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Saturday, August 28, 2021

Why do some organs come in pairs and others are singular?

Why do some organs come in pairs and others are singular?


Why do some organs come in pairs and others are singular?

Posted: 27 Aug 2021 04:37 PM PDT

Are the mechanisms that cause bilateral symmetry the same for every pair of organs? Why doesn't this happen for the organs we only have one of?

submitted by /u/acepie100
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Why do legumes (mainly thinking about peanuts and soybeans) seem to be more allergenic than other foods?

Posted: 27 Aug 2021 05:29 PM PDT

Why do mRNA vaccines use mRNA in order for the body to create the covid spike protein? Why can't we just create the spike protein and make a vaccine using that (eliminating the intermediate step)?

Posted: 27 Aug 2021 04:56 PM PDT

Is there a reason most animals' noses are biologically above their mouths?

Posted: 28 Aug 2021 05:48 AM PDT

Is there a known correlation between having sensitive skin or problematic skin in general and having a psychological disorder such as anxiety disorder?

Posted: 28 Aug 2021 03:19 AM PDT

I had this (stupid) thought. Skin is the biggest organ and the nervous system is connected to our brain and our body, so i thought that people who have an extra "nervous" nervous system might have "extra nervous" skin too? Like being more prone to have skin problems?

I know there are a few known correlations like people who have OCD (and wash their hands often) are often having sensitive skin, due to all the washing, but i thought more in general..

This might be an really obvious question or a very stupid one, idk.

Thanks in advance! :)

submitted by /u/adrenalineminute
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Is there any measurable latency between brain signal and limbs/muscle movement?

Posted: 28 Aug 2021 04:55 AM PDT

Do new covid-variants need new antibodies?

Posted: 28 Aug 2021 07:59 AM PDT

Suppose one is fully vaccinated (lets say with J&J, which has low delta-protection), but nonetheless becomes infected with the delta variant. Would that require a new set of antibodies and hence a new set of B-cells?

In my logic, that would mean a much milder illness due to the suppression of virus by initial antibodies, but nonetheless a minimum disease period of 7-10 whilst the new B-cells are developed?

Bonus question(s): does everyone make the same antibodies from the same vaccine and does each individual make more than one?

submitted by /u/aCityOfTwoTales
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Why are some species of jellyfish only deadly in the tropics?

Posted: 28 Aug 2021 04:08 AM PDT

I have read that some species of cubozoa jellies (specifically Morbakka Fenneri) live in both tropical and temperate waters, and the first aid response is different for a sting from the same jellyfish species.

A sting by this jelly in temperate waters calls for only mild first aid, whereas a sting in tropical waters calls for immediate medical attention for possible irukandji syndrome.

How does this work? Can the jelly only produce toxin in warm waters? Or is it to mitigate a case of possible misidentification of more deadly species?

Thanks!

submitted by /u/billgreg0000
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Natural Immunity vs Vaccine Immunity?

Posted: 28 Aug 2021 03:07 AM PDT

I am interested to hear from people who study viruses what the difference is between a natural immune response to a virus and the response of someone who has been vaccinated. I am not trying to get into anything political or any of that, just don't know much about it and would like to hear from those who know: is natural immunity generally better or worse than vaccination? Or is it the same? Or does it depend on the disease?

submitted by /u/Thriftless_Ambition
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Is Quantum Mechanics compatible with relativity of simultaneity?

Posted: 28 Aug 2021 01:14 AM PDT

I don't know much about QM, but I've heard it has a lot of "truly random" phenomena. If so what are these and are they compatible with the b - theory of time that relativity of simultaneity suggests? Im wondering if someone from a certain reference frame "A" was moving such that he could witness the future of a random quantum event in reference frame "B" could travel to reference frame "B" and predict the outcome of the random quantum event. Im really interested in this topic, any help or explanations are greatly appreciated!

submitted by /u/wombatgalore
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I've searched with my limited abilities but to no success: From soup-to-nuts, how long does it take to manufacture one dose of Regeneron?

Posted: 28 Aug 2021 04:54 AM PDT

Watching the news, I became curious as to whether or not this 4th wave may burn through existing supplies. TIA

submitted by /u/brianingram
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Why do people with defective cilia get their heart on the wrong side of the body?

Posted: 28 Aug 2021 02:23 AM PDT

This is kind of a follow up question to the one posted about pairs of organs.

I get why people with Kartagener syndrome get lung infections - defective hair cells of the mucociliary escalator - and infertility - sperm cant swim with no propellers! But why the dextrocardia?

submitted by /u/nickoskal024
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If the Oort Cloud's outer limits define the boundary of the Solar System, does that really mean that the Solar System and the Proxima Centauri star system could actually be loosely overlapping? Do all planets have similar Kuiper Belt/Oort Cloud type regions?

Posted: 28 Aug 2021 01:57 AM PDT

The earth is 71% COVERED in water but how much more is under the surface? What is the percentage of the entire earth that is actually water?

Posted: 28 Aug 2021 01:49 AM PDT

What is the biological basis for the "pant tugger" behavior in tree squirrels?

Posted: 27 Aug 2021 11:58 PM PDT

As a general rule, squirrels are - like many rodents (and other small mammals) - afraid of humans. While in some urban and suburban areas where contact with humans is frequent (e.g., parks, college campuses) squirrels may not flee when a human approaches, in the wild, their natural instinct when we or another large animal or object approaches them is to run away.

But from time to time you hear stories of wild squirrels that will follow humans around incessantly, usually when the "following" squirrel is either a juvenile or a mother caring for a juvenile. This story from 2019 was widely reported on, and here's another from last year. A few isolated incidents could be written off as just erratic behavior, but looking into it more, this is evidently a fairly common phenomenon, common enough that wildlife centers often discuss it with specificity (see this example from Toronto, Canada), and it is a recurring topic on web forums and social media (for example, from within the past year alone, here's a post from May, and here's a Reddit comment discussing it from October). It thus seems to be a behavior that tree squirrels exhibit (under certain circumstances) as a species rather than aberrational behavior in a few individuals.

The most common scenario by far seems to be when a young squirrel's mother is killed or abandons it. The juvenile squirrel will gravitate to a human and follow them around at great peril, exactly the opposite of the normal "flight" response you would expect. The usual interpretation is that the "pant tugger" / "pant hugger" squirrel is essentially desperate and looking to the human for help, but this could be us inferring too much about an animal's "motives" (for lack of a better term).

I am nevertheless very curious about what the basis for this behavior could be!

What would be the evolutionary benefit of it? Is it unique to squirrels or do other rodents (or other animals generally) exhibit it? Is the drive to just seek out the nearest warm-blooded thing or is it a unique behavior evolved alongside humans? (I have never heard of this behavior exhibited towards a non-human species, but of course we have selection bias there given that only humans could report on it in the first place!)

submitted by /u/chainsawinsect
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Why is the south pole so much colder than the north pole?

Posted: 27 Aug 2021 03:02 PM PDT

The coldest temperature recorded at the south pole is −82.8°C while the warmest temperature recorded there is −12.3°C

Meanwhile in the geographic north pole, the coldest temperature recorded is −50°C and the warmest is 13°C

(this data is taken from wikipedia, which cites its sources as Pogoda.ru.net for the south pole and weatherbase for the north pole)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Pole#Climate_and_day_and_night

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Pole#Climate,_sea_ice_at_North_Pole

So why is it that the south pole is so much colder than the north pole?

submitted by /u/Thunder_Wizard
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Why do Cranes (Family Gruidae) have red-topped heads?

Posted: 27 Aug 2021 09:25 PM PDT

I am a recent Zoology graduate, and I can rationalise many things with animals, but trying to find an answer to this seems impossible. So many crane species have a head with a red-top, is there an ecological significance to this I am missing? I would assume it's something related to mate-signaling but I am massively bothered by the fact that, over my life as an animal enthusiast, this is the only question I can't find an academic answer or even credible allusion to why on earth these birds have little red caps on them.

submitted by /u/6multipliedby9is42
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What is actually happening to your skin when you get a poison ivy rash?

Posted: 27 Aug 2021 12:49 PM PDT

Specifically I'm wondering why it starts to boil and ooze and what is it even secreting anyway? I couldn't find anything good online.

submitted by /u/SirYarbles
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Friday, August 27, 2021

In space, two pieces of metal of the same type will "cold weld" if they touch. Why does this happen, and what do space agencies do to avoid or prevent this?

In space, two pieces of metal of the same type will "cold weld" if they touch. Why does this happen, and what do space agencies do to avoid or prevent this?


In space, two pieces of metal of the same type will "cold weld" if they touch. Why does this happen, and what do space agencies do to avoid or prevent this?

Posted: 26 Aug 2021 05:24 PM PDT

AskScience AMA Series: We're marine scientists exploring the deep sea off Cabo Verde sailing on board the iMirabilis2 cruise. Ask us Anything!

Posted: 27 Aug 2021 04:00 AM PDT

We are a team of scientists and technicians sailing on board the Spanish research vessel Sarmiento de Gamboa on a four-week cruise to explore Cabo Verde's deep sea ecosystems.

On board we have the remotely operated vehicle (ROV), Luso, the autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) Autosub6000, three benthic landers (a respirometer, baited camera, and baited trap), a multibeam bathymetry system, box corer, multicorer, a conductivity-temperature- depth (CTD) system, and the newly developed environmental DNA (eDNA) sampler named RoCSI (Robotic Cartridge Sampling Instrument). During the cruise we have used all this equipment to explore the deep sea through mapping, imaging, and sampling the seafloor and water column. We've seen cold-water corals, sponges, fish, sea cucumbers, anemones, mud and rocky substrate!

This cruise is part of the EU Horizon 2020 project iAtlantic. You can read all about the cruise on our expedition website where you can meet the team, learn about our scientific missions and equipment on board as well as catch up with the latest news at the expedition blog. You can also follow us on Twitter, Facebook, and Instagram.

We will be here from 17:00-19:00 UTC (1-3 PM ET) to answer your questions about scientific cruises, the deep sea, and ocean exploration.

Username: /u/iAtlanticEU

submitted by /u/AskScienceModerator
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Why are the mirrors of the James Webb telescope yellow?

Posted: 26 Aug 2021 08:02 AM PDT

Does exposure to COVID-19 after vaccination extend the immunity received from the vaccine?

Posted: 27 Aug 2021 06:39 AM PDT

From what I understand, the immunity provided by vaccination lessens over time which is why a booster shot is going to be offered (at least for Pfizer). However, if a person who is vaccinated were to begin going out to public places a short time after receiving the vaccine in such a way that they are regularly exposed to the virus but not necessarily infected, would this preserve the immunity received from the vaccine?

submitted by /u/comdoriano
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When the LHC first started the beams had 3.5TeV per beam but the heaviest particle discovered is 173GeV. Since they're upgrading, does that mean no new particles have been found between 173GeV and 7TeV?

Posted: 27 Aug 2021 04:13 AM PDT

Are there any patents on the covid vaccine or are all companies sharing "open source" tech at this point?

Posted: 26 Aug 2021 06:16 PM PDT

What happens when you blue shift into a gamma ray so much that it should turn into a particle anti particle pair?

Posted: 26 Aug 2021 05:05 PM PDT

I was wondering what would happen in a scenario like this. Once a photon gets enough energy it turns into a matter antimatter particle pair, and when you move in the direction of something that ejected a photon, that photon blue shifts for you to keep the speed of light constant, gaining energy. So what would happen? How could it be a particle pair relative to you, but a photon to an outside observer?

submitted by /u/Potatoboiv2
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Are venomous snakes born venomous?

Posted: 26 Aug 2021 02:09 PM PDT

I was wondering if a newly hatched cobra would be venomous, or does it take time. Do they need their fangs to form first? Do they become venomous after going through snake puberty?

submitted by /u/Bobby_-_D
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How much similar (or dissimilar) is the mechanism of "immunity - development" in the human body, caused via a 'natural infection' and an 'whole-virus type Inactivated vaccine'?

Posted: 27 Aug 2021 12:08 AM PDT

Arc length: linear vs curved ?

Posted: 26 Aug 2021 02:08 PM PDT

Regarding the Crinkle crankle wall,

Is it true that it uses a less number of bricks compared to standard linear brick wall?

If I consider a brick wall ranging from x=0 to x=2\pi, the arc length, L, I'd get for the two cases would be

  1. Linear : L = 2\pi = 6.2832...
  2. Sinusoidal curved : L = 4\sqrt(2)E(1/2) = 7.6404... ; where E(m) is the elliptic integral

---

Curiosity, driven by a simple problem coupled with insightful discussions on math stack exchange.

P.S I really wanted to typeset math here, but I am struggling to do so...

Thank you

submitted by /u/kedarsb
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How do kernel programmers access software interrupts while writing code in C?

Posted: 26 Aug 2021 06:56 PM PDT

Additionally, is there any mechanism in place to prevent someone from writing an ordinary program that, when compiled and run in user mode, prevents it from hijacking this same functionality and entering kernel mode?

submitted by /u/The_Drunk_Dutchess
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Can cold temperature negatively affect a magnets strength/performance? If so how? Are those effects permanent?

Posted: 26 Aug 2021 03:08 PM PDT

Hi all!

I just found this site, that states Ferrite-Magnets must not get colder than -40 C. I can't find any explanation for this online. One site I found briefly mentioned something about electron spins being affected at low temperatures, weakening magnets, but that's all I could find.

I understand how heat affects them, at least good enough to be content, but I can't wrap my head around how cold could have a negative effect.

Thanks for anyone wo read my question and thanks in advance for any answers.

submitted by /u/GiantClaw
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Are there any other pairs of diseases like sickle cell and malaria that have unexpected positive interactions?

Posted: 26 Aug 2021 07:57 AM PDT

"Positive" for lack of a better word, I realize sickle cell is a horrible disease to have that kills infants and young children but confers some resistance to malaria.

Are there any other genetic problems or diseases that end up helping against other diseases?

submitted by /u/pupperonipizzapie
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Do vaccines (in general) weaken your immune system for the days that your body is building antibodies?

Posted: 26 Aug 2021 08:56 AM PDT

This has nothing to do with the big C, just a question. What I mean is, is it easier to catch a cold etc. the days after a vaccine?

submitted by /u/Adorable-Chemist-444
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Does the coronavirus that causes COVID-19 have an isocahedral shape?

Posted: 26 Aug 2021 09:21 PM PDT

How can we have anti-A and anti-B antibodies at birth (depending on our own blood type) but Rh- folks only develop anti-Rh antibodies after exposure?

Posted: 26 Aug 2021 09:48 AM PDT

How do anticonvulsants work?

Posted: 26 Aug 2021 04:04 AM PDT

I was wondering if someone could explain how medications function to stop seizures. Take for instance benzodiazepines such as Ativan and Midazolam. Do they work by slowing or stopping the seizing process in the actively convulsing body or is it that it slows down or stops the wonky misfiring in the brain that causes the body to have convulsions?

Thanks so much :)

An always curious ER nurse

submitted by /u/StatisticianFine9452
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What's the difference between a "regular" and a "massive" heart attack?

Posted: 26 Aug 2021 01:46 AM PDT

I recently moved to Utah and was wondering why Lone Peak looks like it was smacked by a meteor? It looks like it has a giant crater!

Posted: 26 Aug 2021 12:02 AM PDT

Thursday, August 26, 2021

Studies from 2003 in China, showed that 80% of the wild animals in the markets and 13-60% of traders with wild animals had SARS-Cov-1 antibodies indicating of larger spreading of the virus. Do we have similar early studies for SARS-Cov-2?

Studies from 2003 in China, showed that 80% of the wild animals in the markets and 13-60% of traders with wild animals had SARS-Cov-1 antibodies indicating of larger spreading of the virus. Do we have similar early studies for SARS-Cov-2?


Studies from 2003 in China, showed that 80% of the wild animals in the markets and 13-60% of traders with wild animals had SARS-Cov-1 antibodies indicating of larger spreading of the virus. Do we have similar early studies for SARS-Cov-2?

Posted: 25 Aug 2021 12:04 PM PDT

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15061910/ https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14561956/ https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15663874/

According to my limited understanding, this indicates that SARS-1 was spreading undetected earlier in those risk groups and had a chance to mutate.

I can't find such studies for SARS-COV-2. Are there any?

submitted by /u/2000p
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Why is gravity stronger in the ocean than on land?

Posted: 26 Aug 2021 03:50 AM PDT

This gravitational anomaly map shows that all of the oceans have more gravity than all of land. Is this because land is more elevated? Water is less dense than rock, so I would have assumed it would be the other way around.

submitted by /u/997
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Does the moon, other planets experience earthquake?

Posted: 25 Aug 2021 10:35 PM PDT

Someone asked a question in r/moon whether there are earthquakes on the moon and it made me wonder do other planets (it's moons also?) experience earthquakes?

submitted by /u/aus_sidney
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Does antibody response adapt with exposure to different Covid strains?

Posted: 26 Aug 2021 05:52 AM PDT

If you recieved a Covid-19 vaccine, the vaccine generated antibody and T-cells to equip the immune system to respond to the alpha Covid-19 virus. In the case of the mRNA vaccines, it was really primed just toward the spike protein. If you are vaccinated and are exposed to a variant such as Delta, I understand that current vaccines have a high probability of attenuating illness. When this occurs, does your antibody response further adapt to be more efficient in warding off that variant in future exposures, or if it is good enough to work, does it remain unchanged? What exactly does or does not change?

submitted by /u/rockjones
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Can volcanoes appear in cold areas of the world, and can they be a source of heat in any practical way?

Posted: 25 Aug 2021 07:03 PM PDT

Like a volcano in a cold country, would the volcano be warmer than the ground around it? I understand that when it erupts there would be a lot of heat lol

submitted by /u/SleepyinStardew
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How long is the COVID-19 incubation period for vaccinated people?

Posted: 25 Aug 2021 10:13 PM PDT

Is it the same as unvaccinated people? I thought it might be shorter because of a faster immune response. I couldn't find any info about this.

submitted by /u/monsieurpooh
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How do traits that don't give a species an advantage become a normal trait through evolution and the concept of survival of the fittest?

Posted: 25 Aug 2021 04:51 PM PDT

If I understand the "survival of the fittest" concept, random mutations occur causing a change in a species. Sometimes, those random mutations lead to a change that gives that species an advantage. That advantage allows that species to thrive and outlive other's of its kind. It provides offspring which is more likely to be born with that new trait as well. Over time, that species with that new trait becomes the "new normal". Simply put of course.

All that said, if this is accurate, how do random mutations that don't really provide an advantage also become a "new normal"?

For example (this is the specific topic that got me wondering about this, so if anyone can also address this specific example, it would be much appreciated!): Humans crying when they are sad. From what I have read, it is mostly believed that the purpose of this is simply to signal our emotions to others. I am having a hard time understanding how something like this becomes a normal trait. How did this give humans an advantage that helped to out last humans other humans that did not produce tears or the other physical actions/expressions that crying produces?

There are of course many other examples of this. I am sure there is a simple answer. Can any of you more enlightened on the subject than I help me understand this, or what I am not understanding correctly about evolution/SOTF?

submitted by /u/mostlyalurk
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Why Tuberculosis is still a major death cause if we have the vaccine?

Posted: 25 Aug 2021 10:46 AM PDT

I'm not an anti Vaxxer, without any doubt, but i don't understand, why are there so many deaths every year 1,4M in 2019) because of a disease that has a vaccine since almost 100 Years? Thanks!

submitted by /u/Cobeeee
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Is it possible to have high inflammation and low C-reactive protein?

Posted: 25 Aug 2021 11:04 AM PDT

Or low inflammation and high CRP? Is CRP really *that* great of an inflammation marker?

submitted by /u/inquilinekea
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Is it known if Covid is able to infect through the eyes?

Posted: 25 Aug 2021 02:38 PM PDT

How do plasmid vaccines work?

Posted: 25 Aug 2021 02:04 PM PDT

Specifically, how does the plasmid enter cells and what prompts the body to start expressing proteins from foreign DNA instead of trying to get rid of the foreign material?

submitted by /u/nootfiend69
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What do non-integer orbital occupation values mean?

Posted: 25 Aug 2021 07:13 PM PDT

computational chemistry can often spit out molecule structures that have decimal values in the calculated number of electrons occupying an orbital.

What does this actually MEAN? Is it saying that an individual molecule is in some kind of "resonance" hybrid between two or more electron configurations? Or is it saying that in a sample of many molecules, those values are the *average* occupancies, but any given single molecule in the sample has either 0, 1 or 2 electrons in any given orbital?

submitted by /u/SMM-123Sam
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Why are engines with more cylinders less efficient assuming the displacement + bore/stroke ratio are the same?

Posted: 25 Aug 2021 09:15 AM PDT

Why do we use latin and greek root words for scientific vocabulary?

Posted: 25 Aug 2021 09:23 AM PDT

Is it mostly a historical reason? Are there significant pragmatic reasons?

submitted by /u/passed_tense
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