "subnarial gap" in dinosaurs.It seems like it's there to make space for larger teeth in the lower jaw to poke up through an overbite but I'm curious as to why that kind of jaw shape would be advantageous. Perhaps something to do with catching fish? I really haven't a clue. EDIT: It's a new day and I've done a little more looking around for answers. Found a really interesting paper on fish dentition that suggests having larger teeth at the front of the lower jaw could be to assist in capturing elusive prey. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/335752364_Functional_implications_of_dentition-based_morphotypes_in_piscivorous_fishes/download That makes a good deal of sense to me at least. When an animal bites, it moves the lower jaw a lot more quickly than the upper one as it's not got an entire head attached to it. So some large teeth at the front of the lower jaw would likely be useful to puncture smaller prey during the bite and prevent them from escaping before the upper jaw engages. To have this provide a meaningful advantage for larger predators, the jaw has to be quite long (both for increased jaw speed and to make it significantly easier to catch with the front of the mouth than the back) and the prey has to be quite small (so that the greater bite force at the back of the jaw isn't needed to maintain a hold) so this morphology seems only likely to show up in fairly specific niches. I think I'm satisfied with this answer, but if anyone has something to add, or is unconvinced by this explanation, by all means say something. submitted by /u/Makura_Gaeshi [link] [comments]

Are there any positive effects of a volcano explosion? Posted: 11 Oct 2021 05:03 PM PDT Hello! I was wondering if there would be any positive effects of a volcano erupting, whether it may be on the environment, etc. Thanks so much! submitted by /u/aeridactle [link] [comments]

How did black holes at the size and mass of TON 618 even form? I know about the concept of quasi stars but still a black hole forming from such a star wouldnt even compare to TON 618 Posted: 11 Oct 2021 10:31 AM PDT submitted by /u/NewHorizons25 [link] [comments]

How do furanocoumarin compounds activate the arachidonic acid cascade? Posted: 11 Oct 2021 02:37 PM PDT submitted by /u/PHealthy [link] [comments]

When did the flu become endemic in society? I read that it was after the Spanish flu, is this true? Posted: 10 Oct 2021 07:06 PM PDT submitted by /u/igwaltney3 [link] [comments]

How Often does Mercury Get Hit by Coronal Mass Ejections? Posted: 10 Oct 2021 01:02 PM PDT submitted by /u/RamblingSimian [link] [comments]

What exactly happens in my body when I drink a "zero calorie" diet tea with sucralose? What does the body do with sucralose? Posted: 10 Oct 2021 02:03 PM PDT submitted by /u/Swiroman [link] [comments]

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Can you be dyslexic in one language and not be in another?

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• Can you be dyslexic in one language and not be in another?
• Does the total surface area of two submerged air bubbles remain the same if they merge?
• How does weight loss work? Where does the weight "go"?
• Accuracy of GC-MS + NMR comparing to an HPLC test for hormone?
• What are the physiological differences between the SARS-CoV-2 Alpha and Delta variants? Have they been identified?
• Why can’t babies eat honey?
• If human bodies reject organ transplants because of foreign DNA, why can we receive blood transfusions from other people with no problem?
• Do other animals carry tools?
• What is the youngest known species, evolutionarily speaking?
• Why doesn't aging affect mitochondrial inheritance?

Can you be dyslexic in one language and not be in another? Posted: 11 Oct 2021 06:16 AM PDT I was never diagnosed with dyslexia but i think i might have it but its not the same for the languages i speak. I can speak 4 languages. English is not my native language but i never really had problems with it. But i have a hard time pronouncing longer words in my native language and that is the only thing i cant really do in my native language but in german i can't read for the love of god its unbelievable hard and even if i can read i dont understand what i read it all sounds gibberish in my head. I do not have a problem speaking listening or even writing it, just reading it. Is that normal or is it something else? submitted by /u/pandamanthefirst [link] [comments]

Does the total surface area of two submerged air bubbles remain the same if they merge? Posted: 10 Oct 2021 08:21 AM PDT submitted by /u/LeJack37 [link] [comments]

How does weight loss work? Where does the weight "go"? Posted: 11 Oct 2021 04:18 AM PDT I am a simple man so excuse me if this is a soomewhat childish question, but where does the a person's excess weight "go" when spent/burned? If a person stopped eating for five days they would presumebly lose weight, but they wouldn't be excementing anything as that is for processing incoming food. So where does the weight "go"? Is is all sweat, tears, urine and other waste that leaves the body or is there someother way it leaves? submitted by /u/WantonReader [link] [comments]

Accuracy of GC-MS + NMR comparing to an HPLC test for hormone? Posted: 11 Oct 2021 02:02 AM PDT When determining the type and amount of hormone in an oil substance how do these methods compare? submitted by /u/GustavPedrikov [link] [comments]

What are the physiological differences between the SARS-CoV-2 Alpha and Delta variants? Have they been identified? Posted: 10 Oct 2021 07:13 PM PDT Genomic sequencing is done to determine what variant an individual has been infected with, so the consequential mutation(s) within the genome has/have obviously been identified. I would anticipate, then, that the physiological expression of the mutation(s) is/are also known, but I have been unable to find that information. I must admit I'm not the most adept at scrounging through scientific databases, though, so I'm hopeful someone here can help me out! Thanks! submitted by /u/bratman33 [link] [comments]

Why can’t babies eat honey? Posted: 09 Oct 2021 10:36 PM PDT I know the basic answers "Honey can contain spores of Chlortridium botulinum which babies can't digest". But I want a deeper answer, why can't babies digest it but adults can? It also raises another question, some adults get botulinum toxin from improperly canned food because the spores activate in low oxygen environments, but why is it that why the spores are in the canned food adults can't digest it but they can when it's in honey? submitted by /u/Suspicious_Role5912 [link] [comments]

If human bodies reject organ transplants because of foreign DNA, why can we receive blood transfusions from other people with no problem? Posted: 09 Oct 2021 11:24 PM PDT submitted by /u/Throwawayaccount097 [link] [comments]

Do other animals carry tools? Posted: 09 Oct 2021 06:08 PM PDT I know that other animals will use tools. Otters will use rocks to crack open clams, birds will use sticks to capture insects ect. But do these animals carry tools? Will they use a certain stick repeatedly because it works better? Will they have a favorite rock they carry with them to open tree nuts? Or are humans the only animal who constantly carry tools with them? submitted by /u/sharpthing201 [link] [comments]

What is the youngest known species, evolutionarily speaking? Posted: 09 Oct 2021 02:50 PM PDT Also, assuming humans cause most extinctions currently, how likely is another evolutionary explosion should humans die off in significant numbers? Will life reemerge from the sea and successfully compete with existing non-aquatic species? submitted by /u/varontron [link] [comments]

Why doesn't aging affect mitochondrial inheritance? Posted: 09 Oct 2021 02:48 PM PDT It is my understanding that mitochondrions are mainly inherited from the mother and that their genomes always remain separate and never undergo meiosis. which means they constantly have to do mitosis to be passed on through human generations. But why do mitochondrions never become senescent, why doesn't their genome get hypermethylated thereby losing correct gene expression and why don't they eventually stop functioning due to DNA damage? Human oocytes generally live in a suspended cell cycle with energy being expended on DNA repair and older human males have their germ cell lines become increasingly genetically unstable as they age which leads to less succesful pregnancies and various health issues in children. Why don't mitochondrions abide by the same rules? They have no oocyte like mechanism to prevent mutations, there are no suspended pure mitochondrions so they should get affected by normal aging processes? Right? submitted by /u/VersaBot [link] [comments]

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How do bugs not go extinct in an area after every freezing winter?

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• How do bugs not go extinct in an area after every freezing winter?
• What is the geographical causes for long, thin stretches of land offshore from mainland areas? For example, Outerbanks, NC, Longboat Key, FL, or Pensacola Beach, FL?
• Can all analog things be precisely modeled in digital form? If not, why not? What is the actual difference in analog and digital?
• Can someone explain the difference and metallurgical changes concerning annealing and tempering of metals?

How do bugs not go extinct in an area after every freezing winter? Posted: 09 Oct 2021 11:36 AM PDT What makes some insects die but others of the same species survive the freezing temperatures? submitted by /u/JarJarAwakens [link] [comments]

What is the geographical causes for long, thin stretches of land offshore from mainland areas? For example, Outerbanks, NC, Longboat Key, FL, or Pensacola Beach, FL? Posted: 09 Oct 2021 08:14 AM PDT submitted by /u/ReasonableComment_ [link] [comments]

Can all analog things be precisely modeled in digital form? If not, why not? What is the actual difference in analog and digital? Posted: 09 Oct 2021 06:46 AM PDT submitted by /u/likesAMAs [link] [comments]

Can someone explain the difference and metallurgical changes concerning annealing and tempering of metals? Posted: 09 Oct 2021 07:21 AM PDT submitted by /u/elfanddaddy [link] [comments]

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Google, 1600 Amphitheatre Parkway, Mountain View, CA 94043, United States

Why are virus vaccines grown in animal cells instead of human cells?

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• Why are virus vaccines grown in animal cells instead of human cells?
• What happens to a metal when it goes under radiation hardening and what are the radiation level to make it possible?
• Where does the human body gets Chlorine for gastric acid?
• Why does mars have ANY surface features given that it has no plate tectonics and has wind storms?
• How were we able to develop Western Blots?
• What sorts of images do we anticipate seeing with the James Webb Space Telescope? Do you think they will be similar to the Hubble eXtreme Deep Field (HXDF) image, and familiar to us, or will they probably be new and different?
• How do giraffes (and other leaf-eating animals) get enough protein?
• What is the route of uptake of organophosphates in insects?
• How did our distant ancestors cut umbilical cords, like the time before knives. Maybe a sharp rock?

Why are virus vaccines grown in animal cells instead of human cells? Posted: 09 Oct 2021 12:45 AM PDT submitted by /u/Nidken [link] [comments]

What happens to a metal when it goes under radiation hardening and what are the radiation level to make it possible? Posted: 09 Oct 2021 03:18 AM PDT submitted by /u/A-normal-player [link] [comments]

Where does the human body gets Chlorine for gastric acid? Posted: 09 Oct 2021 07:12 AM PDT So yea, I'm aware that table salt provides quite a bit of chlorine by mass (60%). But is not like we have to eat +1-2g of salt every day. Early humans wouldn't have easy access to salt until many thousands of years ago. So where do we get our chloridric acid for digestion? I'm genuinely intrigued. submitted by /u/Moisty_Amphibian [link] [comments]

Why does mars have ANY surface features given that it has no plate tectonics and has wind storms? Posted: 09 Oct 2021 07:31 AM PDT My 9 year old daughter asked this question today. I googled and found that mars definitely doesn't have plate tectonics. Wouldn't everything get corroded overtime to make the planets surface very smooth? But we know it has valleys, canyons and mountains. Is that due asteroid imapcts? Sorry, if this sounds like a very dumb question. submitted by /u/tijR [link] [comments]

How were we able to develop Western Blots? Posted: 09 Oct 2021 07:32 AM PDT This is something that just absolutely blows my mind, and I cannot understand it yet. How were we able to develop Western Blots? The procedure seems so well put together, but I cannot understand the logic behind it. How did researchers go about figuring out a way to detect specific proteins using Western Blot? submitted by /u/celestialceres1 [link] [comments]

What sorts of images do we anticipate seeing with the James Webb Space Telescope? Do you think they will be similar to the Hubble eXtreme Deep Field (HXDF) image, and familiar to us, or will they probably be new and different? Posted: 07 Oct 2021 11:20 PM PDT When black hole data was being rendered back in 2016, there was a close idea of how the image would appear. Do we have an idea of what the JWST will find? submitted by /u/Interdisciplinary [link] [comments]

How do giraffes (and other leaf-eating animals) get enough protein? Posted: 08 Oct 2021 05:36 AM PDT submitted by /u/GALACTIC-SAUSAGE [link] [comments]

What is the route of uptake of organophosphates in insects? Posted: 08 Oct 2021 05:25 AM PDT I'm aware of the various routes of uptake in humans but im struggling to find a source that clearly states whether organophosphate insecticides have to be ingested by an insect or whether physical contact is all that is required. Thanks in advance submitted by /u/Rathamor33 [link] [comments]

How did our distant ancestors cut umbilical cords, like the time before knives. Maybe a sharp rock? Posted: 07 Oct 2021 09:24 AM PDT submitted by /u/All_Usernames_Tooken [link] [comments]

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AskScience AMA Series: I'm a psychologist/neuroscientist studying and teaching about social media and adolescent brain development. AMA!

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• AskScience AMA Series: I'm a psychologist/neuroscientist studying and teaching about social media and adolescent brain development. AMA!
• Can any element experience metal bonding under the right conditions?
• Do people with better memory have/maintain more synapses?
• How can they generate enough energy to emit a 10 PW laser beam?
• Three corners of QR code has distinct pattern which indicates the correct direction to read the code. But isn't that enough with only one corner? That way it can contain more data. What is the reason for this?
• Electron Paramagnetic Resonance - How Does It Work?
• How to set up the integrals for voltage in a two wire transmission line?
• Why does a camera obscura work even without a projector?
• Change in wavelength, when light hits a denser medium?

AskScience AMA Series: I'm a psychologist/neuroscientist studying and teaching about social media and adolescent brain development. AMA! Posted: 08 Oct 2021 04:00 AM PDT A whistleblower recently exposed that Facebook knew their products could harm teens' mental health, but academic researchers have been studying social media's effects on adolescents for years. I am a Teaching Assistant Professor in Psychology and Neuroscience at UNC-Chapel Hill, where I teach an undergrad course on "Social media, technology, and the adolescent brain". I am also the outreach coordinator for the WiFi Initiative in Technology and Adolescent Brain Development, with a mission to study adolescents' technology use and its effects on their brain development, social relationships, and health-risk behaviors. I engage in scientific outreach on this important topic through our Teens & Tech website - and now here on r/AskScience! I'll see you all at 2 PM (ET, 18 UT), AMA! Username: /u/rosaliphd submitted by /u/AskScienceModerator [link] [comments]

Can any element experience metal bonding under the right conditions? Posted: 07 Oct 2021 05:23 PM PDT submitted by /u/Advanced_Basic [link] [comments]

Do people with better memory have/maintain more synapses? Posted: 07 Oct 2021 01:48 PM PDT I just learned through an online lecture (found it on youtube by luck) that the brain is constantly changing. New synapses form, old synapses "disappear" etc. The neurologist said, that this is the reason why we inevitably get worse at something when we get better at another thing. But he also said, that scientists still don't know what it is we get worse at, when we get better at something else. My question is: what about those people who have absolute recall? (edit: Hyperthymesia was the word I was missing) Those people that can remember every moment of their life? (I know that those people are very rare but I'm just wondering: what about them?) How can they remember everything of their lives if the number of neurons doesn't really change much after birth? (Or is this part already been proven wrong? The lecture is from 2012 and at that point the professor said that only the hyppocampus can create completely new neurons but not the cortex.) Now if instead, those people just have a brain that has a better ability to create new neurons, that would actually make a lot more sense. Can someone tell me if/what they know? submitted by /u/livingstudent20 [link] [comments]

How can they generate enough energy to emit a 10 PW laser beam? Posted: 08 Oct 2021 02:08 AM PDT Reference link: https://www.laserfocusworld.com/blogs/article/14184274/visiting-eli-np-which-hosts-the-most-powerful-laser-in-the-world-with-a-power-of-10-pw submitted by /u/DeusKap [link] [comments]

Three corners of QR code has distinct pattern which indicates the correct direction to read the code. But isn't that enough with only one corner? That way it can contain more data. What is the reason for this? Posted: 07 Oct 2021 07:03 AM PDT submitted by /u/Anarchist_Monarch [link] [comments]

Electron Paramagnetic Resonance - How Does It Work? Posted: 07 Oct 2021 11:41 PM PDT Hi! I'm just hoping someone can give me a basic overview of how electron paramagnetic resonance works. I have a basic understanding of how NMR works, but wasn't really able to find a solid, easy to understand overview of EPR. The wikipedia page seemed to give an ok explanation, but I want to confirm I've understood it correctly. Thanks in advance to anyone who can help :) submitted by /u/A_Scientician [link] [comments]

How to set up the integrals for voltage in a two wire transmission line? Posted: 07 Oct 2021 11:31 PM PDT Why is the first integral for the first integral for both V_a and V_b in this problem (only the first one on the page) from r to ∞? Isn't there supposed to be zero charge inside a conductor? So shouldn't the lower integration bound be at the outer end of the conductor? I thought that maybe they were assuming the center of the conductor was location at position (0,0) and hence the distance would be r, but the conductors can't both be at the origin, can they? Are we using a separate coordinate system for each one? I'm not sure that makes sense since we ultimately want the voltage between them. I understand the rest of the problem -- it's just the integration bounds being the same for both voltages that has me a little confused. submitted by /u/dcfan105 [link] [comments]

Why does a camera obscura work even without a projector? Posted: 07 Oct 2021 01:22 PM PDT I recently read about the concept of camera obscura and how the light rays pass through the pinhole in order to create an upside down image. What i don't fully grasp, however, is why does an image form in the first place, when there is no projector-like device generating it? If the wall containing the pinhole were removed entirely, no image would be formed at all on the opposite wall. It is this difference that confuses me. When there is no wall (or the pinhole is very large), a lot more rays come in yet no image is formed, so why does the much smaller amount of rays passing through the pinhole actually creates an image? submitted by /u/Xen0m0rph [link] [comments]

Change in wavelength, when light hits a denser medium? Posted: 07 Oct 2021 07:32 AM PDT I am aware, that when light hits a medium, it slows down and therefore changes in wavelength. I would like to know big an alteration in wavelength takes place when it hits glass and similar surfaces. I would also like to know if the type of glass/surface - that is, whether it be reflective, diffracting, absorbing or scattering - has different degrees of impacts on wavelength alteration. If light were to hit a standard camera lens with or without reflective coating, would the shape of the lens have any further impact on the wavelength? What happens exactly, when light hits the sensor on a camera? Wouldn't the entire spectrum of wavelengths contained within said light be imposed on it? Given a reflective surface filmed with a camera, wouldn't it be possible for a camera to show light in a photo that is outside of the human eye's range of vision? How big would the shift in wavelength with surfaces and lenses be? How would I go about calculating the shift in wavelength mathematically? submitted by /u/PraggyD [link] [comments]

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AskScience AMA Series: I'm Diego Pol, a paleontologist and Nat Geo Explorer. AMA about dinosaurs!

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• AskScience AMA Series: I'm Diego Pol, a paleontologist and Nat Geo Explorer. AMA about dinosaurs!
• Why are there varying cooking safety temperatures among meats? Don't bacteria die at similar temperatures?
• What happened to the Milwaukee Protocol for rabies?
• Is there any scientific validity to the phrase "It's like riding a bicycle", meaning that knowledge is forever ingrained in your brain?
• If a concave lens and mirror are kept under water, the focal length of the mirror stays same but changes for the lens. Why is this so? Isn't the physical length the same no matter the medium?
• If you simplify the twin paradox, so that 2 frame of references are some distance away and getting closer to each other, if both of them start a timer at the same time, and when they both reach the same point, they broadcast the time they experienced, which clock would experience the least time?
• How are vaccines combined?
• Is it risky to have the main mirror exposed on the James Webb telescope?
• Malaria - how does the vaccine work?
• Is there a way to measure/evaluate the randomness of outcomes in a finite system?
• How are such small features on integrated circuits made?
• If opposite and equal forces cancel each other, why do you feel a pinch?
• Does having pneumonia vaccine have any impact on those who get COVID pneumonia?
• What units does E=mc^2 use? Can’t you just remove the c^2?

AskScience AMA Series: I'm Diego Pol, a paleontologist and Nat Geo Explorer. AMA about dinosaurs! Posted: 07 Oct 2021 04:01 AM PDT Hi! I'm Diego Pol, a paleontologist and National Geographic Explorer who studies dinosaurs and ancient crocs. For the last few years, I've been exploring and discovering dinosaurs in Patagonia, the southern tip of South America. I'm the head of the science department at the Egidio Feruglio paleontology museum in Patagonia, Argentina, and during the last ten years I've focused on the remarkable animal biodiversity of the dinosaur era preserved in Patagonia. My research team has recently discovered fossils of over 20 new species of dinosaurs, crocs, and other vertebrates, revealing new chapters in the history of Patagonia's past ecosystems. You can read more about me here. And if you'd like to see me talk about dinosaurs, check out this video about dinosaur extinction and this one about the golden age of paleontology. I'll be on at 12pm ET (16 UT), AMA! Proof! Username: /u/nationalgeographic submitted by /u/AskScienceModerator [link] [comments]

Why are there varying cooking safety temperatures among meats? Don't bacteria die at similar temperatures? Posted: 06 Oct 2021 02:20 PM PDT Or do different types of bacteria with different death temperatures proliferate on different types of raw meats? submitted by /u/februarysveryown [link] [comments]

What happened to the Milwaukee Protocol for rabies? Posted: 07 Oct 2021 05:43 AM PDT The recent story of the man in Illinois who died of rabies after declining PEP reminded me of all of the hype surrounding the girl who was supposedly the first person to survive rabies back in 2004. After that I recall the MP being tried in a number of desperate cases but never having any success and many people were writing it off as a failure. Doing some more digging it appears the MP had at least one more success story about ten years ago in California. This article makes it sound like the MP has saved about a dozen people although the majority of them had pretty bad neurological damage. It also appears that the success story from Texas that it cites actually involves someone who was not treated with the MP at all so its accuracy may be questionable. All that makes me wonder, is the MP a red herring as some people have claimed or is it a legitimate way to try to save a patient in a desperate situation? Most human rabies cases are in poor countries where a treatment regimen like this isn't a viable option anyways but for the occasional kid who gets bitten by a bat in the US and doesn't get PEP is it worth trying? submitted by /u/BasteAlpha [link] [comments]

Is there any scientific validity to the phrase "It's like riding a bicycle", meaning that knowledge is forever ingrained in your brain? Posted: 07 Oct 2021 02:48 AM PDT submitted by /u/killermelga [link] [comments]

If a concave lens and mirror are kept under water, the focal length of the mirror stays same but changes for the lens. Why is this so? Isn't the physical length the same no matter the medium? Posted: 06 Oct 2021 08:10 PM PDT submitted by /u/junejanikku [link] [comments]

If you simplify the twin paradox, so that 2 frame of references are some distance away and getting closer to each other, if both of them start a timer at the same time, and when they both reach the same point, they broadcast the time they experienced, which clock would experience the least time? Posted: 07 Oct 2021 02:52 AM PDT And why wouldn't frame "A" say that the frame "B" experienced lesser time, due to seeing frame "B" moving towards them with a constant velocity, or the opposite? submitted by /u/Gmaaay [link] [comments]

How are vaccines combined? Posted: 06 Oct 2021 07:46 PM PDT Like, we have the MMR vaccine which is measles, mumps, rubella. The TDAP which is diptheria, pertussis, and tetanus. Are the combinations made based on diseases that are similar? Now there's a malaria jab - could that be combined with a covid jab? How about flu and covid - will we just get an annual combo jab for whatever is the forecast flu and covid strains? submitted by /u/acceptitANDmoveon [link] [comments]

Is it risky to have the main mirror exposed on the James Webb telescope? Posted: 06 Oct 2021 05:30 PM PDT Hubble's mirror is protected inside its hull. I know JWST is in a different kind of orbit, but isn't susceptible to space debris? submitted by /u/BeKindToEachOther6 [link] [comments]

Malaria - how does the vaccine work? Posted: 06 Oct 2021 12:07 PM PDT Malaria is caused by a microscopic parasite that invades blood cells. How does a vaccine work against something like this? A vaccine trains the immune system - and as far as I understand, it is mostly "designed" to combat bacteria and viruses… but in general anything that is not of one's own body… …but what is there to train against in the case of the Malaria parasite that resides within one's own blood cells? submitted by /u/mad_marble_madness [link] [comments]

Is there a way to measure/evaluate the randomness of outcomes in a finite system? Posted: 06 Oct 2021 05:24 PM PDT Let's say a six-sided die x is rolled n times and another six-sided die y is rolled n times. Is it possible to definitively compare the randomness of the outcomes of x vs y? Say x's outcomes were an equal number of occurrences for each face -- (10)(10)(10)(10)(10)(10) and y's outcomes were (17)(3)(9)(11)(8)(12). Was x more random because all outcomes happened to occur equally or was y just as (or more) random because any distribution of outcomes is random? How about if a third die z improbably skews to the extreme and produced (0)(60)(0)(0)(0)(0)? Is there a way to measure how random a series of outcomes was or are any series of occurrences inherently random? submitted by /u/TheUpperHand [link] [comments]

How are such small features on integrated circuits made? Posted: 06 Oct 2021 07:11 AM PDT Background: I used to be fascinated with lithography, the process of laying down features on ICs. But this was back in the day when 1 μ was considered the standard and manufacturers were exploring techniques to make "sub-micron" features. The techniques partly involved templates exposed to light, and light diffraction was the fundamental limitation. Obviously we've continued to progress since then. How is it done these days? Is there a good article somewhere describing IC manufacture at a fairly technical level? I remember that there was also a lot of interest in going 3-D. Everything then was laid down on a surface. If you could layer your components you could obviously pack a lot more in. Are they in fact routinely doing that? This is partly prompted by looking at my iPhone and pondering how many different complex electronic devices are packed in there. submitted by /u/MezzoScettico [link] [comments]

If opposite and equal forces cancel each other, why do you feel a pinch? Posted: 06 Oct 2021 06:18 PM PDT submitted by /u/YourMomGayerThanMine [link] [comments]

Does having pneumonia vaccine have any impact on those who get COVID pneumonia? Posted: 06 Oct 2021 10:44 AM PDT I'm curious about the under 65 group as I found a few studies focusing solely on those who were vaccinated against pneumonia and 65+ reducing covid symptoms in general but couldn't find anything regarding covid pneumonia specifically. submitted by /u/remadeforme [link] [comments]

What units does E=mc^2 use? Can’t you just remove the c^2? Posted: 06 Oct 2021 10:02 AM PDT Doesn't this equation only work if you choose two very specific units? Say you choose some tiny unit of mass and huge unit of energy, like nanograms and terajoules or something, can't you just cancel out the c2 and be left with e=m? Is the c2 just a redundancy to hammer in the point that a little bit of mass can create a LOT of energy? submitted by /u/Liquos [link] [comments]

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