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Thursday, September 2, 2021

AskScience AMA Series: I'm Jon Schwantes from Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, and my team is working to uncover the origin of uranium "Heisenberg" cubes that resulted from Nazi Germany's failed nuclear program. Ask me anything!

AskScience AMA Series: I'm Jon Schwantes from Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, and my team is working to uncover the origin of uranium "Heisenberg" cubes that resulted from Nazi Germany's failed nuclear program. Ask me anything!


AskScience AMA Series: I'm Jon Schwantes from Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, and my team is working to uncover the origin of uranium "Heisenberg" cubes that resulted from Nazi Germany's failed nuclear program. Ask me anything!

Posted: 02 Sep 2021 04:00 AM PDT

Hi Reddit, this is Jon Schwantes from PNNL. My team and I are working to uncover one of history's great mysteries. During WWII, the United States and Nazi Germany were competing to develop nuclear technology. The Allies thwarted Germany's program and confiscated 2 inch-by-2 inch uranium cubes that were at the center of this research. Where these cubes went after being smuggled out of Germany is the subject of much debate. Our research aims to resolve this question by using nuclear forensic techniques on samples that have been provided to us by other researchers, as well as on a uranium cube of unknown origin that has been located at our lab in Washington for years. I'll be on at 10:30am Pacific (1:30 PM ET, 17:30 UT) to answer your questions!

Read more here:

Username: /u/PNNL

submitted by /u/AskScienceModerator
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If light is just a radio wave with a different frequency then can visible light be created using an antenna ?

Posted: 01 Sep 2021 09:13 AM PDT

Why do magnets demagnetize at high temps?

Posted: 02 Sep 2021 01:13 AM PDT

Do electromagnetic waves decay?

Posted: 02 Sep 2021 06:26 AM PDT

A friend sent me this cool video recently. It shows how a parabolic dish can turn a wave originating at its focus into a highly directional pulse. The pulse appears to remain self-contained without spreading out as it travels.

This made me wonder. How far will this directional wave travel in a complete vacuum?

To me, it seems that such a transmitter -even with perfect geometry and reflection- would not have an unlimited range. But most EM waves 'decay' due to the inverse-square law, where their amplitude is attenuated as the wave spreads outwards in all directions. That is clearly not happening here, so what factors would limit the range of this transmitter?

If I had to guess, I would say that the electrical permittivity and the magnetic permeability of empty space would be the factors that limit how far a wave (that is ignoring the inverse-square law) could propogate.

But I'm not %100 sure. What do you guys think?

submitted by /u/ManlyMcBuff
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How does different masks compare(cloth, normal medical masks, N95 etc) in terms of stopping Covid?

Posted: 02 Sep 2021 02:03 AM PDT

How did we create the smallpox vaccine without even discovering antibodies yet?

Posted: 01 Sep 2021 02:39 PM PDT

The smallpox vaccine was first created in 1796 yet the discovery of antibodies was in 1890. How did this happen?

submitted by /u/SicMundus1888
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have there been cases of people getting vitaminosis of fat-soluble vitamins from rapid fat loss?

Posted: 01 Sep 2021 06:33 AM PDT

Fat-soluble vitamins such as retinol are stored in the body's fat tissue. During weight loss, if done right, one should expect to see body fat reduce; does this release all the fat-soluble vitamins stored in there? Has this ever caused vitaminosis because it was done too rapidly?

submitted by /u/dareealmvp
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What other "long overdue" disasters are there?

Posted: 01 Sep 2021 07:42 AM PDT

So we finally got the global pandemic. Are there other calamities that scientists have been saying are long overdue, like the Big One in California? Where do we stand on these catastrophes-in-waiting?

submitted by /u/edmarso
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What kind of protection do memory T cell stored in bone marrow provide, compared to neutralizing/sterilizing immunity?

Posted: 01 Sep 2021 11:59 AM PDT

There's lots of discussion around the vaccines providing the best source of sterilizing immunity, but what protection could be provided from these memory T cells from natural infection and the following convalescent immunity? And do vaccines also provide this same type of immunity, or only sterilizing immunity?

submitted by /u/GlossyEyed
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How powerful a telescope would you need to be able to see something like the lunar rovers or old landing sites on the moon?

Posted: 01 Sep 2021 08:53 AM PDT

Would we be able to see anything at all or would the atmosphere be a problem? Thank you!

submitted by /u/_haha_oh_wow_
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How well do amputated limbs 'work' after they've been reattached?

Posted: 01 Sep 2021 09:09 AM PDT

Say someone had a hand sliced off, and all of the circumstances were ideal for them to get it put back on (say the accident happened in the middle of a well funded hospital with experienced surgeons on staff).

If this hand gets attached, will the person be able to have the same kind of dexterity in their hand/fingers as they did before the accident?

submitted by /u/Raspint
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Gastroenterologists, does eating large quantities of capsaicin have a significant impact on the gut microbiome? If so, how? What about if you were to eat a small quantity of capsaicin rich food like a Carolina reaper?

Posted: 31 Aug 2021 11:57 PM PDT

Covid19 vs Sars1 why the difference in mutation rates?

Posted: 01 Sep 2021 04:25 PM PDT

Why does the covid virus mutate so fast and successfully when compared with other viruses like Sars and Mers?

submitted by /u/Shadowjack_Darkstar
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Why do we have a 15min wait after the COVID vaccine and not others?

Posted: 02 Sep 2021 12:10 AM PDT

Has this anything to do with being studied/in trials, as such, still?

submitted by /u/MattyDxx
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Why didn't the Y-chromosomal Adam and Mitochondrial Eve spawn around the same time?

Posted: 01 Sep 2021 01:37 AM PDT

I have to admit that I have a religious bias when asking these questions, so I'd love for you to untangle that if needed.

But my question is that, why didn't the Y-chromosomal Adam and Mitochondrial Eve spawn around the same time? Like wouldn't the mother (Eve) and father's (Adam) genetics carry to all humans if all humans hail from the same ancestors? So would they be alive at the same time (when the ancestors were alive)?

To bring the religious side to it: Assuming that Adam or Eve was the Y-chromosomal Adam or Mitochondrial Eve, when Adam and Eve had children, and their children bred with other humans, human like species and etc, and all humans hail from Adam and Eve. Would this case would this be the Y-chromosomal Adam or Mitochondrial Eve? In my mind it would seem to be both, but I have a limited understanding of genetics to know if this is true or not.

I watched this video talking about it a bit, but only mentions Mitochondrial Eve, but not Y-chromosomal Adam, is there any reason why that is? Is the former more important than the later?

submitted by /u/Mohk72k
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What decides the initial shape of the shape-memory alloys?

Posted: 01 Sep 2021 06:49 AM PDT

https://youtu.be/65r6Ztxi0EQ

I saw a video(link above) on how nitinol works, and the video creator explained the shape-memory ability of the nitinol alloy. He had a spring made of nitinol and then he deformed that spring using power, after that he showed how by using water, heat, or electricity we easily get that spring back to its initial shape.

My question is that what or which process/component decides what that initial shape is going to be that we will get when we apply heat, water, or electricity to a shape-memory alloy like nitinol?

submitted by /u/Smitmachhi
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Why after osseointegration skin does not "stick" to an implant?

Posted: 01 Sep 2021 06:27 AM PDT

What are the problems that prevent making osseointegration compatible with the skin and making it "stick" to implant's external part, like skin "sticks" to nails, preventing pathogens from getting to nail base (unless skin gets damaged)?

submitted by /u/Grubzer
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Wednesday, September 1, 2021

AskScience AMA Series: I'm a particle physicist at CERN working with the Large Hadron Collider. My new book is about the origins of the universe. AMA!

AskScience AMA Series: I'm a particle physicist at CERN working with the Large Hadron Collider. My new book is about the origins of the universe. AMA!


AskScience AMA Series: I'm a particle physicist at CERN working with the Large Hadron Collider. My new book is about the origins of the universe. AMA!

Posted: 01 Sep 2021 04:00 AM PDT

I'm Harry Cliff - I'm a particle physicist at Cambridge University and work on the LHCb Experiment at CERN's Large Hadron Collider, where I search for signs of new particles and forces that could help answer some of the biggest questions in physics. My first book HOW TO MAKE AN APPLE PIE FROM SCRATCH has just been published - it's about the search for the origins of matter and the basic building blocks of our universe. I'm on at 9:30 UT / 10:30 UK / 17:30 ET, AMA!

Username: /u/Harry_V_Cliff

submitted by /u/AskScienceModerator
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The Johnson&Johnson one-shot vaccine never seems to be in the news, or statistics state that “X amount of people have their first shot”. Has J&J been effective as well? Will a booster be needed for it?

Posted: 31 Aug 2021 09:29 AM PDT

According to latest news, Moderna's vaccine creates more antibodies than Pfizer's, but they show similar efficiency/efficiency. Why?

Posted: 01 Sep 2021 03:20 AM PDT

Ask Anything Wednesday - Biology, Chemistry, Neuroscience, Medicine, Psychology

Posted: 01 Sep 2021 07:00 AM PDT

Welcome to our weekly feature, Ask Anything Wednesday - this week we are focusing on Biology, Chemistry, Neuroscience, Medicine, Psychology

Do you have a question within these topics you weren't sure was worth submitting? Is something a bit too speculative for a typical /r/AskScience post? No question is too big or small for AAW. In this thread you can ask any science-related question! Things like: "What would happen if...", "How will the future...", "If all the rules for 'X' were different...", "Why does my...".

Asking Questions:

Please post your question as a top-level response to this, and our team of panellists will be here to answer and discuss your questions. The other topic areas will appear in future Ask Anything Wednesdays, so if you have other questions not covered by this weeks theme please either hold on to it until those topics come around, or go and post over in our sister subreddit /r/AskScienceDiscussion , where every day is Ask Anything Wednesday! Off-theme questions in this post will be removed to try and keep the thread a manageable size for both our readers and panellists.

Answering Questions:

Please only answer a posted question if you are an expert in the field. The full guidelines for posting responses in AskScience can be found here. In short, this is a moderated subreddit, and responses which do not meet our quality guidelines will be removed. Remember, peer reviewed sources are always appreciated, and anecdotes are absolutely not appropriate. In general if your answer begins with 'I think', or 'I've heard', then it's not suitable for /r/AskScience.

If you would like to become a member of the AskScience panel, please refer to the information provided here.

Past AskAnythingWednesday posts can be found here. Ask away!

submitted by /u/AutoModerator
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How are electronic systems on spacecraft protected from "bit flips" caused by cosmic rays?

Posted: 31 Aug 2021 04:49 PM PDT

Are there physiological or psychological differences that can cause people to perceive colors very differently?

Posted: 31 Aug 2021 09:52 AM PDT

So most of my peers (26 y/o and older) don't have a "favorite color". I've personally always found this odd because for me, red is very clearly the "best" color. And I dont mean that as its the color I personally like best from an aesthetic point of view. The best way I can describe it is that I can almost perceive red better than I can another color like blue. It just seems so much more vivid.

I've taken color blindness tests and what not and I believe I have "normal" color vision. But I swear that the color red just always feels, in a sense, more real to me.

This came up with some friends recently when a scene in a movie came on where one character asked the other what their favorite color was. He quipped back blue, and the original character pointed thats a lie because adults don't really have a favorite color. It struck me as almost odd, and in talking with my friends more, I was surprised they didn't feel the same way as me.

So I suppose my question really is... are there any physiological or psychological differences that can cause someone to perceive a color very differently from other colors? Or is this purely something I've somehow only imagined?

submitted by /u/ChrisGnam
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What do we know about Covid transmission while outdoors amongst vaccinated people?

Posted: 31 Aug 2021 04:48 PM PDT

I've searched google scholar with no luck. Are there any quantitative studies that contrast the risk of outdoor transmission among vaccinated people vs. indoor transmission?

We know that Lollapalooza required vaccines or negative tests and it wasn't a superspreader event.

submitted by /u/GU3MS
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Can a large traveling object in space affect stable bodies which contact their Roche limit?

Posted: 31 Aug 2021 11:05 PM PDT

Scientifically speaking, is it possible for a passing asteroid or other large body traveling in space, with it's own Roche limit, tear a piece away of a smaller stable body in a solar system through tidal force pulling? I'm not talking solely about Earth, but any stable body in natural orbit around another body. If a larger body traveling freely in space, with a larger mass and gravitations pull, tear parts away if the larger body passed the smaller and the smaller moved inside its Roche limit?

submitted by /u/kellogchkt912
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How bright is a starry night?

Posted: 31 Aug 2021 08:05 PM PDT

Assuming no other light sources (human light pollution, moon, etc.)

Essentially, how many Watts of visible spectrum light will be captured by a 1m2 flat surface in outer space? Would the atmosphere change this result by much (visible spectrum). And how that amount of brightness compares to a 60W incandescent equivalent in an ordinary 100 sqft room?

By the way, my assumption is that the stars would be the main source of light under a starry night. Let me know if that is not the case.

submitted by /u/nhremna
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Do all people with synesthesia associate the same things together?

Posted: 31 Aug 2021 12:33 PM PDT

Like when they taste the same food and see a colour, would it be the same colour? Or when they hear the same sound and see colours or patterns would they be the same or similar or is it completely subjective/dependant on the person?

submitted by /u/Y-Woo
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Is Fusion for Energy Production or Weapons?

Posted: 31 Aug 2021 04:59 PM PDT

I follow science in general and have a strong laymen's understanding of nuclear energy; whether it's green energy or not, whether it's feasible to resource or not, whether it's safe or not. All of these questions can be searched and understood by a bystander... for fission.

However, I read this article on fusion recently: Has Fusion Really Had Its "Wright Brothers" moment

You'll see as you read through it that the field expert answering the questions has the opinion that fusion was only ever going to be for weapons. That the decision to call it the next big energy source was more to get funding and keep our knowledge of fusion up incase we needed fusion bombs.

My question is, does anyone in this community have more insight into the truth of Fusion energy? Will it ever be free energy, or is it the case that it's only good for nuclear bombs?

submitted by /u/BigbunnyATK
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What is the smallest living thing that can heal external wounds?

Posted: 31 Aug 2021 08:55 AM PDT

Like how if a human gets a cut they can heal and it will scab over and eventually be fine. What's the smallest living thing that can do a similar thing to that?

submitted by /u/MisterSnippy
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Is cryptocurrency really that bad for the environment?

Posted: 31 Aug 2021 02:29 PM PDT

It seems these days like every time I see a discussion on social media about cryptocurrency/NFT/blockchain tech, there's at least one person accusing the rest of burning down rainforests. I've been hearing a LOT that cryptocurrency is uniquely bad for the planet and nobody who cares about climate change should use it.

The argument, as best as I can tell, is that mining cryptocurrency/keeping a blockchain up to date requires a lot of computing power, which requires a lot of electrical power, which thus results in more fossil fuels being burned and thus more emissions--all in the service of a hobby that adds nothing real or valuable to the world. Which isn't *wrong*, but... isn't the same true of TikTok?

Movie streaming, gaming, porn, social media--there are a LOT of frivolous things that consume huge amounts of computing power/electricity and don't have nearly the same reputation for environmental harm. Am I missing something? Is there a secret side effect that makes blockchain uniquely terrible? Or are there better places to focus our climate-change efforts?

submitted by /u/Yeah-But-Ironically
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Which major diseases originated from humans rather than animals?

Posted: 31 Aug 2021 04:11 AM PDT

You hear all about diseases leaping from animals to humans (HIV, INFLUENZA, EBOLA), but what major diseases originated from amongst humans themselves? In particular, have angt of these diseases since leapt to other animals?

Note: for clarity, this is not for speculating about anything potentially human-made.

submitted by /u/RaptureInRed
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AZ question: Does the likelihood of uncomfortable side effects decrease as age increases?

Posted: 31 Aug 2021 04:48 PM PDT

How does a vaccine applied via adenovirus produce a response without affecting your DNA?

Posted: 31 Aug 2021 02:54 PM PDT

Bear with me as I am a definite layman. I have an undergrad 100 level grasp of biology. I already understand how an mRNA vaccine is unable to affect your DNA, but my understanding is that an adenovirus application will inject whole DNA (not mRNA) into a cell nucleus, is this correct? From there, what mechanism allows it to help develop the immune response and what mechanism doesn't allow it to alter your DNA?

I feel like these days you need to make disclaimers or else people automatically lump you into predefined boxes. I am not at all anti-vax. I have noticed (from family members unfortunately) that a lot of anti-vaxxers keep bringing up "expiramental gene therapy" as a big scary expression without any explanation of what the hell they are talking about or why it's some big government secret. My limited understanding of gene therapy treatments that do exist is that if they were able to implement an effective gene therapy drug at the price and with as few side effects as the Covid vaccines that it would be a huge breakthrough that they would be very proud of, not trying to hide.

submitted by /u/cheapseats91
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Tuesday, August 31, 2021

Does electricity pass through a magnetised substance in the same way as through an unmagnetised?

Does electricity pass through a magnetised substance in the same way as through an unmagnetised?


Does electricity pass through a magnetised substance in the same way as through an unmagnetised?

Posted: 31 Aug 2021 06:56 AM PDT

Are there visible "clouds" in space?

Posted: 31 Aug 2021 07:15 AM PDT

I've recently played the game Star Citizen and was quite confused that there are actually cloud-like structures in space. I thought they would not exist in reality so I searched the internet for answers. But couldn't find any.

I know, it's a game. So it might just be a fantasy element. But I also know that there are tons of gases in space, which can take up a lot of space. But can you actually see them? I've seen pictures of nebulas as well but if I understand it correctly, you can only see them with some color correction or something?

Can someone help me understand this please?

submitted by /u/phil_music
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Are near earth asteroids mostly metallic or rocky?

Posted: 31 Aug 2021 08:51 AM PDT

And would it make sense to capture them when they swing by us?

submitted by /u/Alethean
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Why aren't people with alopecia universalis deaf?

Posted: 31 Aug 2021 06:45 AM PDT

So I know basic information about alopecia and being deaf so maybe my question is bizarre. I always thought that humans ability to hear came from little hairs inside your ear that vibrated.. then blah blah your brain does magic and you can hear.

At the same time I thought people with alopecia universalis have completely lost the ability to grow hair.

I think you can see where I'm going with this. If you can't grow hair in your ears for sound to vibrate. How do people with alopecia hear?

submitted by /u/Wutduhshit
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Does each country have their own 'Delta' variant or has that particular mutation spread to all of those countries?

Posted: 31 Aug 2021 06:31 AM PDT

Wouldn't the virus also mutate independently everywhere and mutate into different variants in multiple directions simultaneously?

submitted by /u/billiarddaddy
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What cause hepatitis C to mutate so rapidly and often?

Posted: 31 Aug 2021 01:31 AM PDT

I've heard that the reason there's no vaccine for hepatitis C is because, unlike A and B, hepatitis C mutates far too often and rapidly. What exactly dictates this in a virus? Is it the same process across all viruses?

submitted by /u/Frayjais
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Are there any studies on the long-term effects of different diets on the brain?

Posted: 30 Aug 2021 12:18 PM PDT

So I've seen studies that show that the brain is very sensitive to the quality of food we consume, but all of these showed brain function after one breakfast. But, are there any studies that look into these effects long term. More specifically the effects of Veganism, Paleo and other diets on the function and growth of the brain?

submitted by /u/ISkipSchool
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If you have asymptomatic Covid-19 can your lungs still get damaged?

Posted: 30 Aug 2021 11:14 AM PDT

I understand how visible light images are captured with a lens and 2D array of sensors, but not sure how radio telescopes create images. Is it just a single radiowave-sensitive sensor that is scanned across the sky to form a 2D image?

Posted: 30 Aug 2021 12:37 PM PDT

Is the long-term risk of vaginal prolapse dependent on the # of children you have or just the number of times you've given birth?

Posted: 30 Aug 2021 12:25 PM PDT

I always wondered if twins/triples increased the risk of this as you age or if each "one shot" of being in labor is the main contributing factor?

submitted by /u/Vealophile
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Why does time symmetry imply conservation of energy?

Posted: 30 Aug 2021 07:06 AM PDT

I've been getting into relativity and QM and i was just wondering why Noether's theorem says that symmetry accross time implies energy is conserved? I get that symmetry across space conserves momentum, and symmetry of rotation conserves angular momentum (and i think symmetry of phase is what causes conservation of charge?? Please correct me on that), but why does time relate to energy? Is it to do with work done? Please help!

submitted by /u/CyberneticPistachio
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How did we do the CVOID PCR after its first appearance?

Posted: 31 Aug 2021 01:26 AM PDT

I recently learned about the PCR testing and its idea of using primers to replicate the DNA or RNA. By this I assume that we need to know the sequencing of the DNA to make our primers. If that is true; then how did we do the COVID PCR in the early days of the pandemic? Is it possible to do the sequencing on a sample without amplifying it first with PCR?

submitted by /u/faisalmag
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How did the United States so greatly lower the occurrence of tuberculosis?

Posted: 30 Aug 2021 11:19 AM PDT

I hope this is a good place to ask this. Some antivaxxer started arguing recently about how the US isn't discussing how many tuberculosis kills a year. I know the numbers they quoted were skewed, but I got curious about how the US brought the disease to a near-stop. It's not common for infants without risk factors to be vaccinated against it, so I'm not quite sure how we got here. I did a little reading through the CDC, PBS, and the American Lung Association, but I can't seem to find specifics.

Again, sorry if this doesn't belong here. I figured I might be able to get a good answer from people who closely study science.

submitted by /u/changeoplans
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How do whales make whale song?

Posted: 30 Aug 2021 12:03 PM PDT

So how/why do atoms lose mass during fusion?

Posted: 30 Aug 2021 07:29 AM PDT

I think I understand fhis so far. When two atoms fuse, they become a heavier atom but then the subatomic particles lose mass? And this has something to do with achieving a more stable state? And when the mass is released, it becomes energy? Beyond that though I am incredibly confused.

submitted by /u/olek1942
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Why are vaccines easier to develop than treatments?

Posted: 30 Aug 2021 07:22 PM PDT

It seems like developing vaccines for various diseases is much easier than developing treatments for them.

For example, we have several incredible COVID-19 vaccines yet we still have no effective treatments other than immunosuppressant steroids such as Dexamethasone. Same applies to many other diseases.

First, am I correct in my assumption that it's generally easier to develop prophylactic vaccines versus post-exposure treatments?

Second, if this assumption is correct, why is this so? While we have antibiotics, we still don't have any broad-spectrum antiviral medication to prevent viral replication after exposure. Is this class of medication even possible, when designer molecules like Remdesivir aren't generating very promising results?

Are vaccines easier to develop because the only purpose is to present an antigen to our immune system (thus our immune system does most of the heavy lifting)? Or is it because more funding goes into prophylaxis?

I know HIV is a bit of an exception—it seems like developing a vaccine for it is extremely difficult yet we have both post-exposure medication and medication that suppress HIV viral load in positive patients to undetectable levels. But still, this is no cure, as the patient has to continue taking these pills for the rest of their life.

Is the future optimistic for anti-viral medication? Are broad-spectrum anti-viral treatments on the horizon, or are we making almost no progress in this area? Could genetic engineering maybe play a role in this (synthetic t-cells)?

submitted by /u/RussianEntrepreneur
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What would be the differences between regular Covid-19 vaccines and the ones for young kids?

Posted: 30 Aug 2021 04:54 PM PDT

I saw another post about a covid vaccine for kids possibly being ready by December. Are there substantial differences between what adults and children would be given? What would the effects be if say for example, a 9 year old got the regular vaccine?

submitted by /u/tali564
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How does Natural Gas infrastructure prevent collateral explosion?

Posted: 30 Aug 2021 10:01 AM PDT

Hey folks, I was watching the simpsons of all things (19-10 e pluribus wiggum for reference) where (briefly) Homer throws a lit match away and it causes the entire block to explode in a natural gas catastrophe.

Obviously this is for comedic effect, but what engineering is in place to stop this or a similar situation from actually happening?

Thanks in advance!

submitted by /u/stratus41298
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How do scientists formed the pangea theory, and how can they tell what continents formed and when?

Posted: 30 Aug 2021 03:51 AM PDT

Watching lots of evolution related YouTube channels and this really interests me, thanks in advance!

submitted by /u/Jagerjj
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What causes penicillin allergy?

Posted: 30 Aug 2021 11:12 AM PDT

Is it known what protein / cell / antigen the drug interacts with and causes the allergic response to be triggered? Why are there only some classes of drugs that cause it and not others? And do those drugs have any similarities either structurally or are substrates for similar targets?

submitted by /u/nickoskal024
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