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Tuesday, June 8, 2021

How did people manage diabetes before modern medicine?

How did people manage diabetes before modern medicine?


How did people manage diabetes before modern medicine?

Posted: 08 Jun 2021 08:00 PM PDT

How can Rabies still exist and be as prevalent as it is, if it's lethality is 99.99% and it's disease cycle is relatively short?

Posted: 07 Jun 2021 05:00 PM PDT

Is there any recorded instances of a virus making itself less lethal/more survivable specifically to increase contagiousness?

Posted: 08 Jun 2021 05:04 AM PDT

At what altitude/air density does the space shuttle produce a sonic boom during re-entry?

Posted: 07 Jun 2021 10:48 PM PDT

The shuttle enters the atmosphere at supersonic speed but obviously doesn't create a sonic boom with the first air molecule it encounters. I assume there has to be a certain air density for this to happen. Where in altitude does this happen and is it also dependent on humidity. I am interested in the science of what conditions allow a sonic boom to happen.

submitted by /u/Michael_Snowy
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What causes the arm soreness after COVID-19 vaccination?

Posted: 07 Jun 2021 08:17 AM PDT

Is it trure that a vaccine will not work in people with immunodeficiency disorders like HIV, diabetes, CVID etc?

Posted: 08 Jun 2021 02:03 AM PDT

Immunity makes the antibodies against the material in vaccines so what about immunocompromised people.

submitted by /u/Dishankdayal
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How do you conduct vaccine trials for lesser known but dangerous diseases like Rabies?

Posted: 07 Jun 2021 06:53 PM PDT

Reading everything about the Covid vaccines, I know there are generally three to four trials before a vaccine is approved. In the case of Covid, I suppose one reason the vaccine could be developed so quickly was because hundreds of thousands of people were being affected by the disease everyday. It was therefore slightly easier to conduct trials and get safety and efficacy data quite quickly.

But what about diseases like rabies?

  1. How do you conduct phase 3 efficacy trials for that disease since it occurs so rarely?
  2. Let's imagine I'm researching a new rabies vaccine. How does the RCT work in this case? You couldn't possibly give the control group a placebo because the disease kills 100% of the time-- there would definitely be ethical issues there. At the same time, you want to see how efficient the vaccine is. So what happens to the treatment and control groups?
submitted by /u/Few_Cup_3794
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Is a person subjected to more ionizing radiation while standing at a magnetic pole on earth than at the equator?

Posted: 07 Jun 2021 07:51 PM PDT

The magnetic field expands outward in a loop from the north as south magnetic poles. It's my understanding that the magnetic field protects us from solar radiation (although does result in a problem in its own right from the van Allen belts here or why we can't walk around on Europa for example). Does the magnetic field or ionizing radiation from the belts somehow concentrate around the magnetic poles to cause DNA damage? Would a person be subjected to direct solar radiation at these places?

The internet is giving me too much junk and I'm just trying to figure out an answer.

submitted by /u/Ganymede25
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How much more efficient would solar cells need to be, before we could power a car with solar, utilizing only the surface area of the car itself?

Posted: 07 Jun 2021 03:00 PM PDT

Now, I imagine you would need to take I to account lots of other details such as all the other components in the system. However, to keep this question somewhat straightforward, let's mainly look at the specific limitation of the solar cells.

submitted by /u/imgoinglobal
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Do mRNA vaccines contain tRNA to assist in protein synthesis?

Posted: 07 Jun 2021 04:23 PM PDT

I can't seem to find anything about this online. If protein synthesis requires tRNA to carry the amino acids to the ribosome complex, does this mean vaccines that rely on mRNA contain tRNA too? How does the ribosome get the amino acids when translating the COVID-19 vaccine mRNA into the spike protein?

Any help on this is appreciated. Thanks!

submitted by /u/DataPools
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How to insects grow hair/fuzz when they have a hard exoskeleton?

Posted: 07 Jun 2021 02:40 PM PDT

My friends and I are having a discussion about how insects like caterpillars and ants have hair (or at least a fuzz). Since these bugs have exoskeletons, how does the hair grow through it? Does the hair even grow through it or does the exoskeleton have pores like our skin?

Thanks for the help :)

submitted by /u/Kill4Katniss
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How does the Immune System *know* which bodies to attack?

Posted: 07 Jun 2021 01:00 PM PDT

How advanced was cancer treatment in the early to mid 1900s?

Posted: 07 Jun 2021 02:07 PM PDT

The reason I ask is that I always thought it was more or less a death sentence (except for the more minor ones, such as basal cell) until around the 1980s.

I was reading an article on the oldest living person though and it said that she survived pancreatic cancer in the 1940s, which I thought was WAY before they could even come close to treating a cancer such as that. Pancreatic cancer only has a 10% five year survival rate nowadays as it is, so I really don't get it.

submitted by /u/Jackson423843
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Does having children implies longer life expectancy?

Posted: 08 Jun 2021 04:35 AM PDT

Hello I once heard an academic claiming that there were studies about people with children and longer life expectancy/better health condition or something like that. Is this really a thing? Are there trustable studies about this topic?

submitted by /u/According_Quarter_17
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Is there a difference to the plants in a lawn/yard between cutting them with a blade (like a scythe or reel mower) vs a velocity machine (weed wacker or motored mower)?

Posted: 07 Jun 2021 02:46 PM PDT

Does it affect the health of the lawn/the plants in the lawn? Is one method better or worse?

submitted by /u/JarlesV3
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What causes myopia in adults?

Posted: 08 Jun 2021 12:22 AM PDT

I am in mid twenties and my eye sight started worsening 3 years ago. I was wondering if I am doing something wrong. Is there something that triggers myopia? Like work that involves looking close or lack of sunlight?

submitted by /u/puttu_kadala
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Can someone help answer this weird math fahrenheit/celcius conversion thing i thought of a few minutes ago and now cant sleep?

Posted: 08 Jun 2021 04:49 AM PDT

If you plus 32 with 32 you get 64°f (equivalent to 17°c) but when you plus 0°c with 0°c its an as you would expect 0°c. And some people multiply it to get the same answer. Well what would happen if you were to divide that 32 temperature by 32? You would get 1°f (equivalent to -17°c). And then if you do the coversion stuff and use the same thing on celcius units it would be 0°c divided by 0°c. isnt it mathematically and scientifically impossible for anything to be divisible by 0? What happens here? I know my calculator doesnt like this so can a big brain explain?

Dont ask why i have this question it just popped into my head and i dont need sleep i need answers. Its like late at night dont bully me

submitted by /u/HaloJohnno
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When a photon is blocked by a filter, say, a polarized filter, what happens to those blocked? Are they reflected or?

Posted: 07 Jun 2021 09:34 AM PDT

Thought of this when thinking about the whole Bell's theorem thingy.

submitted by /u/Subscribe_2_Pews
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Why is it theoretically impossible to extract energy from a system with no heat differential?

Posted: 07 Jun 2021 12:46 PM PDT

In reading more about the second law of thermodynamics there are some points I keep sticking on that just don't follow logically for me. Namely:

"It is impossible to construct a device that produces no other effect than transfer of heat from lower temperature body to higher temperature body"

Or:

"A transformation whose only final result is to convert heat, extracted from a source at constant temperature, into work, is impossible."

The second law states that entropy has to increase. I get that. But I don't think either of these necessarily violate that rule. Can I get some high level explanation on why these violate some physics?

submitted by /u/Iseenoghosts
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What causes a canker sore?

Posted: 06 Jun 2021 10:56 PM PDT

Like does it have to do with the stomach ?

submitted by /u/Misselyjelly
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Monday, June 7, 2021

How do harvester ants prevent the seeds they harvest from sprouting and destroying their cache chambers?

How do harvester ants prevent the seeds they harvest from sprouting and destroying their cache chambers?


How do harvester ants prevent the seeds they harvest from sprouting and destroying their cache chambers?

Posted: 06 Jun 2021 01:23 PM PDT

If communication and travel between Earth, the Moon, and Mars (using current day technology) was as doable as it is to do today between continents, would the varying gravitational forces cause enough time dilation to be noticeable by people in some situations?

Posted: 07 Jun 2021 07:19 AM PDT

I imagine the constantly shifting distances between the three would already make things tricky enough, but I'm having trouble wrapping my head around how a varying "speed of time" might play a factor. I'd imagine the medium and long-term effects would be greater, assuming the differences in gravitational forces are even significant enough for anyone to notice.

I hope my question makes sense, and apologies if it doesn't... I'm obviously no expert on the subject!
Thanks! :)

submitted by /u/PartTimeSassyPants
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If two telescopes far apart on earth are pointed at opposite ends of a faraway star, will the telescopes be angled towards each other since the star appears as a small point in the sky, or will they be angled away from each other since the star is larger than earth?

Posted: 06 Jun 2021 08:04 AM PDT

So basically this:

I think this is more a geometry question than an astronomy one.

submitted by /u/TYPE_KENYE_03
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How can we create maps of a galaxy/universe if we don't know the relative position of the celestial objects?

Posted: 06 Jun 2021 10:58 PM PDT

Allow me to elaborate; when I see maps of our galaxy or the universe, they are shown to be "complete", as if we knew the relative position of all the celestial objects at a single point of time. Since light takes time to travel from distant points, we can't know for certain where a distant object B was at a point of time when closer object A was at that same point of time. The way I see it is that the map of galaxy/universe would be best represented like an animated sonar, where it begins with our solar system as the starting point (hope that makes sense).

Are the maps of the galaxy/universe accounting for the relative disposition of objects by predicting where distant objects would be after x amount of time? Or are the maps "flattened", so to speak?

I apologise if it's difficult to understand, I'm trying my best to articulate what I'm trying to ask, please let me know if I can clarify the question.

submitted by /u/humbled_lightbringer
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How do scientists determine the Hubble Constant?

Posted: 07 Jun 2021 01:12 AM PDT

Hi guys, I've been looking into papers on determining the Hubble Constant by using gravitationally lensed light. The papers show formulas behind finding the values for redshift, luminosity, time delays, etc.

I was wondering why they need these values and/or how they use these values to determine the Hubble Constant when there's Hubble's Law equation that only needs recession velocity and distance? Are they simply finding redshift and other values to determine velocity and distance? Or does Hubble's Law simply not suffice when using gravitational lensing?

Thanks a tonne!

submitted by /u/ItsNotWolf
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Why No Live Attenuated Vaccines for COVID-19?

Posted: 06 Jun 2021 10:03 PM PDT

I thought I would post in this group because the moderators for r/coronavirus would not accept my posting.

Can somebody please explain why there isn't more activity around developing a live attenuated vaccine based on the actual SARS-CoV-2 virus. There is only one such vaccine in development at this time (Codagenix) as far as I know.

The way I see it live attenuated vaccines provide the closest thing to natural immunity because they use a weakened form of the same virus to create a real infection. Isn't it preferable to mimic the body's natural immune response as close as possible?

Also I understand that the immune response with live attenuated vaccines is very robust, creating both mucosal and systemic antibodies and T-cell response and typically lasts for the rest of your life. (I'm not educated in the medical field so I might have some of this wrong.) I understand that all the common vaccines that everyone gets are live attenuated vaccines such as measles, mumps, rubella, polio, flu.

It seems to me that a live attenuated vaccine is a sure shot to end the pandemic. So, what gives? Why is only one obscure company developing one?

submitted by /u/jfklein
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How to interpret and understand risk ratios or odds ratios reported in research for diseases or medications?

Posted: 06 Jun 2021 10:14 PM PDT

Hi, I was reading about a certain medication's side effect in a research paper, and I'm having trouble understanding the ratios, like how to put them in context. What would it mean to say if Medication X increases the odds of heart attack or stroke or whatever by 2.5 (confidence interval is 2-3)? How do you decide, based on a number like that, if a patient should take the medication for the condition? Do you compare it with similar medications? To the chances of person dying of the disease without the medication? Or is the number itself determine whether the patient should not take a medicine (e.g., anything above 2?) Is this a precise kind of decision making (comparing one number against another) or just kind of general judgment based on clinical experience?

submitted by /u/Dekorated
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Does the C line of a Covid antigen test verify correct sampling?

Posted: 06 Jun 2021 11:44 PM PDT

In Austria it is meanwhile possible to submit Antigen tests for entering restaurants by photo with a QR code to verify that a test stripe hasn't been reused.

But for such tests to be really meaningful, they'd need to verify that the sample was taken correctly – otherwise it invites issues with invalid results.

So... What does the C(ontrol) line of antigen tests verify?

Does it confirm that the testing liquid contains meaningful sample material (tissue)? Or does it just verify contact with the testing solution?

The latter case would be open for false-negative results during self tests.

submitted by /u/R3D3-1
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How was the time needed for the Boltzmann brain to appear in the vacuum calculated?

Posted: 06 Jun 2021 01:03 PM PDT

I was wondering if there is a formula that allows as to calculate the time needed for any object to appear if we know it's mass.

submitted by /u/KOTwicaR
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Is it harder for drugs or small molecules to pass through the mitochondrial or nuclear membranes than it is for them to pass through the cell membrane or blood brain barrier?

Posted: 06 Jun 2021 07:13 PM PDT

Did all people in medieval times have fetal alcohol syndrome to some extent?

Posted: 06 Jun 2021 04:07 AM PDT

In the last 50 years, science discovered that alcohol consumed by pregnant women, sometimes as little as one glass of wine, can alter the development of the brain and body of an embryo and lead to a fetal alcohol syndrome. However, in medieval times in Europe, the water was so dirty that the people often had to drink (diluted) beer and other alcoholic beverages, including pregnant women in lack of better knowledge (and better water!). Even though the beer was much less potent than nowadays, i believe a constant consumption of alcohol must lead to the FAS, at least to some extent. However, I've found nothing about this topic. So my question is: did a large portion of the population in this time have FAS? If so, how might the cognitive problems that come with this syndrome have influenced the society as a whole, when such a large portion of the population had it (this second question is purely speculative)?

submitted by /u/toenimahoeni
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What are the key chemical distinctions between biodegradable and non-biodegradable plastics?

Posted: 06 Jun 2021 04:41 AM PDT

I was wondering what makes a plastic biodegradable right down to the core of its chemical properties. Is it some kind of special bond of polymers or something like that. Thanks!

submitted by /u/CuriouserNCurious3r
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What’s the minimum amount of exposure to generate an immune response and immunity?

Posted: 06 Jun 2021 03:11 PM PDT

How many new stars appear in our sky? As in, how often does a star's light finally reach us and appear in our observable universe?

Posted: 06 Jun 2021 07:38 AM PDT

Asking google this question gives me answers to "born each year."

submitted by /u/numbers909
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Why do 1000 year old Canadian trees matter?

Posted: 06 Jun 2021 09:31 PM PDT

I've been seeing a lot of information on the news lately about 1,000-year-old trees getting cut down in Canada. Can you please provide a scientific explanation for why 1,000-year-old trees help the environment or the existence of humanity in a greater way than, say a 50-year-old tree?

Just to be clear - My post is not suggesting that the trees don't matter. I'm simply looking for a scientific explanation for why they do matter.

submitted by /u/blammer84
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Why do periodic cicadas emerge at different times from annual cicadas?

Posted: 05 Jun 2021 07:49 PM PDT

Hi! With all the news on the emerging periodic cicadas, I was wondering why there seems to be a lag between them and the annual cicadas? I'm on the Eastern shore of MD and we missed out on the periodic cicadas, and the annual cicadas have yet to emerge yet. Is there a reason why? Is it so they don't cross mingle together when doing the bug love? Is it predator evasion?

submitted by /u/chefianf
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Sunday, June 6, 2021

Covid-19/viruses mutate often, but can Scientists predict certain mutations ahead of time to safeguard via vaccination?

Covid-19/viruses mutate often, but can Scientists predict certain mutations ahead of time to safeguard via vaccination?


Covid-19/viruses mutate often, but can Scientists predict certain mutations ahead of time to safeguard via vaccination?

Posted: 06 Jun 2021 04:06 AM PDT

Does warmer weather curb the spread of COVID-19, somewhat?

Posted: 06 Jun 2021 02:42 AM PDT

To my current understanding, it seems like COVID-19 spread was curbed somewhat during the summer of 2020. Although, with the second wave hitting India, killing thousands. It got some second thoughts.

Looking at Europe, our COVID-19 spread was somewhat stopped, could it be because large portions of society were coming out of lockdown? Can variants be more "resistant" to hot weather? Also, if hypothetically speaking, weather curbs the spread of COVID-19, would a lockdown during hotter months be a viable solution?

submitted by /u/seasonalchanges312
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Is there a reason for the difference between flu and covid vaccine effectiveness?

Posted: 06 Jun 2021 06:31 AM PDT

From what I've read, the latest research seems to be suggesting that all of the 2-shot covid vaccines are likely to be around 90% effective - or even better - against symptomatic disease by a couple of weeks after the second shot, whereas flu vaccines sound like they're typically closer to 50% effective.

Firstly, am I understanding the figures correctly?

And if I am, is there a reason for the the difference? How much is down to the fact that it's two shots rather than one (the AZ one at least sounds like the first shot is closer to a typical flu vaccine in terms of effectiveness). Or is there some other reason for it?

submitted by /u/prof_hobart
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Do antibodies make a difference if a person has a low immune system?

Posted: 05 Jun 2021 08:17 PM PDT

If you have antibodies to a virus, but your immunity is low the day or time you come into contact with it, will your body be able to fight it properly? Will it be extremely less effective? And one extra question, how much immunity lowers when a person skips a day of sleep?

submitted by /u/Snoo-36397
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How does salt kill a slug?

Posted: 05 Jun 2021 07:02 AM PDT

What is the difference between antibodies your body creates itself and ones it receives from another source, like through breast milk or in utero?

Posted: 05 Jun 2021 10:28 AM PDT

Chickens are often fed oyster shells to supplement their calcium. Oysters bio-accumulate heavy metals - isn't this dangerous?

Posted: 04 Jun 2021 06:31 PM PDT

What is the difference between mRNA, DNA and any other *DNA*?

Posted: 04 Jun 2021 05:56 PM PDT

When a new species arises for the first time from evolution how are they able to populate amidst inevitable inbreeding?

Posted: 04 Jun 2021 06:52 PM PDT

I'm assuming here that it's a mutation that causes a new species to appear and that there would be so few numbers of them that would get that mutation so the next generations would end up being inbred, feel free to tell me if that assumption is completely wrong though lol

submitted by /u/KabobArmageddon
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Can someone explain why do free charge's in an conductor go mostly in to a sharp point and don't spread out?

Posted: 05 Jun 2021 01:16 AM PDT

If same change's repel each other, why don't free charge's concentrated in a point of a conductor repel each other strongly enough to make them spread out ?

submitted by /u/fishgoblob
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Why does atoms want to be sp3 hybridized?

Posted: 04 Jun 2021 09:34 PM PDT

I was watching a recorded orgo lecture, the professor mentioned the BCl3 has an sp2 orbital and can accept a pair of electrons, which makes it a Lewis acid. Why does it want to gain an electron pair and make itself sp3 hybridized? Is sp3 more stable? And if so why is it more stable? Does that mean every carbon in a double bond with another double bond would rather try to break that double bond and form another sigma bond in order to become sp3 hybridized?

submitted by /u/questions2067
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Saturday, June 5, 2021

Is there an orbital distance that would allow an object to move at *precisely* the same speed as the ground?

Is there an orbital distance that would allow an object to move at *precisely* the same speed as the ground?


Is there an orbital distance that would allow an object to move at *precisely* the same speed as the ground?

Posted: 05 Jun 2021 01:10 AM PDT

My understanding is that for an object to be in orbit it must travel faster the closer it is to the surface.

Perhaps the Earth's rotations is too slow for something to travel the same speed and remain in orbit.

But I was curious to know if there was a point in Earth's orbit where you could plant a big anchor or something and it would basically follow the Earth's rotation.

submitted by /u/CaptainBusketTTV
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Does electromagnetic radiation, like visible light or radio waves, truly move in a sinusoidal motion as I learned in college?

Posted: 04 Jun 2021 09:45 AM PDT

Edit: THANK YOU ALL FOR THE AMAZING RESPONSES!

I didn't expect this to blow up this much! I guess some other people had a similar question in their head always!

submitted by /u/kylitobv
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Do teenagers and young adults produce more antibodies for a similar dose of pfizer or astrazeneca when compared to older adults?

Posted: 05 Jun 2021 02:33 AM PDT

Are there any papers suggesting this?

submitted by /u/wingslutz69
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Is there a unit of measure of how greasy / slippery / is a compound ?

Posted: 05 Jun 2021 01:51 AM PDT

Some oil/fat seems really greasy, (BBQ residue) whereas some other are less water resistant (vegetal oil) and can be washed off more easily

Is there different level of greasiness or it's a simple matter of concentration ?

I know for instance that adhesive have different level of stickiness called Tack measured in Newton IIRC

submitted by /u/0K4M1
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Why isn’t capillary action able to make a perpetual motion mashine?

Posted: 05 Jun 2021 01:16 AM PDT

I know it has limits, but what exactly are they?

submitted by /u/SourcerySprinkles
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Do we know the Infection Fatality Ratio for the whole population of The United States?

Posted: 05 Jun 2021 02:18 AM PDT

Does turning a box of icecream on its side with the top off make it melt faster?

Posted: 04 Jun 2021 11:33 AM PDT

I have been pondering this with my grandpa. He usually does this to make it melt faster. It does seem logical; given that cold air is heavier than warm air, it would presumably "spill" out, or the air that has been cooled in the heat exchange will fall down and allow new warm air to exchange heat. But maybe the thermodynamics are more complicated than that.

submitted by /u/MisterJH
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Will rising sea levels eliminate all sandy beaches from the earth? Or will sand "redistribute" to naturally form new beaches?

Posted: 04 Jun 2021 09:27 PM PDT

I'm concerned about the possibility that there may come a point in my lifetime where there are no sandy beaches left on the planet, or they become so rare that they are virtually impossible to visit. Is this a valid concern?

submitted by /u/Fiveby21
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Does speaking a different language affect non verbal comunication?

Posted: 04 Jun 2021 03:42 AM PDT

Does anyone know of an adhesive that will bond silicone rubber to plexiglass?

Posted: 04 Jun 2021 11:42 AM PDT

I have my reasons.

submitted by /u/rocket_monkey
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Do humans have bacteria in their body before birth?

Posted: 04 Jun 2021 12:31 AM PDT

Bacteria are commonly found in the human body. It's easy to guess (correct me if I'm wrong) that babies pick up their first bacteria from the environment around them, but what about the bacteria inside their body?

It's unlikely that we collect the right amount and variety of bacteria to populate our guts, for example.

Which leads to the question: are we born already with a gut microbiome, transferred or created before birth? And if so, does the mother "share" it with the baby in her womb through the placenta? If so, I'm surprised that newborns are not a bacteria bomb :')

Jokes apart, enlighten me, please!

submitted by /u/Tythan
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What biological processes in the cell take up the most ATP?

Posted: 03 Jun 2021 09:33 PM PDT

Both on average most of the time, and under conditions of oxidative stress?

submitted by /u/inquilinekea
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