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Friday, April 16, 2021

Why only some plant cuttings grow when put in water?

Why only some plant cuttings grow when put in water?

Why only some plant cuttings grow when put in water?

Posted: 15 Apr 2021 11:05 PM PDT

There are some plants that will happily grow roots and be perfectly happy when put in just water, like some vines. Put just a bare section from a willow tree in a jar of water and it will grow roots and a new shoot of leaves from the top. But a branch taken from a birch will first grow leaves but then start to wilt within a week.

Why don't all plants or trees be like willows?

submitted by /u/purplecow
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Does a second dose of vaccine restart immunity or does it carry the 80% protection from the first dose through the whole process?

Posted: 15 Apr 2021 06:25 PM PDT

Will you still be 80% protected from the first dose immediately, or a day or two, after receiving the second, or are you back to no immunity until the second dose is fully active?

submitted by /u/hippopotma_gandhi
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How do T cells recognize the S protein as an antigen on MHC-1 for the mRNA covid vaccine if it is foreign?

Posted: 15 Apr 2021 11:06 PM PDT

I've scoured the internet to find this, and a lot of answers are along the lines of "yeah your body just know that the S protein = bad when presented on MHC-1." As you can expect, this isn't very informative.

From my understanding, the mRNA vaccine doesn't secrete the S protein extracellularly either, so they aren't phagocytized by an antigen-presenting cell.

I was thinking maybe there's a specific T cell that binds to MHC-1 and somehow has a receptor for that S protein? Is this the case? Because there is a huge variation of T-cells made with different receptors right?

  1. If this is the case, isn't it quite ineffective to wait for a T-cell to come along with maybe a 1 in a million chance of having a receptor that binds to the S protein (Covid spike protein)?

  2. Is there another way that our body recognizes the S protein as an antigen?

submitted by /u/PythonHammer
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Where does the mass go when not conserved in chemical reactions?

Posted: 16 Apr 2021 05:37 AM PDT

I have read that mass changes in chemical reactions, for example through making and breaking bonds, but it is too small to detect. In balanced equations for non-nuclear reactions, there are the same number of protons, neutrons and electrons on both sides. If the equation is balanced, where is the mass change? Do the electrons/neutrons/protons slightly change their mass, or is the mass change hidden somewhere else?

submitted by /u/AmazingMeltedSnowman
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Why don't we see any main sequence Red Giants or Blue Dwarfs?

Posted: 15 Apr 2021 11:54 PM PDT

Pretty simple question, probably with a pretty simple answer. Blue Dwarfs are a theoretical stage of life for Red Dwarfs, that much I know, but why don't we see any small main sequence Blue stars? Is it just not possible to get that hot and that small? And the same goes for Red Giants - all the big stars seem to be Blue. Why are none of them Red? Why is that only the dying stage of a larger star?

submitted by /u/MonsieurToast
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How did moderna finally determine a safe and effective dose of lipid nanoparticles to use in the COVID vaccine?

Posted: 15 Apr 2021 08:05 PM PDT

In 2017 moderna shelved it's mRNA technology because they couldn't get the therapy to work. All due to the toxicity of lipid nanoparticles. The structure that carries the synthetic mRNA to cells(?).

What changes were made in less than three years that made the delivery of COVID mRNA safe?

submitted by /u/sevensixer
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Why don't the tides bring the moon closer to the Earth?

Posted: 16 Apr 2021 01:01 AM PDT

Here I have linked a diagram. https://i.imgur.com/FHdbSjj.jpg

I understand how the friction from the earth spinning against the water causes the ocean bulge to drift ahead of the moon.

However, I do not understand how that bulge causes the moon to drift AWAY from the earth.

If I draw a line between the bulge and the moon, wouldn't an attraction along that line bring the moon closer to the bulge? (and subsequently closer to the earth?)

Thanks.

submitted by /u/SalvosMachina
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What causes a metallic taste after Pfizer’s COVID-19 vaccination?

Posted: 15 Apr 2021 07:18 PM PDT

Some patients report having a strange, persistent metallic taste after being vaccinated with Pfizer's mRNA vaccine.

This has been reported by news outlets as a "phenomenon". For example, NBC News: https://www.nbcnews.com/news/amp/ncna1261944.

I was wondering if any biologists, doctors, etc. could provide a biological explanation for this side effect.

Disclaimer: I received Pfizer myself today, and I experienced this rare effect. This post is not meant to deter vaccination in anyone. It just seemed like a good question.

submitted by /u/cajundev25
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For Covid survivors, is further and frequent exposure to virus boosting immunity or increasing the risk of re-infection?

Posted: 15 Apr 2021 05:10 PM PDT

As in the title. That's a question about any similar disease really. If someone has acquired immunity through infection, and afterwards frequently comes into contact with carriers, does that boost their immunity (because there's "reminder" for the immune system of what to fight with) or does that increase risk of re-infection (because of prolonged exposure and concentration of viruses)?

submitted by /u/TeoTN
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How do you get different elemental properties from slight variations in the amount of electrons orbiting an atomic nucleus?

Posted: 15 Apr 2021 11:52 AM PDT

I never intuitively understood how you go from atoms to the actual elements, with all of their specific properties. How can the amounts of electrons in an atom determine the color, shape, conductivity, fluidity, etc. of an element?

submitted by /u/benisbrother
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We often hear that the majority of the ocean is unexplored. Are we trying to change that and if so, what are we exploring and finding?

Posted: 15 Apr 2021 01:24 PM PDT

As the title says. I've often heard that we know more about the moon than we do our own ocean. Are we actively trying to change that and if so, what are some of the exciting projects ongoing which are giving us some new insights in the oceans.

submitted by /u/jimguru
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Why did Horizons only fly by Pluto?

Posted: 15 Apr 2021 04:41 PM PDT

Why did the engineers decide to only fly by Pluto, when it would seem more science could be collected by placing it in an orbit?

submitted by /u/Could_0f
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How does your immune system recognise a foreign organ (after organ transplant) ?

Posted: 15 Apr 2021 08:05 AM PDT
vào lúc No comments:

Thursday, April 15, 2021

AskScience AMA Series: We're a group of scientists working on the next generation of solvents for more sustainable chemistry. Ask us anything!

AskScience AMA Series: We're a group of scientists working on the next generation of solvents for more sustainable chemistry. Ask us anything!

AskScience AMA Series: We're a group of scientists working on the next generation of solvents for more sustainable chemistry. Ask us anything!

Posted: 15 Apr 2021 04:00 AM PDT

Solvents are used in a variety of applications - from paints and electronics to pharmaceuticals and agrochemical production. Yet, many pose a hazard to human health and the environment, which means it's more important than ever to create safer, more sustainable alternatives.

We're exploring new applications for bio-based solvents, such as Cyrene™ - a dipolar aprotic solvent that is derived from cellulose and produced in one step from levoglucosenone (LGO), a versatile chemical building block. This solvent can be used for the production and development of active pharmaceutical ingredients, the engineering of plastics and the manufacturing and recycling of electronic components.

In addition to determining new applications for Cyrene™ solvent, we're also working on further developments for other LGO derivatives. These next-gen solvents can play a crucial role in more sustainable chemistry. For example, when compared to N-methyl-2-pyrrolione (NMP) and dimethylformamide (DMF), two solvents under increasing regulatory restrictions due to their toxicity, Cyrene™ solvent offers superior performance in some applications. Additionally, its low toxicity falls well below the hazard thresholds defined by the Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals.

Here to answer your questions about greener solvents are:

  • Dr. Jane Murray (/u/GreenJanem): I am the global head of green chemistry at Merck. I have a background in chemical research-having completed my Ph.D. at the University of York, where I researched green oxidations of organosulfur compounds using hydrogen peroxide. In my current role, I enjoy partnering with academics to introduce novel green chemistry technologies to the scientific community. I was named an Environment+Energy Leader 100 Honoree in 2020.
  • Dr. Jason Camp (/u/DrJasonCamp): I am the chief technology officer at Circa Group. Prior to joining Circa, I had over 10 years of experience as an independent academic at various UK universities, during which I conducted research and published extensively in the areas of green chemistry and sustainable solvents, including Cyrene™. In addition, I have served on the Society of Chemical industry's (SCI) Fine Chemicals Group since 2014 and am currently the secretary of the SCI's Science and Enterprise Group.
  • James Clark (/u/GreenJamesClark): I am a scientific advisor at Circa Group, professor at the University of York and director of the Green Chemistry Centre of Excellence. I have played a leading role in green and sustainable chemistry over the last 20 years, and have published over 400 related articles in that period. My activities in research, education and industrial collaboration have led to prizes and awards from the Royal Society of Chemistry, the SCI and EUChemS, as well as honorary doctorates from universities in Belgium, Germany and Sweden.

We'll be answering questions about our work on bio-based solvent developments from 11 a.m. EDT - 1 p.m. EDT (15-17 UT). Ask us anything!

submitted by /u/AskScienceModerator
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What is up with the seahorse? It looks like nature hit the random button during critter creation. Where did it evolve from? what other sea critters is it related to?

Posted: 14 Apr 2021 08:43 AM PDT

I was speaking with my son while walking our dog the other day and we agreed that most critters seem to be a variation on other critters, be it a long neck deer or a chompy water rat. When asked about seahorse however neither of us could come up with an answer. So what is up with the seahorse how did it come be? What other animals can we see that it's genetically close to?

submitted by /u/Bostonterrierpug
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Standing on a rock at the absolute edge of the Milky Way, facing away from the galaxy. What do I see above me?

Posted: 15 Apr 2021 12:13 AM PDT

For the naked eye.

Is the sky filled with stars? Do I only see light from the local cluster, or is it mostly pitch black?

Also, if you have any material on this I'd love a link.

submitted by /u/Eckoez
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We see reusable rockets landing back at the designated landing pads. It's probably undergoing very high pressure and heat during last few seconds. Are they made of pain concrete or some special material is needed to withstand the conditions repeatedly?

Posted: 15 Apr 2021 03:03 AM PDT

What does a control line in a covid test (lateral flow rapid antigen self-test) actually detect?

Posted: 15 Apr 2021 07:19 AM PDT

Does it detect just a 'buffer' solution (so that the control strips just shows that I have wetted the strip properly), or does it actually detect some chemicals from tissues (so the control line shows I have properly sampled a nasal tissue)?

I tried googling, but this is rarely mentioned (the line is just called quality control line in test materials, without mentioning which quality it actually controls) and i have found mentions of goat antichicken IgY antibody, which sounds like something that should be able to detect human tissue, but I have no idea how this should work (and why would 'antichicken' antibodies detect human tissue).

Thank you for any pointers! :)

submitted by /u/weathergraph
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When acid is added to milk,it coagulates. What’s are the reaction kinetics associated with such coagulation?

Posted: 15 Apr 2021 07:08 AM PDT

How does in vivo electrophysiology looks like / works?

Posted: 15 Apr 2021 06:56 AM PDT

Hi everyone,

I'm doing a PhD in experimental Neuroscience but my background is in Psychology, so I'm struggling to understand a few techniques that are used in animal research.

My current difficulties are with in vivo electrophysiology.

  1. What are the concrete practical stages involved in this technique (e.g. electrodes preparation, surgery for electrode implantation, ...)?
  2. What do you measure exactly with electrophysiology? Is it action potentials? And do you measure the activity of a single neuron with a single electrode? Or is it the activity of several neurons in a larger area?
  3. How are the graphs generated? I assume that each electrode will generate its own wave signal and that these signals are then averaged into a final wave?
  4. What is multichannel fiber photometry? Is it in any way similar or related to electrophysiology?

I hope that my questions make sense, I really appreciate any answer!

Thank you very much!

submitted by /u/88_Lullabi_88
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What is the most common eye prescription?

Posted: 15 Apr 2021 06:43 AM PDT

Is near-sightedness more common than over-sightedness?

Is it more common to have a slight defect (like -1.00) than a major one (like -6.00)? Why or why not?

submitted by /u/Nirogunner
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How do babies get passive immunity from breast milk?

Posted: 14 Apr 2021 02:06 PM PDT

Essentially, doesn't the baby's digestive system break down the immunoglobulins, like it would do to any other protein? How are babies protected then?

submitted by /u/LostinAU
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Why doesn’t the immune system develop antibodies to the lipid nanoparticles used in the mRNA COVID vaccines?

Posted: 14 Apr 2021 07:14 PM PDT

Hello,

One reason for potentially reduced efficacy in Adenovirus vector platforms has been speculated to be that the immune system develops antibodies to the Adenovirus vector after the first dose, thereby reducing the efficacy of the vaccine for the second dose.

With that in mind, why don't we see the same thing happening to the lipid nanoparticle used to shuttle the mRNA into the cells, in Pfizer and Moderna's mRNA vaccines?

Wouldn't the body attempt to generate antibodies against the PEG lipid nanoparticles after the first dose? I did recall reading that the lipid nanoparticle acts as a sort of adjuvant, helping drive the immune response and boosting efficacy.

I ask this because if future vaccines were to use the same lipid nanoparticle formula to shuttle mRNA, is there any theoretical risk that individuals who received the first dose of such vaccine type would have antibodies against the material?

Thanks.

submitted by /u/rockthered198
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How is interstellar reddening accounted for in calculations of the approximate age of the universe?

Posted: 14 Apr 2021 03:47 PM PDT

As I understand it, one way of calculating the age of the universe is to measure the redshift of photons coming from distant galaxies and find the universe's expansion rate. Given that interstellar dust particles scatter higher wavelengths of light and cause the light coming from galaxies to appear more red, it would make sense that this would need to be accounted for at some point. Is this observation basically uniform across the sky or does it need to be averaged across several measurements in a way that gives us the "average" redshift of light from similar distances but different locations?

submitted by /u/submersions
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Why does the moon look so big in comparison to earth when looking at the Deep Space Climate Observatory (DSCOVR) satellite images?

Posted: 14 Apr 2021 12:39 PM PDT

I want to ask why this looks so unusual. The famous photos of earth, from the moon, make earth look smaller like in this one: https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/imgcat/hires/a11_h_44_6552.gif

Then again, the photos from DSCOVR are visually much more different in composition. The series of photos I'm curious about: https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/thumbnails/image/dscovrepicmoontransitfull.gif

Thanks!

submitted by /u/accidium
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anyone can comment on what happens at the edge (for lack of a better word) of our atmosphere with space? i’m having trouble understanding how you go from having air and then having “nothing” in a vacuum. isnt there some sort of interface where the two meet and what happens there?

Posted: 14 Apr 2021 02:41 PM PDT

What causes certain COVID variants to elude detection from PCR tests?

Posted: 14 Apr 2021 08:46 AM PDT

There seems to be a new French variant that's eluding existing PCR tests. So far most other variants are still yielding covid positive results if you're infected, but not this one.

Is there something to the way it mutates that causes this?

And will we need to develop new kits that will help catch these cases??

latest French variant is not detected by PCR tests

submitted by /u/noowayyyyyy
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Twin Differences in Harsh Parenting Predict Youth’s Antisocial Behavior- Questions?

Posted: 14 Apr 2021 07:45 AM PDT

(with a question mark this time. . . thanks automod)

Also not sure about the flair, I'm asking more about methodology and how people answer these questions; less about the implications of the study.

So this morning I saw a headline, "Study proves spanking causes anti-social behavior." The article was only a paragraph long and basically stated they "used twins to determine the effects of spanking and harsh treatment". Of course my first thought was "BS" you can't beat one child for science. Then I found a much longer article in which the Author says:

>What we did was we asked both of the twins and both of the parents to report how often parents physically hit their children, and also how often they yelled at them or said mean things to them.

My question is, how accurate are these "self-reporting" data studies; I can't read the full published results; not that I disagree, I just wondering how you control for lying or misremembering, and such.https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0956797620968532?journalCode=pssa&

submitted by /u/Ilsensine
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vào lúc No comments:

Wednesday, April 14, 2021

Heart monitors measure heartrate, is there a heart strength as well? Is there an advantage to faster weaker beats or slower stronger beats?

Heart monitors measure heartrate, is there a heart strength as well? Is there an advantage to faster weaker beats or slower stronger beats?

Heart monitors measure heartrate, is there a heart strength as well? Is there an advantage to faster weaker beats or slower stronger beats?

Posted: 13 Apr 2021 08:00 PM PDT

Why can plastic only be recycled a few times while glass can be recycled indefinitely?

Posted: 13 Apr 2021 06:39 PM PDT

Specifically: why do the plastic molecules become shorter with each melting down/recycling (thus degrading the material) while glass molecules don't and can therefore be recycled an indefinite number of times without degrading?

submitted by /u/carl816
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Ask Anything Wednesday - Biology, Chemistry, Neuroscience, Medicine, Psychology

Posted: 14 Apr 2021 07:00 AM PDT

Welcome to our weekly feature, Ask Anything Wednesday - this week we are focusing on Biology, Chemistry, Neuroscience, Medicine, Psychology

Do you have a question within these topics you weren't sure was worth submitting? Is something a bit too speculative for a typical /r/AskScience post? No question is too big or small for AAW. In this thread you can ask any science-related question! Things like: "What would happen if...", "How will the future...", "If all the rules for 'X' were different...", "Why does my...".

Asking Questions:

Please post your question as a top-level response to this, and our team of panellists will be here to answer and discuss your questions. The other topic areas will appear in future Ask Anything Wednesdays, so if you have other questions not covered by this weeks theme please either hold on to it until those topics come around, or go and post over in our sister subreddit /r/AskScienceDiscussion , where every day is Ask Anything Wednesday! Off-theme questions in this post will be removed to try and keep the thread a manageable size for both our readers and panellists.

Answering Questions:

Please only answer a posted question if you are an expert in the field. The full guidelines for posting responses in AskScience can be found here. In short, this is a moderated subreddit, and responses which do not meet our quality guidelines will be removed. Remember, peer reviewed sources are always appreciated, and anecdotes are absolutely not appropriate. In general if your answer begins with 'I think', or 'I've heard', then it's not suitable for /r/AskScience.

If you would like to become a member of the AskScience panel, please refer to the information provided here.

Past AskAnythingWednesday posts can be found here. Ask away!

submitted by /u/AutoModerator
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How do barometers measure altitude accurately when air pressure is constantly changing?

Posted: 14 Apr 2021 02:22 AM PDT

Fitness watches or bike computers - probably some phones too - track altitude change via air pressure change, accurately enough down to the foot/metre.
How can they do this when the air pressure is always changing.
And how can they be accurate down to feet/ metres?

submitted by /u/dingdongdingers
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How is it that there is a height difference between Pacific and Atlantic ocean?

Posted: 14 Apr 2021 04:28 AM PDT

I just can't figure out why, if they are interconnected by the strait of magellan at Kap Hoorn, why do they have to change height in the panama channel?

Edit: https://www.reddit.com/r/Damnthatsinteresting/comments/mqklsm/how_the_panama_canal_works/?utm_source=share&utm_medium=ios_app&utm_name=iossmf

submitted by /u/cobue
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Why don't we know the size of the entire universe?

Posted: 14 Apr 2021 01:39 AM PDT

We know when it started and how fast it expands, so why are we unsure about how much 'space' there is beyond our observable universe?

submitted by /u/Jack_SL
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What is the difference between P-wave (longitudinal) modulus of a material versus its Young's modulus?

Posted: 14 Apr 2021 04:43 AM PDT

Studying Brillouin microscopy and these moduli can be very different. Can't seem to understand why the difference in their definition

submitted by /u/smart_choices_4u
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Is it possible to estimate the flashpoint of a mixture?

Posted: 13 Apr 2021 04:28 PM PDT

If given the flash point of two known substances, is it possible to estimate the flash point of a mixture of both? To give a little background, I want to achieve a mixture with a flashpoint close to Coleman's fuel (-4°C) that when openly burnt should produce a visible flame. I was guessing that a mixture of gasoline (-40°C) and isopropyl alcohol (~12°C) could achieve that. But would it be possible to know the ratios with a linear interpolation or am I way off?

Obviously it would be best to get some Coleman's fuel but it is not available in my country.

submitted by /u/ivmeneses
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I'm not sure where to ask this but maybe you guys can help, why do people refer to it as West Texas and Western Kansas? Is there a difference in West vs Western?

Posted: 13 Apr 2021 07:07 PM PDT

I'm not sure what flair fits this. I live in the area and this question just popped into my mind. Maybe there's a better sub for this?

submitted by /u/donolftritler
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Why are there no white sandy beaches up in the north?

Posted: 13 Apr 2021 08:22 AM PDT

I'm thinking specifically about alaska and Canada, which seem to be exclusively pebble beaches, while the Caribbean is famous for white sandy beaches with a very fine sand. Why is this?

submitted by /u/Ghost_of_agnew
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How common are blood clots as vaccine side effects?

Posted: 13 Apr 2021 10:26 AM PDT

I've seen that both the AstraZeneca and J&J COVID vaccines have blood clots as a side effect (https://www.nytimes.com/2021/04/13/health/blood-clots-johnson-vaccine.html https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/news-perspective/2021/04/studies-suggest-link-between-blood-clots-astrazeneca-covid-vaccine).

I know that these two vaccines are using more traditional technologies (reengineered viral plasmids if I recall) and I haven't heard about any blood clots with the mRNA vaccines from Moderna and Pfeizer. It got me thinking.

Are blood clots a known side effect in vaccines using traditional technologies? That is, are people more concerned now because it's being heavily covered by the media and are actually expected by reviewing the literature on what is known about these technologies.

submitted by /u/o-rka
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Why don't we inject immune cells like T cells or those that kill pathogens when the immune system is failing to defeat the pathogen?

Posted: 13 Apr 2021 07:43 AM PDT

I am not from a medical background so please excuse me if this question is silly or uninformed.

submitted by /u/Sohamgen
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Do I need to wipe down everything I buy to decrease the chances of COVID infection?

Posted: 13 Apr 2021 08:46 AM PDT

I've been wiping down everything I buy from groceries to books since the pandemic started. Yet I've recently been reading that fomite, or surface, transmission of the virus is low and can easily be mediated with hand washing. Are these data accurate? Is wiping down everything I buy necessary? Thank you all in advance for your time.

submitted by /u/IRedditAlreadyBro
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Could we not observe light from space in the form of a laser being shined at the moon?

Posted: 13 Apr 2021 06:59 PM PDT

Like a spacecraft observing the moon and the earth, with a high speed camera, measuring the speed it takes that light (in a vacuum) goes a set distance, say 300,000 meters from the surface of the Earth, to the time it takes to hit the moon. I say from a distance from the surface so that by that point we get light's speed in a vacuum. We have cameras that can see photons moving in a digestible format. Would we be able to do that and get a much closer approximation for the speed of light?

submitted by /u/zombie2uRBX
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Lake Baikal growth: how is it measured?

Posted: 13 Apr 2021 06:56 AM PDT

Hi guys, I was watching a video of SciShow about lake Baikal ( https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AjJUFyd4Cac ). At the very beginning of the video (min 1:07) they mention that the lake gets wider about 2cm annually. I have no doubt about the tectonic fact, however, I was wondering how can it be measure with such precision. Of course, my first thought was "well... using satellite you can compare one image to the other, yadah yadah", but talking about such large distances, and satellite images, measuring a difference of cm sound like a long shot. Maybe I'm wrong and is possible.
Anyway, this is just a curiosity, I would appreciate your answers.
Cheers!!

submitted by /u/pauggl
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What happens inside our body that causes certain body parts to twitch?

Posted: 13 Apr 2021 04:26 AM PDT

Could taking medicine to dampen a fever reduce the effectiveness of the immune system trying to protect the body?

Posted: 12 Apr 2021 08:04 PM PDT

What happens underwater during a waterspout?

Posted: 12 Apr 2021 11:07 PM PDT

What would happen underwater during a waterspout? Would a whirlpool form under it? How far down would it go? Do fish and other see creatures know to avoid it? Would the effects be different depending on it was fair wether or tornadic?

submitted by /u/bronydog
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vào lúc No comments:

Tuesday, April 13, 2021

What's the difference between comets, meteors, meteorites, meteoroids, and asteroids?

What's the difference between comets, meteors, meteorites, meteoroids, and asteroids?

What's the difference between comets, meteors, meteorites, meteoroids, and asteroids?

Posted: 13 Apr 2021 12:45 AM PDT

Vaccines like the current Covid ones target the virus’ spike proteins, which mutate a lot. Why haven’t they developed a vaccine that targets the nucleocapsid proteins instead?

Posted: 12 Apr 2021 09:59 AM PDT

Why do we need Vitamin K in our body?

Posted: 13 Apr 2021 05:44 AM PDT

Why are laparoscopic surgeries often performed with an incision right by the belly button, instead of just elsewhere on the abdomen?

Posted: 13 Apr 2021 05:25 AM PDT

It seems like the belly button would be more difficult to clean and more likely go develop an infection. Is it done just for aesthetics cause it's easier to obscure the scar?

submitted by /u/doomed-to-sparkle
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How does the process of creating the COVID vaccine differ from the process to create the flu vaccine each year?

Posted: 13 Apr 2021 01:12 AM PDT

Are they the same, similar or completely different?

submitted by /u/TryNotToAssume
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Do influenza vaccines over a lifetime confer progressive immunity to new/recombined variants?

Posted: 12 Apr 2021 03:28 PM PDT

So influenza shuffles its neuraminidase/hemagglutinin surface markers through genetic recombination shift/drift events to escape immune clearance. As humans we have been immunizing every year for the most common strains of that year. Over a lifetime, however, and assuming fidelity to vaccinations, will an individual have the robustness of an immune response to new strains of flu? Are the gains we get each year progressively adding to a repertoire that has sufficient overlap to even newly recombined strains?

Thank you!

submitted by /u/horyo
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Why should B decay to electrons or muons at the same rate?

Posted: 12 Apr 2021 08:28 PM PDT

The description of the B meson decays coming out of the LHC is that the standard model prediction is that the probability of decaying by producing an electron pair is the same as decaying with a muon pair.

Why doesn't the difference in mass affect the probability in these decay modes?

I'm thinking of two things. First aren't there kinematic factors that depend on the masses of the decay products. Second doesn't the mass of the particles affect the higher order quantum effects that can differentiate between the two (e.g. the electron and muon have different g factors)

submitted by /u/mapadofu
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Can the same virus variant arise spontaneously in more than one place?

Posted: 12 Apr 2021 04:13 PM PDT

Why do rivers "Breathe", Change in depth, throughout the day?

Posted: 12 Apr 2021 01:15 PM PDT

Was sitting next to a river a few days ago, and I noticed a tree trunk sticking out of the water, very clearly visible. I look down at my phone for about 20 minutes and look back up, The trunk was noticeable more submerged. As I kept looking down and back up over the course of maybe more than an hour, eventually the trunk was fully submerged.

The next day I walk by the same river, at the same time and the trunk is back where it is.

This made me wonder why do rivers "breathe". Does anyone have an answer, would love to know.

submitted by /u/throwawaytenant87875
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Do people who lose their dominant hand become "the-other-handed"? What about other organs where dominance exists, like legs, eyes, etc.?

Posted: 12 Apr 2021 09:23 AM PDT

If yes, does "shift" in one organ's dominance affect dominance in other organs as well, even if they're intact?

submitted by /u/timbomcchoi
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Is it possible for binary planet's to be habitable?

Posted: 12 Apr 2021 02:15 PM PDT

If so, would it be possible for life to pass between them through events like astroid collisions? Would there need to be some halfway gravity source, like a moon?

I'm going to use this as a part of a story I'm writing, and I want to keep it as realistic as possible, so if there are any intresting things that someone living on a binary planet would have, please let me know.

submitted by /u/TzarTywin
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Will there be a COVID-19 vaccine for big cats or other animals kept in zoos that are susceptible to COVID-19?

Posted: 12 Apr 2021 11:20 AM PDT

I remember reading a while ago that several big cat species at the Bronx Zoo tested positive for COVID. I believe they thought other species might be vulnerable to COVID as well.

submitted by /u/harvestgobs
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How do mRNA vaccines affect people with Oral Allergy Syndrome (OAS)?

Posted: 12 Apr 2021 12:42 PM PDT

Oral Allergy Syndrome, sometimes referred to as Pollen Fruit Syndrome (PFS) is the result of your immune system confusing proteins found in different fruits with proteins found in certain kinds of pollen. This can result in an allergic reaction to the raw fruit, but cooked fruits are often safe as the protein is broken down.

Unlike traditional vaccines, mRNA vaccines help your body produce a protein that triggers an immune response. Would people with OAS be at risk for additional/more severe adverse reactions? Are mRNA vaccines like to be more effective, less effective, or is there no correlation/causation between OAS and mRNA vaccines?

submitted by /u/BoatWizard
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What causes certain smells to linger longer than others?

Posted: 12 Apr 2021 04:46 AM PDT
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