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Wednesday, September 8, 2021

Pfizer vaccine was initially recommended to be stored at -60C to -80C for transportation. Is the vaccine still at a liquid state at this temperature or is it frozen solid?

Pfizer vaccine was initially recommended to be stored at -60C to -80C for transportation. Is the vaccine still at a liquid state at this temperature or is it frozen solid?


Pfizer vaccine was initially recommended to be stored at -60C to -80C for transportation. Is the vaccine still at a liquid state at this temperature or is it frozen solid?

Posted: 07 Sep 2021 06:39 PM PDT

Are there short-term, long-term, and working attention spans the way there are with memory?

Posted: 08 Sep 2021 07:01 AM PDT

e.g. Is someone with ADHD likely to have more challenges with long-term goals due to distraction, or does it only affect day-to-day tasks?

submitted by /u/submarginal
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Could satellites or planets orbit a black hole without being sucked into it and how far away of a black hole would they need to be to stay in orbit?

Posted: 07 Sep 2021 11:05 PM PDT

Ask Anything Wednesday - Economics, Political Science, Linguistics, Anthropology

Posted: 08 Sep 2021 07:00 AM PDT

Welcome to our weekly feature, Ask Anything Wednesday - this week we are focusing on Economics, Political Science, Linguistics, Anthropology

Do you have a question within these topics you weren't sure was worth submitting? Is something a bit too speculative for a typical /r/AskScience post? No question is too big or small for AAW. In this thread you can ask any science-related question! Things like: "What would happen if...", "How will the future...", "If all the rules for 'X' were different...", "Why does my...".

Asking Questions:

Please post your question as a top-level response to this, and our team of panellists will be here to answer and discuss your questions. The other topic areas will appear in future Ask Anything Wednesdays, so if you have other questions not covered by this weeks theme please either hold on to it until those topics come around, or go and post over in our sister subreddit /r/AskScienceDiscussion , where every day is Ask Anything Wednesday! Off-theme questions in this post will be removed to try and keep the thread a manageable size for both our readers and panellists.

Answering Questions:

Please only answer a posted question if you are an expert in the field. The full guidelines for posting responses in AskScience can be found here. In short, this is a moderated subreddit, and responses which do not meet our quality guidelines will be removed. Remember, peer reviewed sources are always appreciated, and anecdotes are absolutely not appropriate. In general if your answer begins with 'I think', or 'I've heard', then it's not suitable for /r/AskScience.

If you would like to become a member of the AskScience panel, please refer to the information provided here.

Past AskAnythingWednesday posts can be found here. Ask away!

submitted by /u/AutoModerator
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In the philosophy of physics, is there not a logical contradiction needing to be solved that quantum properties which are fundamentally probabilistic on the particle level combine to form objects which behave deterministically described by Newtonian physics?

Posted: 07 Sep 2021 01:18 PM PDT

I have heard many casually explain that the rules of physics are somewhat like a "piece-wise" function, with quantum rules applying to the particle level and Newtonian physics and classical mechanics describing behavior on the larger object level. However, it seems to me that if every single particle inside a baseball behaves probabilistically in its motion, and all these particles join to create a ball which when thrown has its trajectory behave in a deterministic way described by classical mechanics, what we are then suggesting is that an object which behaves deterministically is comprised entirely of parts which themselves independently behave probabilistically on the particle level. How can determinism be an emergent property of an object produced entirely by elements with probabilistic characteristics? I cannot wrap my head around this, and I am wondering if this is a legitimate issue in the physics community, if there are any thinkers who have dealt with this or if this is an issue in my construction of the argument.

Thanks in advance.

submitted by /u/BenjaminShapiro
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Is it possible that an “earthquake season” could exist? Or are the earthquakes in my country just coincidences?

Posted: 08 Sep 2021 06:30 AM PDT

I live in Mexico and earthquakes are fairly common here. They happen at any point of the year really but there's a strange pattern a lot of us have been noticing recently. One of Mexico's most devastating earthquakes happened on September 19, 1985. Then in 2017, a small earthquake happened on September the 7th. Then, just a few days later, on September 19th, another one of the most devastating earthquakes happened. Yesterday, September 7th 2021, another earthquake happened. Not as strong but extremely noticeable. 6.9-7.2 I think.

I'm just wondering if there's a reason why a lot of the most noticeable earthquakes here tend to happen during September. I know it's probably just an interesting coincidence but if anyone knows of something, I'd appreciate them sharing!

submitted by /u/BabyAcid2001
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How much do the ratings for K-12 schools actually matter? Are there measurable improvements in outcomes for kids who go to highly rated schools versus average schools?

Posted: 08 Sep 2021 03:39 AM PDT

what happens to the vaccine after the mRNA is processed by the ribosome?

Posted: 07 Sep 2021 03:24 PM PDT

So obviously i understand a bit of how the covid19 vaccine works, but what happens to the strands of mRNA after the ribosome "reads" it? Does it just float around in the cell or does it get broken down, or something else?

submitted by /u/SimplyStuart
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Is there a good explainer for why the Moderna vaccine is performing better than Pfizer?

Posted: 08 Sep 2021 01:42 AM PDT

Do PVC acids affect other plastics such as PP and PE?

Posted: 08 Sep 2021 05:24 AM PDT

I did some research on PVC and read that PVC releases hydrochloric acids over time. Could someone enlighten me on this? And do the acids affect other plastics (PP & PE) over a long period of time?

submitted by /u/loptoaded
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what causes NADH and FADH2 to undergo oxidation during oxidative phosphorylation? and why is oxygen necessary?

Posted: 08 Sep 2021 12:57 AM PDT

to clarify the latter question, I was wondering why it is important for oxygen to act as the final electron acceptor.

submitted by /u/kimchuzu
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When exciting electrons to higher energy levels in an atom, does the atomic radii of the material increase?

Posted: 07 Sep 2021 03:04 PM PDT

How does regenerative braking "intensify"?

Posted: 07 Sep 2021 10:23 PM PDT

I'm going to assume I understand the in one way, the electric motor propels the car forward, and in the other, the wheels turn the motor as a generator, regenerating power.

My question is how is this power varied? Before the friction brakes kick in, my hybrid regenerates "harder" as you push down on the brake.

Image of gauge cluster in my 2018 Optima. As I press the brake harder, the needle moves further into the blue "Charge" area and regenerates more, slowing the car more rapidly. What is happening after I push the brake harder to provide that additional resistance? If it's the gearbox, would this be the same in a fully electric car?

submitted by /u/PM_ME_YOUR_CALICOS
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With hallucinations of pain, do patients experience physical symptoms like redness and swelling of the falsely painful area?

Posted: 07 Sep 2021 10:17 PM PDT

I'm wondering if, in a patient with schizophrenia, does their body react to painful hallucinations the way it would if it were a real injury? Since the brain is responsible for sending signals to swell and flood the injury site with blood, I'd imagine the brain could trick itself into reacting to an internal stimulus as it would for an external one.

submitted by /u/cat-eating-a-salad
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Why do egg yolks turn green/grey when overcooked in the shell, but stay yellow any other way?

Posted: 07 Sep 2021 06:47 PM PDT

Mirror neurons and mental practice: is there any correlation or overlap? Do mirror neurons show activity during NLP/manipulation events? Do emotionally codependent people with enmeshment show more mirror neurons activity?

Posted: 07 Sep 2021 06:04 PM PDT

Why does pure copper contaminate rhodium plating solution?

Posted: 07 Sep 2021 10:53 PM PDT

How different is the population density of ocean life between the coast and the middle of the ocean? Are the coasts dramatically more densely populated than hundreds of miles from shore, or is it somewhat evenly distributed?

Posted: 07 Sep 2021 02:39 PM PDT

What makes certain metals denser than other ones? (mercury vs lead)

Posted: 07 Sep 2021 09:24 PM PDT

When looking at the density of elements in the periodic table, more specifically the transitional metals you can see that the metals in the "middle" of the row are more dense than the ones close to the ends. and why is mercury more dense than lead because of this. Mercury has lower attraction levels between atoms which makes it a liquid at room temperature and a lower atomic weight but despite this, it is still less dense than lead. And what makes metals in the middle of the row more dense than the other metals?

submitted by /u/SSR2806
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Tuesday, September 7, 2021

What is the Infection Fatality Rate from COVID 19 if you are fully vaccinated?

What is the Infection Fatality Rate from COVID 19 if you are fully vaccinated?


What is the Infection Fatality Rate from COVID 19 if you are fully vaccinated?

Posted: 07 Sep 2021 03:07 AM PDT

Near the start of the pandemic I read vitamin D that deficiencies might be linked to (worse) cases of COVID-19. But nothing lately, what is the scientific staus on this?

Posted: 07 Sep 2021 04:45 AM PDT

Why is laser light monochromatic?

Posted: 07 Sep 2021 12:11 AM PDT

The common explanation for this is that the electron moves from one orbital to another and the light emitted is given by the E=hf. However, since an electrons position are 'vague', ie. defined by a probability, how come the emitted light doesn't demonstrate a small variation in the wavelength? (Or does it?!)

submitted by /u/lewildbeast
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Is it possible for fossils to be found in metamorphic rock?

Posted: 06 Sep 2021 07:58 AM PDT

Been reading magic school bus with my son, this question came to mind. If fossils form in sedimentary rock, and then that rock becomes metamorphic rock, can the fossil survive that process?

submitted by /u/TheGreatOz2014
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Dolphins use echolocation to visualize objects around them, and are able to make a wide variety of sounds. Can they reproduce the echo or sound image of an object in order to communicate it to other dolphins?

Posted: 06 Sep 2021 11:02 AM PDT

For example, to say the word "fish", could they reproduce the sound image (or a simplified version) of a fish?

submitted by /u/frozenburger
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To what extent does using plastic cooking implements (both spatulas, spoons etc and Teflon pans) increase dietary exposure to microplastics?

Posted: 07 Sep 2021 06:06 AM PDT

Why is bacteria phagotherapy not widely used to combat serious bacteria resistant infections?

Posted: 06 Sep 2021 04:34 PM PDT

Have a family member struggling for months with a super-resistent bacteria and the only would be solution (phago therapy) is not available anywhere it seems.

submitted by /u/dbcid
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Why is there discrete states of matter, as opposed to a continuous “spectrum” of matter?

Posted: 06 Sep 2021 02:50 PM PDT

Why does matter go through discrete phases of solid → liquid → gas, rather than a continuous change going through a "buttery" or "syrup"-esque phase?

submitted by /u/Farkle_Griffen
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Are hemp plastics structurally distinct from petroleum-based plastics?

Posted: 06 Sep 2021 02:41 PM PDT

A friend the other day tried to tell me that hemp-based plastics are superior because they're biodegradable, but I don't know that I believe that. After all, it is still plastic... right?

submitted by /u/roosterkun
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What causes heat waves?

Posted: 07 Sep 2021 06:00 AM PDT

Are there any ongoing trials utilizing sPLA2-IIA inhibitors with regards to covid19 infection?

Posted: 07 Sep 2021 03:41 AM PDT

Is it true that schizophrenia is really dozens of different diseases? If so, what are they?

Posted: 06 Sep 2021 01:37 PM PDT

When looking at the Milky Way, are you looking deeper onto the Milky Way or out of the Milky Way?

Posted: 06 Sep 2021 05:07 PM PDT

As the earth warms, shouldn’t rainfall increase?

Posted: 06 Sep 2021 07:22 PM PDT

It seems like a lot of areas are experiencing record drought levels. I find this curious because evaporation of the oceans should increase as the planet warms right?

submitted by /u/Dirtyharry42
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Why is emission of a helium nucleus such a common form of nuclear decay?

Posted: 06 Sep 2021 09:11 PM PDT

Wondering why alpha decay of all things is a helium nucleus, why could it not be say a deuterium nucleus or a lithium nucleus. What is so special about helium-4 which makes it the most common kind of decay particle?

submitted by /u/yalloc
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Are there organisms with multiple brains?

Posted: 06 Sep 2021 08:46 AM PDT

I am excluding symbiotic units for this question. And I'm also specifying only brains grown through cell differentiation, not through the assimilation of a foreign organism.

And, if they exist, what are they?

Thanks.

submitted by /u/yutani333
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How much DNA is conserved among all the great apes and how is it calculated?

Posted: 07 Sep 2021 12:23 AM PDT

what is the tallest habitable building to have been brought down as a direct result of an earthquake?

Posted: 06 Sep 2021 11:34 PM PDT

I'm not sure this is the best subreddit for this question, so feel free to direct me to a better one.

I've tried searching for this information along various keywords, without much success.

I'm imagine there would be at least 3 categories of "brought down":

  1. Complete or near complete collapse of the building as a direct result of an earthquake. Very little demolition would be required in this case as the earthquake would have done most of the "work".
  2. Significant or partial collapse of the building, rendering it unfit for habitation, and therefore subject to demolition, as a direct result of an earthquake.
  3. Other significant structural damage, rendering it unfit for habitation, and therefore subject to demolition, as a direct result of an earthquake.
submitted by /u/ZippyDan
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What happened to wildfires and forest fires before humans developed firefighting techniques? Did they all eventually run out of things to burn? If not, how else could they end?

Posted: 06 Sep 2021 10:13 AM PDT

Whatever happened to the theory that you could catch covid-19 via your eyes?

Posted: 06 Sep 2021 01:02 PM PDT

I recall a Dr. in 2020 theorized that's how he got it.

submitted by /u/Throwitout6793
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Monday, September 6, 2021

Can the coronavirus mutate to be LESS transmissible ?

Can the coronavirus mutate to be LESS transmissible ?


Can the coronavirus mutate to be LESS transmissible ?

Posted: 05 Sep 2021 05:12 PM PDT

It seems like with every variant it gets more transmissible, is it possible to go the other way around ?

submitted by /u/PleaseNeverLetMeGo
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Would radioactive antimatter have anti-radiation?

Posted: 05 Sep 2021 04:36 AM PDT

Since we're able to make antimatter of various elements, if we made antimatter of a radioactive element, how would what it radiates differ from normal radioactive material?

submitted by /u/securitywyrm
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Why does the Hawaiian islands magma hot spot stay put as the crust moves over it?

Posted: 05 Sep 2021 04:57 PM PDT

Ive always heard that the Hawaiian islands were formed from a hot spot in the mantle that pushes magma through the crust. The pacific plate then moves over that and a chain of islands is born.

But it can't be that simple. The mantle is liquid churning magma, so what makes the mantles weather under Hawaii consistently hotter than average for millions of years?

Why is this so consistent over such a huge time scale?

submitted by /u/SqueegyX
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How often do new craters appear on the moon?

Posted: 05 Sep 2021 02:31 AM PDT

What gives rubbing alcohol (isopropyl) or any substance a germicide property?

Posted: 05 Sep 2021 10:15 PM PDT

Why do we use them (and hydrogen peroxide) to clean wounds or disinfect/ sanitize things?

submitted by /u/luke39011
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Before humans learnt how to use fire, were there any periods in which no wild fires burned on Earth for years on end?

Posted: 06 Sep 2021 01:42 AM PDT

Have been told that the mRNA vaccine leaves the body completely after two weeks (leaving antibodies). My question is, where does it go? Do you pee it out and it ends up in the water supply? Just curious.

Posted: 05 Sep 2021 06:28 PM PDT

Why does one die rolled have an equal probability of any number landing, but 2 dice rolled have 7 as the most probable number?

Posted: 05 Sep 2021 08:59 PM PDT

and the probabilities shrink in a bell curve pattern as you go away from 7.

submitted by /u/richmoney46
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Smallpox is officially eradicated, and IIRC, even the lab samples have now been destroyed. Are we "getting close" with anything else -- specifically, polio and tuberculosis?

Posted: 05 Sep 2021 09:01 AM PDT

I can't recall the last time I heard about a case of polio; and I'd say the same about TB but there are adverts on TV that warn about TB as a side effect -- which is a completely separate question.

I also know that malaria programs are making good progress, but they're a long way from "eradication in the wild".

Thanks!

submitted by /u/DeeDee_Z
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Does getting 2nd dose COVID vaccine on the opposite arm from first dose result in better/worse immune response?

Posted: 05 Sep 2021 04:48 PM PDT

How does water evaporate, even at room temperature?

Posted: 05 Sep 2021 08:24 PM PDT

Rabies test - false negative?

Posted: 05 Sep 2021 10:01 AM PDT

Greetings. I have some general questions about fluorescent antibody tests and rabies.

Is it possible to get a false negative result from such a test? I read online that the rabies virus is very susceptible to temperature. How long in a deceased host can the virus survive? Does temperature affect this?

Is it possible for the brain tissue of the host to be viable to test but for the rabies virus to be destroyed due to temperature - resulting in a false negative result?

Thank

submitted by /u/JTPforever
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How exactly does graphene make concrete/any material stronger?

Posted: 05 Sep 2021 08:48 PM PDT

I have little to no knowledge of materials science/engineering but from normal graphene, it seems that it's structure gives it its strength. However through whatever method graphene is being mixed with concrete or any other materials, how is that making the materials stronger? Do the graphene form special bonds in the material or something?

submitted by /u/Whackamoley109
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how much does the isotropic expansion and contraction of the Earth change the radius?

Posted: 05 Sep 2021 02:36 AM PDT

A video I recently watched casually states that the Earth expands and contracts on a 20.5 minute cycle and I had some trouble finding anything on this myself. I'd love to hear the physics behind this and I am most curious about how much the size of the Earth changes during these cycles.

submitted by /u/CriticalsConsensus
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How efficient are modern steam turbines compared to triple expansion steam engines of the 1890s?

Posted: 05 Sep 2021 02:35 PM PDT

Specifically those related to steamships, if at all possible.

submitted by /u/cityracer
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Why do all celestial bodies have some degree of spin/rotation to them?

Posted: 05 Sep 2021 01:02 AM PDT

As far as i understand everything in the universe is spinning. Why isnt anything rotationless? Does the universe itself have some kind of spin to it as far as we can tell?

submitted by /u/MarqoTheDragon
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How do ISS and space agencies protect against cosmic rays ?

Posted: 04 Sep 2021 10:11 PM PDT

Hello, I recently watched Veritasium video about cosmic rays and the fact they can induce bits flipping inside electronic chipset.

I also understood that this more susceptible to happen the closer you're to space, because you're not as well protected by earth's atmosphere.

I would like to know if there are some technology built-in ISS or spaceships to prevent these cosmic rays to alter astronaut DNA or binary string in electronics.

Thank you

submitted by /u/MasamuShipu
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Did plastics exist in the universe before we created them?

Posted: 04 Sep 2021 04:43 PM PDT

Did molecules conventionally known as plastics such as polyamide, polyethylene, etc exist in the universe before they were synthesized by humans? Which ones did and which ones didn't?
It's just cool to think that an entirely new material that has supposedly never existed before was just created by some human.

submitted by /u/theoptimisticnpc
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Are Primer lengths significant for SARS-COV2 PCR tests?

Posted: 05 Sep 2021 02:19 PM PDT

Physiologically, how are memories stored?

Posted: 04 Sep 2021 10:54 AM PDT

This may be a stupid question, but what's the biomolecular basis of memory storage? Like if SSDs store bits with nand gates that retain their charge, what is it that the brain "stores" to reference for memory recall? Also how are these molecules/whatever they are able to retrigger old stimuli?

submitted by /u/skepticalemur
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