AskScience AMA Series: I'm Diego Pol, a paleontologist and Nat Geo Explorer. AMA about dinosaurs! | AskScience Blog

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Thursday, October 7, 2021

AskScience AMA Series: I'm Diego Pol, a paleontologist and Nat Geo Explorer. AMA about dinosaurs!

AskScience AMA Series: I'm Diego Pol, a paleontologist and Nat Geo Explorer. AMA about dinosaurs!


AskScience AMA Series: I'm Diego Pol, a paleontologist and Nat Geo Explorer. AMA about dinosaurs!

Posted: 07 Oct 2021 04:01 AM PDT

Hi! I'm Diego Pol, a paleontologist and National Geographic Explorer who studies dinosaurs and ancient crocs. For the last few years, I've been exploring and discovering dinosaurs in Patagonia, the southern tip of South America. I'm the head of the science department at the Egidio Feruglio paleontology museum in Patagonia, Argentina, and during the last ten years I've focused on the remarkable animal biodiversity of the dinosaur era preserved in Patagonia. My research team has recently discovered fossils of over 20 new species of dinosaurs, crocs, and other vertebrates, revealing new chapters in the history of Patagonia's past ecosystems.

You can read more about me here. And if you'd like to see me talk about dinosaurs, check out this video about dinosaur extinction and this one about the golden age of paleontology. I'll be on at 12pm ET (16 UT), AMA!

Proof!

Username: /u/nationalgeographic

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Why are there varying cooking safety temperatures among meats? Don't bacteria die at similar temperatures?

Posted: 06 Oct 2021 02:20 PM PDT

Or do different types of bacteria with different death temperatures proliferate on different types of raw meats?

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What happened to the Milwaukee Protocol for rabies?

Posted: 07 Oct 2021 05:43 AM PDT

The recent story of the man in Illinois who died of rabies after declining PEP reminded me of all of the hype surrounding the girl who was supposedly the first person to survive rabies back in 2004. After that I recall the MP being tried in a number of desperate cases but never having any success and many people were writing it off as a failure.

Doing some more digging it appears the MP had at least one more success story about ten years ago in California. This article makes it sound like the MP has saved about a dozen people although the majority of them had pretty bad neurological damage. It also appears that the success story from Texas that it cites actually involves someone who was not treated with the MP at all so its accuracy may be questionable.

All that makes me wonder, is the MP a red herring as some people have claimed or is it a legitimate way to try to save a patient in a desperate situation? Most human rabies cases are in poor countries where a treatment regimen like this isn't a viable option anyways but for the occasional kid who gets bitten by a bat in the US and doesn't get PEP is it worth trying?

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Is there any scientific validity to the phrase "It's like riding a bicycle", meaning that knowledge is forever ingrained in your brain?

Posted: 07 Oct 2021 02:48 AM PDT

If a concave lens and mirror are kept under water, the focal length of the mirror stays same but changes for the lens. Why is this so? Isn't the physical length the same no matter the medium?

Posted: 06 Oct 2021 08:10 PM PDT

If you simplify the twin paradox, so that 2 frame of references are some distance away and getting closer to each other, if both of them start a timer at the same time, and when they both reach the same point, they broadcast the time they experienced, which clock would experience the least time?

Posted: 07 Oct 2021 02:52 AM PDT

And why wouldn't frame "A" say that the frame "B" experienced lesser time, due to seeing frame "B" moving towards them with a constant velocity, or the opposite?

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How are vaccines combined?

Posted: 06 Oct 2021 07:46 PM PDT

Like, we have the MMR vaccine which is measles, mumps, rubella. The TDAP which is diptheria, pertussis, and tetanus. Are the combinations made based on diseases that are similar? Now there's a malaria jab - could that be combined with a covid jab? How about flu and covid - will we just get an annual combo jab for whatever is the forecast flu and covid strains?

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Is it risky to have the main mirror exposed on the James Webb telescope?

Posted: 06 Oct 2021 05:30 PM PDT

Hubble's mirror is protected inside its hull. I know JWST is in a different kind of orbit, but isn't susceptible to space debris?

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Malaria - how does the vaccine work?

Posted: 06 Oct 2021 12:07 PM PDT

Malaria is caused by a microscopic parasite that invades blood cells.

How does a vaccine work against something like this?

A vaccine trains the immune system - and as far as I understand, it is mostly "designed" to combat bacteria and viruses… but in general anything that is not of one's own body…

…but what is there to train against in the case of the Malaria parasite that resides within one's own blood cells?

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Is there a way to measure/evaluate the randomness of outcomes in a finite system?

Posted: 06 Oct 2021 05:24 PM PDT

Let's say a six-sided die x is rolled n times and another six-sided die y is rolled n times. Is it possible to definitively compare the randomness of the outcomes of x vs y? Say x's outcomes were an equal number of occurrences for each face -- (10)(10)(10)(10)(10)(10) and y's outcomes were (17)(3)(9)(11)(8)(12). Was x more random because all outcomes happened to occur equally or was y just as (or more) random because any distribution of outcomes is random? How about if a third die z improbably skews to the extreme and produced (0)(60)(0)(0)(0)(0)? Is there a way to measure how random a series of outcomes was or are any series of occurrences inherently random?

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How are such small features on integrated circuits made?

Posted: 06 Oct 2021 07:11 AM PDT

Background: I used to be fascinated with lithography, the process of laying down features on ICs. But this was back in the day when 1 μ was considered the standard and manufacturers were exploring techniques to make "sub-micron" features. The techniques partly involved templates exposed to light, and light diffraction was the fundamental limitation.

Obviously we've continued to progress since then. How is it done these days? Is there a good article somewhere describing IC manufacture at a fairly technical level?

I remember that there was also a lot of interest in going 3-D. Everything then was laid down on a surface. If you could layer your components you could obviously pack a lot more in. Are they in fact routinely doing that?

This is partly prompted by looking at my iPhone and pondering how many different complex electronic devices are packed in there.

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If opposite and equal forces cancel each other, why do you feel a pinch?

Posted: 06 Oct 2021 06:18 PM PDT

Does having pneumonia vaccine have any impact on those who get COVID pneumonia?

Posted: 06 Oct 2021 10:44 AM PDT

I'm curious about the under 65 group as I found a few studies focusing solely on those who were vaccinated against pneumonia and 65+ reducing covid symptoms in general but couldn't find anything regarding covid pneumonia specifically.

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What units does E=mc^2 use? Can’t you just remove the c^2?

Posted: 06 Oct 2021 10:02 AM PDT

Doesn't this equation only work if you choose two very specific units?

Say you choose some tiny unit of mass and huge unit of energy, like nanograms and terajoules or something, can't you just cancel out the c2 and be left with e=m?

Is the c2 just a redundancy to hammer in the point that a little bit of mass can create a LOT of energy?

submitted by /u/Liquos
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