How does Europa have liquid water?

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• How does Europa have liquid water?
• If a person inhales some amount of a virus (ex., COVID) too small to cause an infection, is there potential to develop immunity?
• As humans, are we always carrying viruses? Or do we completely get rid of viruses when we recover from them?
• Which of a nuclear explosion's effects are unique to it being nuclear?
• Why are galactic centers always occupied by black holes? Are galaxies to black holes what accretion disks are to stars?
• How did we know xenon-124 was radioactive, if its decays are such a rare event needing a massive facility (XENON1T) to even see it?
• How much truth or myth is there to the idea of laugh lines and scowl lines?
• When an earthquake occurs, what physically happens that translates tectonic plate movement to shaking on the Earth's surface?
• Will electrons switch places in an orbital? Does this even matter if electrons are identical?
• Can hyperthyroidism be caused by iodine supplementation?
• Are there any plants or animals that don't catch diseases?
• What is the chemical reaction that produces the nitrogen oxides in diesel engines ?
• What is the mechanism of Uncanny Valley?
• When walking, how do humans change direction? Are the mechanics at play different when doing subtle changes vs 90 degree turns?
• How much heat is released by a processor chip in regards to its consumption ?
• How many people were vaccinated against small pox?
• What’s the longest that any individual bird has been known to stay in the sky without landing?
• How does the body recognize disease?
• Do viruses have different types of antigens(spike proteins) on their capsid?

How does Europa have liquid water? Posted: 01 Oct 2021 05:41 AM PDT I've always understood the habitable zone to be the only distance where liquid water could exist on a planet. Any closer and it would evaporate, any further and it would freeze. The habitable zone for our sun is 0.9 - 1.5 au, yet Jupiter is 5.2 au on average from the sun with the closest distance being 4.95 au. So how would liquid water be able to exist so far outside (over 3x the furthest distance of the habitable zone)? Is the habitable zone as we currently know it just kind of bs? submitted by /u/Vesspo [link] [comments]

If a person inhales some amount of a virus (ex., COVID) too small to cause an infection, is there potential to develop immunity? Posted: 30 Sep 2021 11:24 AM PDT My college has mandatory vaccine & masks, but as expected, there are some students still getting sick. Constantly moving through hallways, I'm potentially (or even likely) being exposed to at least some of the virus. Is there any chance that I'm going to develop super immunity to covid from long term, (hopefully)low level exposure? Or, to get to the meat of the curiosity, in what circumstances would this/would this not happen with any virus? What is known about the characteristics of such a scenario? submitted by /u/False-Device-3004 [link] [comments]

As humans, are we always carrying viruses? Or do we completely get rid of viruses when we recover from them? Posted: 30 Sep 2021 12:42 PM PDT I have a high school level biological sciences education and have studied mostly computer science since then. I'm given to understand that some people can be asymptomatic carriers of viruses and I want to understand how this works. From what I understand, Immunocompromised patients, e.g. those with AIDS, die due to causes other than HIV because their body is not able to fight other viruses, like influenza. When this happens, have they contracted influenza externally, or were these viruses in their body waiting to strike? Though I am vaccinated, I may be an asymptomatic carrier of COVID and should be careful out in public places. But I also thought, Viruses start replicating in your body, literally fill up cells and explode outwards, killing cells. This is how they reproduce, so some cells would always need to either be dying, or keep producing some small amount of the virus, but not enough to kill them, to keep some level of the virus in our body. So, how does this work? Am I still carrying the influenza variant from the last time I got the flu? I am not currently sick with the flu. Could I spread it to someone who is not immune to that variant? Or did my body completely get rid of that virus? submitted by /u/FlocculentFractal [link] [comments]

Which of a nuclear explosion's effects are unique to it being nuclear? Posted: 01 Oct 2021 06:34 AM PDT Radiation and fallout are obviously due to the radioactive fuel source, but what about things like the flash or mushroom cloud? How many of, say, Little Boy's effects could be replicated with 12,000 tons of conventional explosives? submitted by /u/DontSeeWhyIMust [link] [comments]

Why are galactic centers always occupied by black holes? Are galaxies to black holes what accretion disks are to stars? Posted: 01 Oct 2021 06:18 AM PDT I recently heard from Dr Tyson that all galaxies (or at least the vast majority, he wasn't being super precise in this presentation) we have checked appear to have black holes in their centers. That got me wondering why that would be, and this galaxy-scale accretion disk is the best idea I've got. But I feel like I would have heard of that before if the answer was that simple, and that doesn't really fit with the way that black holes are formed themselves. So what's the deal? submitted by /u/EcoWraith [link] [comments]

How did we know xenon-124 was radioactive, if its decays are such a rare event needing a massive facility (XENON1T) to even see it? Posted: 01 Oct 2021 06:49 AM PDT submitted by /u/Vaudane [link] [comments]

How much truth or myth is there to the idea of laugh lines and scowl lines? Posted: 30 Sep 2021 03:45 PM PDT How much truth or myth is there to the idea of "laugh lines" and their counterpart scowl lines? Are there any good studies that look into the amount that laughing and smiling, or frowning and scowling, actually affect how and where wrinkles form on your face? I imagine itd be very difficult to carry out a proper study of this. submitted by /u/Marshall_Lawson [link] [comments]

When an earthquake occurs, what physically happens that translates tectonic plate movement to shaking on the Earth's surface? Posted: 30 Sep 2021 05:48 PM PDT Is an "earthquake" ultimately just powerful vibrations radiating from the fault line, followed by settling of sediment, or is it a more complex chain of events than that? submitted by /u/RikuAotsuki [link] [comments]

Will electrons switch places in an orbital? Does this even matter if electrons are identical? Posted: 30 Sep 2021 08:10 AM PDT To keep it easy, let's say you have a helium atom with just two electrons in the orbital. Will they ever swap spins? As in the one that is spin up will "switch" to spin down, while the other switches to spin up? Can you even tell if this happens if electrons are identical? submitted by /u/Tablecork [link] [comments]

Can hyperthyroidism be caused by iodine supplementation? Posted: 30 Sep 2021 03:35 PM PDT I've tried researching this myself but the results from google are either horribly vague or conflict with eachother. Will >1100mcg of iodine per day trigger the Wolff-Chaikoff effect? And if so, would continuing iodine supplementation post-Wolff-Chaikoff cause an overproduction of thyroid hormone or will excess iodine be excreted? Or, would continuing iodine supplementation during the Wolff-Chaikoff effect result in hypothyroidism from not escaping the effect? Does the Jod-Basedow phenomenon factor in when there is no iodine deficiency involved? submitted by /u/dontthrowawaycapes [link] [comments]

Are there any plants or animals that don't catch diseases? Posted: 30 Sep 2021 11:30 AM PDT submitted by /u/JoelWHarper [link] [comments]

What is the chemical reaction that produces the nitrogen oxides in diesel engines ? Posted: 30 Sep 2021 12:07 PM PDT Is the same amount of nitrogen oxides produced by a gasoline engine, for burning one liter (or gallon) of fuel ? submitted by /u/Ju5t4n0th3rM4N [link] [comments]

What is the mechanism of Uncanny Valley? Posted: 30 Sep 2021 11:58 AM PDT Have people before the advent of AI experienced this phenomenon? Are we likely to feel this way about our closest relatives-apes? submitted by /u/nidarach [link] [comments]

When walking, how do humans change direction? Are the mechanics at play different when doing subtle changes vs 90 degree turns? Posted: 30 Sep 2021 12:11 PM PDT Since childhood I was wondering how humans change direction/turn. submitted by /u/Hoihe [link] [comments]

How much heat is released by a processor chip in regards to its consumption ? Posted: 30 Sep 2021 07:44 AM PDT If a processing chip consumes a given amount of energy, is it going to release as much in heat (minus deformation or chemical reaction and such) ? Or is the computation itself going to take up some of that energy ? submitted by /u/Arnoulty [link] [comments]

How many people were vaccinated against small pox? Posted: 30 Sep 2021 07:40 AM PDT I can't seem to find any info regarding the number of people that were vaccinated against small pox. I did some searches on the net but cannot find anything. I don't know where to look. submitted by /u/Nightfall90z [link] [comments]

What’s the longest that any individual bird has been known to stay in the sky without landing? Posted: 30 Sep 2021 12:46 AM PDT submitted by /u/ItAllDepends99 [link] [comments]

How does the body recognize disease? Posted: 30 Sep 2021 04:58 AM PDT The answer I'm getting is that it doesn't recognize whatever is on the surface of the virus or bacteria, but we're immunizing people with a single isolated protein. How does your body know that's it's hazardous? Will you body develop an immunity to ANYTHING (protein shaped) that's in your blood long enough? submitted by /u/Drakonwriter [link] [comments]

Do viruses have different types of antigens(spike proteins) on their capsid? Posted: 30 Sep 2021 05:27 AM PDT submitted by /u/SirDocv [link] [comments]

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Similar to a recently asked question. If 2 cars travel at half the speed of light or more toward opposite directions, will the relative speed from one car to another be more then the speed of light?

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• Similar to a recently asked question. If 2 cars travel at half the speed of light or more toward opposite directions, will the relative speed from one car to another be more then the speed of light?
• A standard internal combustion engine burns fuel and oxygen, which burns to produce a greater number of gas molecules as well as heat. Assuming that both of these produce power, which one produces most of the power? The heat excess or the stoichiometric excess?
• Is two 50mph cars crashing same as 100mph car crashing into tree?
• Will orbits gradually become more circular over time?
• Can you feel weight distribution in a sphere?
• Has the change in languages, English for example, accelerated or decelerated in the post-broadcast era?
• Is a minute of latitude different from a minute of longitude? How much distance (at sea level) do a minute and an hour cover?
• Is there any feasible way to produce images of exoplanets thousands of lightyears away?
• How does DNA change over the course of our lives?
• How long are you contagious with COVID-19?
• Are liquids more or less dense when gases are dissolved in them?
• Are there liquids in space?
• Why do some plastics leech chemicals while others don't?
• How does under-skin become skin?
• Why do people who undergo open heart surgery often end up having short/long term memory loss?

Similar to a recently asked question. If 2 cars travel at half the speed of light or more toward opposite directions, will the relative speed from one car to another be more then the speed of light? Posted: 30 Sep 2021 02:06 AM PDT If so, how will the time and the space work for the two cars? Will they see each other tighter? submitted by /u/Tiziano75775 [link] [comments]

A standard internal combustion engine burns fuel and oxygen, which burns to produce a greater number of gas molecules as well as heat. Assuming that both of these produce power, which one produces most of the power? The heat excess or the stoichiometric excess? Posted: 29 Sep 2021 06:22 PM PDT At a simple glance C8H18+13.5O2=8CO2+9H2O, or 14.5 gas molecules into 17 gas molecules. Is this the greater cause of pressure in the cylinder, or the heat given off and the resulting expansion (roughly online with the ideal gas law)? submitted by /u/sharksgivethebestbjs [link] [comments]

Is two 50mph cars crashing same as 100mph car crashing into tree? Posted: 29 Sep 2021 04:55 AM PDT If two cars crash into each other going 50 miles per hour, is that the same force generated as just one car going 100 miles per hour crashing into a tree (any still object)? Say you had some pressure reader at middle of both crashes, would it read the same? ​ Thank you! Sorry if dumb question, know very little about physics. submitted by /u/Cartwheelbubblegum [link] [comments]

Will orbits gradually become more circular over time? Posted: 30 Sep 2021 04:37 AM PDT It's safe to say that most orbits are elliptical (I don't know if there are exceptions in this case), but over time, do they become more circular? The reason I think this would happen is that the satellite would eventually lose some of its energy from the surrounding area. I'm not saying that it would become a perfect circle, just approaching it. If this is correct, then theoretically, if infinite time passes and no outside factors affect the orbit, does it become a perfect circle? submitted by /u/TheHolyRequiem [link] [comments]

Can you feel weight distribution in a sphere? Posted: 29 Sep 2021 09:55 PM PDT Let's say you have two basketballs: one is evenly filled with 1kg of dense foam, filling its entire volume. The other is filled with 1kg of steel, but this only takes up a thin shell just underneath the outside skin of the basketball. Would there be any way to tell them apart based on feel? Would they rotate differently because the weight is distributed towards the outer edges? not limited to spheres of course, just for simplicity's sake submitted by /u/mattwinkler007 [link] [comments]

Has the change in languages, English for example, accelerated or decelerated in the post-broadcast era? Posted: 29 Sep 2021 10:08 AM PDT In another Reddit topic, the issue of whether or not English would still be intelligible in 1,000 years was brought up and noted that English of 1,000 years ago (Old English I believe) would not make much sense to a speaker of modern English. My question is: With the advent of telephones, radio, television, and now the internet, has the rate in which languages change increased or decreased compared to the past? It seems to me that changes to regional dialects would be slower than in the past since people are no longer as isolated and can hear/speak with one another more readily, leading to a decrease in change over time. However, with the increase in exposure to other cultures (globalization) it makes me wonder if this exposure is causing its own changes to languages, and thus increasing the rate of change. submitted by /u/USPO-222 [link] [comments]

Is a minute of latitude different from a minute of longitude? How much distance (at sea level) do a minute and an hour cover? Posted: 29 Sep 2021 10:40 PM PDT e.g. Central Park is at 40°42′51″ N; something on the equator is at 00°00′00″ N. How far does something have to travel to reach 00°00′01″ N? submitted by /u/letnarbel [link] [comments]

Is there any feasible way to produce images of exoplanets thousands of lightyears away? Posted: 29 Sep 2021 03:23 PM PDT I was wondering if there is a way to produce high-quality images of exoplanets thousands of light-years away that is pretty high definition. What would such a device look like? and would it even be possible? and What would the image quality of those distant worlds be? I know that there are some theories on how to image exoplanets close to us like alpha centauri but I want to dream big. It's just a question that was really bugging me P.S. Idk if this is supposed to be for astronomy or physics but I assume physics submitted by /u/bruhimgaming678 [link] [comments]

How does DNA change over the course of our lives? Posted: 29 Sep 2021 01:39 PM PDT Does DNA change due to life experiences? Could my child be genetically better at handling certain things I've had to handle in life? submitted by /u/Nickw1116 [link] [comments]

How long are you contagious with COVID-19? Posted: 29 Sep 2021 09:55 PM PDT submitted by /u/RaidenVyse [link] [comments]

Are liquids more or less dense when gases are dissolved in them? Posted: 29 Sep 2021 10:37 AM PDT I have two examples here: water that has dissolved oxygen or nitrogen, and mineral acids that have their respective gases dissolved to the maximum degree at STP - for example, oleum (H2SO4 + SO3). First thought would be a decrease in density, but how does it really play out logically? I couldn't find any density results online, even for specific percentages. submitted by /u/Chemonaut [link] [comments]

Are there liquids in space? Posted: 29 Sep 2021 07:40 AM PDT Project hail Mary had lots of interesting ideas in it, one that I've been thinking about is that a planet with different atmospheric pressure has a higher boiling point for water. I've heard that water boils at a lower temperature at high altitude and that it will spontaneously boil in a vacuum. So this begs the question, in space, without an atmosphere or gravity, do liquids exist? Can they exist? Or do all materials just sublimate back and forth between solid and gas depending on the temperature? Furthermore, the goldilocks zone would have to be wide enough to include for possibility that pressure differences could create liquid water in wider temperature ranges. (It may already of course, I've not read about it in detail) submitted by /u/eattriffids [link] [comments]

Why do some plastics leech chemicals while others don't? Posted: 29 Sep 2021 04:49 AM PDT submitted by /u/Bjeffwoff [link] [comments]

How does under-skin become skin? Posted: 29 Sep 2021 02:42 AM PDT I had a blister under a callous that I peeled off, which left a gaping, stinging mess of red and hurty underflesh. Now it is no longer stinging, but not quite the same as normal skin. In several more days, it will be indistinguishable from the other skin on my hand. What is the process that happens to the under-skin that makes it become regular skin. submitted by /u/Toorelad [link] [comments]

Why do people who undergo open heart surgery often end up having short/long term memory loss? Posted: 29 Sep 2021 09:20 AM PDT submitted by /u/MacTheBigg [link] [comments]

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Why are men in western countries half as fertile today as they were in the 1970's? What is the biggest contributor to this recent Male Fertility Crisis?

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• Why are men in western countries half as fertile today as they were in the 1970's? What is the biggest contributor to this recent Male Fertility Crisis?
• AskScience AMA Series: I am Geoff Barnes, M.D., a cardiologist and vascular medicine specialist at the University of Michigan Health System in the US. Today is World Heart Day and I am excited to be here to answer your questions about all things heart health and blood clots. Ask me anything!
• Ask Anything Wednesday - Biology, Chemistry, Neuroscience, Medicine, Psychology
• Can there be several RNA polymerases transcribing RNA from DNA during transcription?
• What makes a sponge an animal?
• How did scientists first figure out what the internal structure of a cell looks like? Was a microscope able to show individual parts?
• Why is the shingles vaccine only offered to people over 50?
• Does removing the right medial temporal cortex and hippocampus make you lose all your visual memory?
• Is there an impact on injections/vaccines from exercise shortly afterwards?
• Pangea: how did the oceans form?
• What gives different flavours of quarks their respective properties?
• Why does light in a aurora form the patterns it does, that look like waving strands and curtains, and not just simply a diffuse glow?
• Could/do peptide bonds form between amino acid R groups?
• What form of energy do electrons lose/gain when moving across a potential difference?
• If you have a circuit with a component that uses 8 Volts, what would happen to the remaining voltage if you used a voltage supply of more than 8 volts?
• What (if anything) besides the new Delta variant has made Covid so much more deadly among the unvaccinated?
• Metaphorically speaking: Is a Lagrange point a hill, a plain, or a valley?
• What happens to fish (and other aquatic animals) during a severe flash flood?
• How do we calculate the greenhouse influence of various gases in the atmosphere?
• Why does Covid-19 cause decreased white blood cell counts?

Why are men in western countries half as fertile today as they were in the 1970's? What is the biggest contributor to this recent Male Fertility Crisis? Posted: 28 Sep 2021 07:30 PM PDT I just saw this short Vice documentary called Spermageddon that talked about the Male Fertility Crisis. The video referenced a meta analysis quoted below in an article in The Guardian. The study, published in the journal Human Reproduction Update by an international team of researchers, drew on 185 studies conducted between 1973 and 2011, involving almost 43,000 men. The team split the data based on whether the men were from western countries – including Australia and New Zealand as well as countries in North America and Europe – or from elsewhere. After accounting for factors including age and how long men had gone without ejaculation, the team found that sperm concentration fell from 99 million per ml in 1973 to 47.1 million per ml in 2011 – a decline of 52.4% – among western men unaware of their fertility. For the same group, total sperm count – the number of sperm in a semen sample – fell by just under 60%. Richard Sharpe, an expert in male reproductive health and professor at the University of Edinburgh, welcomed the study, saying the research has tackled many of the problems of previous analyses, adding that it "is about as close as we are going to get" to being sure of the decline. But he stressed it still unclear what is behind the drop, meaning that it is difficult to address. "That is primarily because we have seriously under-invested in male reproductive research," he said. The Vice video showed an interview with Epidemiologist Dr. Shanna Swan of the Icahn School of Medicine, who said that sperm concentration is falling on average about 1% per year. She said that when sperm concentration drops below 40 million per ml, you start to have trouble conceiving. The Vice video mentioned some suspected reasons for male fertility problems like increased exposure to endocrine disruptors like plastics poor quality/quantity of sleep poor diet So, experts are saying it's unclear what's behind the Spermageddon, but I don't buy it. Some questions I have: What has changed since the 1970's that is contributing to male infertility? What is the largest contributor to male infertility today? What were men 40 years ago doing that was making them more fertile than men today? submitted by /u/JayT1D [link] [comments]

AskScience AMA Series: I am Geoff Barnes, M.D., a cardiologist and vascular medicine specialist at the University of Michigan Health System in the US. Today is World Heart Day and I am excited to be here to answer your questions about all things heart health and blood clots. Ask me anything! Posted: 29 Sep 2021 04:00 AM PDT I'm Geoff Barnes, M.D., and I work as a cardiologist and vascular medicine specialist at the University of Michigan Health System in the United States. You can follow me on Twitter at @GBarnesMD. My professional areas of interest include anticoagulation, venous thromboembolism, quality improvement and shared decision-making. I'm currently leading multiple NIH- and AHRQ-sponsored studies to improve the safety for patients on chronic anticoagulants. In honor of World Heart Day, I'm here to answer anything you want to know about heart health and blood clots. For instance, did you know that people with atrial fibrillation (AFib) are at greater risk for stroke and are estimated to account for 15% of the 15 million strokes that occur worldwide every year? I'll get started around 2pm ET (18 UT) - AMA! Username: /u/WorldThrombosisDay submitted by /u/AskScienceModerator [link] [comments]

Ask Anything Wednesday - Biology, Chemistry, Neuroscience, Medicine, Psychology Posted: 29 Sep 2021 07:00 AM PDT Welcome to our weekly feature, Ask Anything Wednesday - this week we are focusing on Biology, Chemistry, Neuroscience, Medicine, Psychology Do you have a question within these topics you weren't sure was worth submitting? Is something a bit too speculative for a typical /r/AskScience post? No question is too big or small for AAW. In this thread you can ask any science-related question! Things like: "What would happen if...", "How will the future...", "If all the rules for 'X' were different...", "Why does my...". Asking Questions: Please post your question as a top-level response to this, and our team of panellists will be here to answer and discuss your questions. The other topic areas will appear in future Ask Anything Wednesdays, so if you have other questions not covered by this weeks theme please either hold on to it until those topics come around, or go and post over in our sister subreddit /r/AskScienceDiscussion , where every day is Ask Anything Wednesday! Off-theme questions in this post will be removed to try and keep the thread a manageable size for both our readers and panellists. Answering Questions: Please only answer a posted question if you are an expert in the field. The full guidelines for posting responses in AskScience can be found here. In short, this is a moderated subreddit, and responses which do not meet our quality guidelines will be removed. Remember, peer reviewed sources are always appreciated, and anecdotes are absolutely not appropriate. In general if your answer begins with 'I think', or 'I've heard', then it's not suitable for /r/AskScience. If you would like to become a member of the AskScience panel, please refer to the information provided here. Past AskAnythingWednesday posts can be found here. Ask away! submitted by /u/AutoModerator [link] [comments]

Can there be several RNA polymerases transcribing RNA from DNA during transcription? Posted: 29 Sep 2021 02:36 AM PDT submitted by /u/oldnips [link] [comments]

What makes a sponge an animal? Posted: 28 Sep 2021 04:01 PM PDT My understanding of Poriferans is that they consist of cells that are all working independently, with no true tissues or higher level of organisation. Why then, are they considered multicellular animals rather than an aggregation of unicellular eukaryotes? What differentiates the sponges? submitted by /u/entomologically [link] [comments]

How did scientists first figure out what the internal structure of a cell looks like? Was a microscope able to show individual parts? Posted: 28 Sep 2021 10:08 AM PDT submitted by /u/concerninglydumb [link] [comments]

Why is the shingles vaccine only offered to people over 50? Posted: 28 Sep 2021 08:42 PM PDT submitted by /u/Burntjellytoast [link] [comments]

Does removing the right medial temporal cortex and hippocampus make you lose all your visual memory? Posted: 29 Sep 2021 04:00 AM PDT I heard that visual memory was stored in right side of the brain and was wondering if the title above would be true and if so, would that make us unable to have mental images? submitted by /u/Frequent-Trick4149 [link] [comments]

Is there an impact on injections/vaccines from exercise shortly afterwards? Posted: 28 Sep 2021 09:46 PM PDT Is there any impact on effectiveness of vaccines or incidence of minor side effects(ie arm pain), from doing exercise shortly after receiving an IM injection? submitted by /u/ForumUser013 [link] [comments]

Pangea: how did the oceans form? Posted: 29 Sep 2021 01:30 AM PDT Originally, Pangea was a big landmass. As the plates moved away from each other, a gap was left between, which made an ocean. My question is this: what would an ocean forming look like? Would it be a very slow river starting to appear, that then widens? A gap that forms below sea level that then fills up through water drainage in the sides? Or a gap that goes below sea level until a point when the gap suddenly touches an ocean and it all rushes in? Tldr: seeping, river or big sploosh? submitted by /u/ScaredOutcome7223 [link] [comments]

What gives different flavours of quarks their respective properties? Posted: 28 Sep 2021 07:14 PM PDT Eg what actually makes an up and down quark have different charges? Does it have something to do with magnetic moments & angular momentum? submitted by /u/MadMan1244567 [link] [comments]

Why does light in a aurora form the patterns it does, that look like waving strands and curtains, and not just simply a diffuse glow? Posted: 28 Sep 2021 09:15 AM PDT Or maybe with some turbulent motion. But the kinds of formations it does appear as: that looks like something that has a story behind it. submitted by /u/Jillian_Wallace-Bach [link] [comments]

Could/do peptide bonds form between amino acid R groups? Posted: 28 Sep 2021 07:22 PM PDT Obviously it's not supposed to happen, but does it, if only to be immediately undone? Take aspartate for example; what's stopping the R group carboxylic acid from reacting with an amine group in place of the "main" carboxylic acid? If this DOES happen, what is the result? submitted by /u/jpfeifer22 [link] [comments]

What form of energy do electrons lose/gain when moving across a potential difference? Posted: 28 Sep 2021 05:05 PM PDT Consider a basic circuit where a 9V battery is connected directly to a 9kΩ resistor. The current will be 1mA everywhere, meaning there is a constant rate of electron flow through any given point in the circuit. The potential difference across the battery and resistor are both 9V. Voltage is measured in joules per coulomb (volts), suggesting that the average electron has more energy before flowing through the resistor than after. The classic explanation I've heard is that electrons flowing quickly through a narrow resistor tend to collide with the static nuclei, releasing heat and reducing the electrons' kinetic energy. However, since the electron flow rate is the same at all points in the circuit, the electrons should have the same amount of kinetic energy on both battery terminals (and thus on both ends of the resistor). Considering this, when moving across a potential difference like a battery or a resistor, what form of energy do the flowing electrons actually gain/lose? submitted by /u/JWson [link] [comments]

If you have a circuit with a component that uses 8 Volts, what would happen to the remaining voltage if you used a voltage supply of more than 8 volts? Posted: 28 Sep 2021 08:54 AM PDT Might be a really dumb question but if you go beyond the 8 volts when the system only requires only 8 volts, what would happen to remaining voltage in in the system? For example if I used a 10 voltage battery, would the battery only release 8 volts or would you need somehow adjust current/resistance to be able to run the system without overheating the component? Edit: Thank you for all the replies as they all helped me grasp the concept a lot more easier :) submitted by /u/Kami0312 [link] [comments]

What (if anything) besides the new Delta variant has made Covid so much more deadly among the unvaccinated? Posted: 28 Sep 2021 04:25 PM PDT I was reading a /r/bestof post inspired by this comment. What got me was the comment "... we used to work hard and some people got better. Now we work hard and almost nobody gets better..." My wife works in healthcare and tells me the same thing - compared to "early Covid" pre-vaccine times, it seems more and more like once unvaccinated people need BiPAP (i.e. HiFlow O2 is not enough) things now seem to inevitably progress to a one-way trip down BiPap / Intubation / ECMO / death. The percentage who get better from these levels seems much lower than it did. Is this just my wife and my imaginations? Or has something about the nature of the disease evolved to make it more deadly once you get beyond a certain point? submitted by /u/foodfighter [link] [comments]

Metaphorically speaking: Is a Lagrange point a hill, a plain, or a valley? Posted: 28 Sep 2021 05:56 PM PDT By Metaphorically speaking I mean in terms of getting there and staying there. submitted by /u/booleanfreud [link] [comments]

What happens to fish (and other aquatic animals) during a severe flash flood? Posted: 28 Sep 2021 12:25 PM PDT The back-to-back flooding from Henri and Ida (both in August) carved out a few feet from the banks of the section of creek in the backyard of my home (in the US northeast) with a corresponding drop in water level. I've seen very few fish since in the creek after the flooding. What happens to fish (and frogs, crayfish, and other creek-dwelling animals) during and after a big flash flood? submitted by /u/Wyatt_Urp [link] [comments]

How do we calculate the greenhouse influence of various gases in the atmosphere? Posted: 28 Sep 2021 05:11 PM PDT Context about what I need the answer for: I'm doing a speculative evolution project using a planet with an atmosphere both thicker and richer in CO2, and I'd like to get more detailed information about the effect that has on temperature, especially with some of the other factors I have going on with the planet. I would also like to be able to generate such information for myself in future projects, so I'm looking for an equation; or at least a pattern of derivation that can lead me to a very rough semblance of an equation. I know the partial pressures of the composition of my atmosphere, the solar flux, and the planets average albedo. How do I get to an average planet temperature with that? ​ ​ - - - me trying to guess, feel free to ignore - - - So, if I take the energy coming from the sun (F=solar flux), and multiply it by the amount left over after some is reflected away as light (A=1-planet bond albedo), then that's the amount of energy that eventually has to leave the planet in the form of heat radiation (R=total escape radiation=FA). So if I find the fraction of energy not trapped by the atmosphere (E=radiation escape rate), then I should be able to multiply that by the actual surface energy (S=surface energy) to get R. Thus I have the equation ES=R, but I want to solve for S, so it becomes S=R/E. and R=FA, so S=FA/E Now, E is the tricky part. The way I think about it, this fraction is equivalent to the odds of a particular unit of heat escaping without being reflected back to earth by any given unit of the atmosphere. When you double the atmosphere density, you're adding twice as many chances to be reflected. So if the odds of escape at 1 unit of atmosphere are X, then the odds at 2 units are X^2, and so on. Think like if you were rolling a die for each unit of atmosphere, trying to get at least one 6. More atmosphere, more dice. Since X is a fraction less than 1, that means diminishing returns per unit of atmosphere. However, each type of gas has different inherent odds of redirecting energy. This is where I'm running into tons of trouble. The greenhouse power of a gas, or it's 'radiative efficiency' (G= radiative efficiency) is defined as "the change in 'energy flow' (I guess that means the amount of energy reflected back to earth? I'll call it T.) per part (p=total parts of reference gas) per billion (B=total parts in atmosphere). G=TP/B. My main problem with this, which is a VERY big problem, is that you can solve that equation with the same B as jupiter, and as long as P rises proportionately, T will never change. In any case, if I try to model the situation using T instead of E, then I get energy coming in to the planet, a smaller amount coming out, and this T value that just sits there. But that T has to go somewhere, and theres more F coming in, so FA+T gets reflected back to the atmosphere, and T gets reflected back to surface again, releasing FA to space and finding equilibrium. Thus S=FA+T. I wouldve thought that energy release was proportional to the amount of energy present though. submitted by /u/Taloir [link] [comments]

Why does Covid-19 cause decreased white blood cell counts? Posted: 28 Sep 2021 09:03 AM PDT During acute covid-19 infection patients are seen to have decreased white blood cell counts. Is this due to SARS-cov-2 actually infecting white blood cells or just inflammation destroying WBCs? Can COVID infect T cells? Specifically CD4 cells? submitted by /u/withinda [link] [comments]

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