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Sunday, March 21, 2021

Does the sun have a solid(like) surface?

Does the sun have a solid(like) surface?


Does the sun have a solid(like) surface?

Posted: 20 Mar 2021 07:55 AM PDT

This might seem like a stupid question, perhaps it is. But, let's say that hypothetically, we create a suit that allows us to 'stand' on the sun. Would you even be able to? Would it seem like a solid surface? Would it be more like quicksand, drowning you? Would you pass through the sun, until you are at the center? Is there a point where you would encounter something hard that you as a person would consider ground, whatever material it may be?

submitted by /u/Solestian
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What cells in my body are making the spike protein after I get an mRNA vaccine?

Posted: 20 Mar 2021 02:45 PM PDT

Is it all of them? Just the cells in the muscle that they injected into? Or is just white blood cells?

submitted by /u/ertgbnm
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How does an "undetectable viral load" prevent the transmission of HIV?

Posted: 20 Mar 2021 05:53 PM PDT

It's been widely publicised that a person with an undetectable viral load of HIV is unable to transmit the virus to another person, but I've never seen an explanation as to why that is. I would like to understand why such a small, but non-zero, amount of the virus is not infectious.

Is it just a consequence of probability, meaning that the number of HIV particles is so low that the odds of any single one successfully infecting a host cell are virtually zero? Or do infections occur, but the very small number of them allow the immune system to eliminate them before too many cells are taken over?

submitted by /u/Silicon-Based
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Has there recently been more volcanic activity than usual?

Posted: 20 Mar 2021 02:24 PM PDT

Is it just me or does there seem to be an increased number of eruptions lately? If so, is it a sign of something potentially bigger such as the big California quake or even perhaps a Yellowstone eruption?

submitted by /u/davedazzler
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How did rabies come into existence? Did it mutate from a less extreme virus?

Posted: 20 Mar 2021 02:02 PM PDT

How many cell's distance is the average human tissue cell away from a capillary?

Posted: 20 Mar 2021 12:06 PM PDT

I get that it's a broad question and it would probably be different in bone vs muscle, but I'm assuming not every cell is directly adjacent to a capillary. Roughly how many cells would or could be between 2 capillaries and still get adequate O2, waste removal, etc? Thanks!

submitted by /u/Kid_Charlema9ne
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How are rockets test fired without moving?

Posted: 20 Mar 2021 09:53 PM PDT

How is all of the energy the rocket produces which would normally increase it's velocity upwards absorbed or dissipated? My first thoughts would be attaching a large amount of mass to the rocket somehow or putting a large amount of mass above it that it is not capable of breaking through, but I feel like it would have a more advanced answer than that.

submitted by /u/nyjets239
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Can someone explain the steps of reverse transcriptase in a retrovirus?

Posted: 20 Mar 2021 05:17 PM PDT

Hello all, I've been looking around for good sources that can explain the process of reverse transcriptase in a retrovirus, but I can't find much that I can understand. Can anyone explain what the steps are for a retrovirus getting its RNA to DNA, preferably with the main enzymes involved? Thank you in advance.

submitted by /u/geneticsnerd11
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Do bouncing ball videos help children learn to read?

Posted: 20 Mar 2021 12:50 PM PDT

As its wiki article?wprov=sfti1) states, "The bouncing ball is a device used in motion picture films and video recordings to visually indicate the rhythm of a song, helping audiences to sing along with live or prerecorded music."

I'm at the stage in life where I'm helping a young child learn to read, and my suspicion is that bouncing ball videos do a good job showing the child what sounds correspond to what letter combinations (at least generally, in this highly irregular language). Is that suspicion accurate?

submitted by /u/uppervalued
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Are the current coronavirus vaccines effective against the known variants?

Posted: 20 Mar 2021 09:29 AM PDT

My parents both recently received the AstraZeneca vaccine and I have received the Pfizer one. I am wondering if any data has come out on the different vaccines and their efficacies against the current known variants (UK, Brazil, South Africa in particular).

submitted by /u/sktwocan
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If a radioactive isotope which can only decay through Electron Capture is an ion with no electrons, how does it decay?

Posted: 20 Mar 2021 12:39 PM PDT

If I had a radioisotope which can only decay through the process of Electron Capture, and I somehow managed to totally strip it of every single orbiting electron before it decayed, what would happen? Would it decay? If so, how? Or are there no isotopes like this - in other words, there's just a remote chance it could do something else (if so, would this affect the half life at all?)

submitted by /u/KrozJr_UK
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Why don’t all cell phones receive the same calls?

Posted: 20 Mar 2021 09:26 PM PDT

Cell towers do not know where your phone is; signals are broadcasted indiscriminately toward all devices. how your phone filter out data meant for every other phone on the network and only receive the data meant for itself? thats way too much to be done internally by the processor right?

submitted by /u/_ieya_
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Isostatic rebound: How do rates of rebound change over time?

Posted: 20 Mar 2021 02:51 PM PDT

I have been trying to figure out what Greenland might look like after the ice cap melts in a hypothetical future. And one of the things to take into account is isostatic rebound. And I'm assuming that immediately after ice retreats from a region, if rebounds a lot faster than it does thousands of years later, like most of the world today. Are there any estimates for how fast the ground would rebound immediately following the loss of ice? And are there any estimates for how this rate would change over time?

submitted by /u/VulcanTrekkie45
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Saturday, March 20, 2021

Why does our immune system need one or two injections to learn to fight a new threat and many injections to unlearn to fight a perceived threat (e.g. dust mite)? Thanks

Why does our immune system need one or two injections to learn to fight a new threat and many injections to unlearn to fight a perceived threat (e.g. dust mite)? Thanks


Why does our immune system need one or two injections to learn to fight a new threat and many injections to unlearn to fight a perceived threat (e.g. dust mite)? Thanks

Posted: 19 Mar 2021 12:00 PM PDT

Could thorium reactors be used to recycle waste from currently used nuclear reactors?

Posted: 19 Mar 2021 12:27 PM PDT

I fell in love with general concept of thorium-based nuclear reactors, which promise cleaner, cheaper and much safer nuclear energy, thanks to thorium being fertile, not fissile like uranium or plutonium. If I understand it correctly, for such reactor to start its cycles, there needs to be a small amount of fissile materials.

But does it have to be a specific isotope, or can it use at least some of byproducts from currently used nuclear reactors, materials that are unusable for them, but still fisile and radioactive?

submitted by /u/mardabx
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How does the stomach regulate stomach acid while it exits into the intentional tract?

Posted: 19 Mar 2021 01:26 PM PDT

The stomach makes acid. Acid goes out with food.

How does the intestine deal with rate of incoming hydrochloric acid and how does the stomach generate this amount of acid?

More importantly, why do I not get HCL burns when pooping???

submitted by /u/trogfield
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Has there ever been a study of how children of parents with advanced degrees do at poor/mediocre/average schools in K12 compared to peers at highly ranked ones? If so, what were the results?

Posted: 19 Mar 2021 07:50 AM PDT

Why J&J only needs one dose?

Posted: 19 Mar 2021 11:23 PM PDT

Does anyone know what is the molecular / biochemical reasoning for J&J to work with only one dose? It's adenoviral competitors AstraZeneca and Sputnik V need two. J&J only needs one, meaning it must reach a stronger or more sustained immune response than any other vaccine currently being used. So what gives?

I've come up with a few ideas about it, however I haven't found any legit info that would answer this question...

Is there a higher dose in J&J? Or is it more stable and less prone to degradation after manufacturing? Or does the adenovirus enter cells more efficiently? Or are the intracellular mechanisms more efficient somehow? (transport/transcription/translation) Or is the DNA more stable? Or are the produced protein more stable than in the competitors' vaccines? Does it use any adjuvants to stimulate the immune response?

Any references that answer this question would be super-welcome!

submitted by /u/heymanki
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Assuming the universe is infinite, would that mean the universe was already infinite immediately after the big bang?

Posted: 19 Mar 2021 11:20 AM PDT

As I understand it, space isn't really a thing at the point of the big bang. So let's say, at a single unit of Planck time following the big bang, was the universe already infinitely large?

submitted by /u/jeffufuh
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What difference is there in neurotransmitter levels while you’re asleep?

Posted: 19 Mar 2021 03:32 PM PDT

are most plant species heterosporous or homosporous?

Posted: 19 Mar 2021 01:27 PM PDT

What percent of mental illnesses cannot be treated/managed?

Posted: 19 Mar 2021 10:27 AM PDT

Basically the title, what percent of mental illnesses cannot be reasonably treated or managed and are just too extreme for any kind of normal living or recovery?

submitted by /u/SnooOpinions6419
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What's the drug (or action) opposite of a NSAID? Is there anyway to cause inflammation / a stronger immune response?

Posted: 19 Mar 2021 01:15 PM PDT

Could the SARS-CoV-2 vaccine protect against SARS?

Posted: 19 Mar 2021 01:59 PM PDT

How close can a ring be to a gas giant?

Posted: 19 Mar 2021 06:07 AM PDT

Could a really low density planet look like it has a ring attached to its atmosphere? Considering drag, could a situation like this be maintained for a while after the ring was formed?

submitted by /u/adnecrias
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Regarding the AstraZeneca/Oxford vaccine, why did they choose to administer two standard doses instead of going for one half dose followed by a standard dose?

Posted: 19 Mar 2021 10:20 AM PDT

Hello! I hope everyone is doing well.

I've been reading some articles and I'm slightly confused because from what I understand the the efficacy of a half dose followed by a "full dose" was 90% while two regular doses resulted in ≈ 60% success rate and I've seen people saying that this difference occurs due to the number of days between the first and second dose (apparently longer dose gap increases the vaccine's efficacy) and the half dose didn't really play a role in increasing the efficacy of the vaccine.

So my question is, why didn't they choose the half dose followed by a standard dose option anyway? It might not increase its efficacy but from what I understand it also doesn't lower it so using this "method" might lower the costs of each vaccine and it might increase vaccination rates since the first standard dose could be split between two people.

(I want to apologise in advance for my ignorance ahah)

submitted by /u/i00999
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Does the placebo effect work on non human animals?

Posted: 19 Mar 2021 04:13 AM PDT

Most interested in dogs but any animal besides humans will do.

submitted by /u/DaveSteel
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Can a fission explosion occur naturally?

Posted: 19 Mar 2021 05:35 AM PDT

I'm currently studying nuclear physics and was wondering if it's possible for a natural source of uranium 235 to have enough of that isotope to form a critical mass. I know it's usually around .7% but has there ever been a case where an unusual amount formed?

submitted by /u/AlextheGoose
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Is left ventricular diastolic dysfunction reversible?

Posted: 19 Mar 2021 03:48 AM PDT

Why do the two species in the genus Pan (Chimpanzees and Bonobos) have completely distinct names while every species in the genus Pongo are called Orangutans and every species in the genus Gorilla are called Gorillas?

Posted: 18 Mar 2021 11:10 PM PDT

I understand the technical name for Chimpanzees is Pan troglodytes and Bonobos is Pan paniscus, but I'm kinda confused why they're not both just collectively referred to as either Chimpanzees or Bonobos.

If every other great ape genus has each of it's species given a unifying name, why are they different?

submitted by /u/Francesco-Viola-III
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Do flounders have a dominant eye?

Posted: 18 Mar 2021 10:35 PM PDT

And if so, which one?

submitted by /u/GeorgieWashington
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Could the adult brain adjust to vertically oriented binocular vision?

Posted: 18 Mar 2021 10:37 PM PDT

I know about the famous upside-down glasses experiment, and that it doesn't work as well as commonly believed[1].

None the less, people are able to adapt and function in this state. Do you suppose, and is there any evidence, that people could adapt to images which came from cameras at the normal interocular distance, but one above the other instead of side by side?

This would require changing how the images in each eye overlap to form a single perceived image, stitching them together vertically instead of horizontally. Depth perception would also become based on vertical rather than horizontal differences in features found in both images.

http://wexler.free.fr/library/files/linden%20(1999)%20the%20myth%20of%20upright%20vision.%20a%20psychophysical%20and%20functional%20imaging%20study%20of%20adaptation%20to%20inverting%20spectacles.pdf

submitted by /u/elfballs
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Friday, March 19, 2021

AskScience AMA Series: I'm Athena Aktipis, professor and author of The Cheating Cell: How Evolution Helps Us Understand and Treat Cancer, ask me anything!

AskScience AMA Series: I'm Athena Aktipis, professor and author of The Cheating Cell: How Evolution Helps Us Understand and Treat Cancer, ask me anything!


AskScience AMA Series: I'm Athena Aktipis, professor and author of The Cheating Cell: How Evolution Helps Us Understand and Treat Cancer, ask me anything!

Posted: 19 Mar 2021 04:01 AM PDT

Hi, I'm Athena Aktipis, author of The Cheating Cell, a book about cancer as a breakdown of multicellular cooperation. If you would like a quick read, I summarize the main points in this Slate article. I'm a professor of Psychology at ASU where I direct the Interdisciplinary Cooperation Initiative and co-lead the Arizona Cancer Evolution Center. I am also a podcaster and livestream show producer. Ask me anything!

I'll be here to answer your questions around 2:30 PM MDT (4:30 PM ET, 20:30 UT), ask me anything!

Twitter: @AthenaAktipis Username: /u/AthenaAktipis

submitted by /u/AskScienceModerator
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Why do we only see one big rainbow instead of myriad of very small ones? Every drop of water in the air kind of creates its own small rainbow by refracting the light, so why don't we see all of those individually?

Posted: 19 Mar 2021 03:30 AM PDT

Do tendons get thicker aswell with strength training?

Posted: 18 Mar 2021 08:30 AM PDT

Can Covid cause serious problems to those with Crohn's disease?

Posted: 18 Mar 2021 04:09 PM PDT

Hey all I was checking this table(http://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/files.crohnsandcolitis.org.uk/decision_tree.pdf) and I just want to understand if someone with Crohn's who uses Remicade would be in serious danger if she/he was infected with Covid. For example could inflammations be triggered? I hope my question isnt obscure. Thank you.

submitted by /u/ethereal_chosen
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Could Earth have been a collection of Ireland sized islands scattered all over (same total land sq km) vs the giant landmasses we see today? How different would humanity be?

Posted: 19 Mar 2021 05:53 AM PDT

Does the adenovirus "package" of the Astra-Zeneca vaccine cause the side-effects?

Posted: 18 Mar 2021 03:11 PM PDT

Hi everyone, I was vaccinated against COVID today (yay!), and it got me thinking...

I've read the vaccine is more or less "packaged" using an adenovirus, which tend to cause cold- and flu-like symptoms. Coincidentally, the Astra-Zeneca vaccine can also cause cold- and flu-like side effects. Are the two correlated? Would a different package mean that vaccine wouldn't cause those side effects? And if so, why would AZ/Oxford use that "package" rather than another more innocuous one?

Related to this, could we use this processus to create a "multi-vaccine" where we package a COVID vaccine using the influenza virus and the immune system would learn to fight both?

submitted by /u/sebltm
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How long do the effects of the Tetanus vaccine /Tetanus anti toxin last?

Posted: 19 Mar 2021 02:59 AM PDT

We are often asked to take a Tetanus shot when we injure ourselves.

I was curious as to know how long the antibodies or the anti toxin last for in the body and when do we need to take them once again?

submitted by /u/nitish_aj
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Is there a theoretical limit to how quickly we can increase a liquid to a boiling point?

Posted: 18 Mar 2021 10:13 AM PDT

I was just marveling over how much more quickly my new electric teapot heats my water over my old one, and it got me wondering about what the limits are in determining just how quickly one could heat e.g. 1 liter of a given liquid to its boiling point.

Obviously things such as the liquid's current temperature and boiling point, means of energy transmission, and atmospheric conditions (to name 3 of infinite variables) would impose a rough range of possibilities as far as how long the process would take. Such a range would have a lowest possible time limit, and I guess my question more accurately stated would be what (if any) principles would keep me from getting a teapot powerful enough to turn my liter of room temperature water to a temperature more suitable for steeping?

submitted by /u/ProLicks
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Would you be able to tell the difference in weightlessness in orbit and in deep space?

Posted: 18 Mar 2021 10:58 PM PDT

Why are laser beams on laser cutters machines focused to a point and not refocused back at that point so that the laser is then constantly at it's minimum width?

Posted: 18 Mar 2021 10:59 AM PDT

Sorry If I didn't explain myself correctly. Here is my attempt at clarifying.

Laser cutters have a lens that focuses the beam into a point that is supposed to be in the middle of the material being cut. See this Wikipedia diagram to get an idea. From what I've read and heard from people operating this machine is that the lens has to be tuned for different thicknesses, of course. But why can you not put another (concave?) lens right at the focus point so that the laser is now a straight beam and then it can cut way thicker materials?

Is it because at that point even the clearest lenses would melt from how much energy is focused or is there something more?

Thanks

submitted by /u/Orgrimm2ms
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On a ventilator, you can increase the respiratory rate to decrease body CO2, but this doesn't increase oxygen since CO2 diffuses more readily in the lungs. Why does CO2 diffuse faster than oxygen?

Posted: 18 Mar 2021 07:04 AM PDT

[Physiology] Why does the SA node spontaneously depolarize at a faster rate than the AV node?

Posted: 18 Mar 2021 03:40 PM PDT

I have dug through Pubmed and a few physiology textbooks searching for an answer to this question, but so far no luck. I understand that both the SA node and AV node in the heart spontaneously depolarize thanks to "funny current" as well as T-type calcium channels. However, I do not understand why the rate of depolarization during phase 4 is faster for the SA node. Most sources I have found just say "it has a faster rate of depolarization, therefore it acts as the pacemaker," but do not provide an explanation of why the slope of phase 4 is steeper in the SA node when compared to the AV node.

submitted by /u/claude_money
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What is the wrinkly tinfoil stuff on satellites and space ships? With all the precision and money required for space endeavors, why does it seem like this material is applied without measuring for area?

Posted: 18 Mar 2021 07:31 AM PDT

Why COVID saliva tests often require an hour without drinking water prior to sampling?

Posted: 18 Mar 2021 03:26 PM PDT

I can understand why food particles and beverage residues may be detrimental, but is there any evidence that a minute amount of water significantly affects sample quality?

submitted by /u/Suluranit
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Does gasoline become pyrophoric?

Posted: 18 Mar 2021 05:25 AM PDT

Oxygen decreases the ignition temperature of chemicals, so I was curious if in a pure oxygen environment does gasoline become pyrophoric?

submitted by /u/Plane-Adhesiveness29
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Why does mental illness start in late teens to early 20s?

Posted: 17 Mar 2021 11:45 PM PDT

Is this definition valid in elementary Group Theory?

Posted: 18 Mar 2021 01:41 PM PDT

I know that you can have a simple 1-Dimensional translation group (Frieze group) such that the only valid operation is translation. In this case a translation leaves you with the same pattern and this presumably goes on forever in either direction. (the letter R, for example, has no other symmetry) Given the pattern:

====R====R====R====R====R====R====R====R 

The Cayley diagram is:

... -> • -> • -> • -> • ... 

Operationally, this is:

... -> e -> t -> t^2 -> t^3 ... 

What if this is finite instead, and the nodes are distinct from each other? Consider a simple finite state machine with states {S0,S1,S2,S3}, such that

S0 <--> S1 <--> S2 <--> S3 S0=e, S1=t, S2=t^2, S3=t^3 

t is invertible, but this isn't modulo arithmetic, e ≠ t4 . I guess you could say t4 = t3 , although this has no physical meaning in my case.

Is this a valid group?

submitted by /u/tonicinhibition
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How different is the sars-CoV2 spike protein from other things that bind to the ACE2 receptor on cells?

Posted: 18 Mar 2021 08:45 AM PDT

It seems like the main vector the recent vaccines train host immune systems to attack, are the spike proteins that SARS-CoV2 utilizes to enter cells to kickstart the replication process.

This got me thinking about that receptor in general, and how that receptor must have other uses within the body, other things that must bind to that receptor in order to do something at the cellular level.

So I suppose my question is twofold:

  • What other essential mechanisms in the body require binding to the ACE2 receptor?

  • How similar are these other binders to the SARS-CoV2 spike protein itself?

submitted by /u/nigori
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Why is time squared in D=1/2gt^2?

Posted: 18 Mar 2021 07:28 AM PDT

Why is time squared in D=1/2gt^2? I think I can sort of understand why it's 1/2 cuz the trajectory path is one half of a parabola (though that's just what I thought of, I could be totally wrong there lol) but I don't really understand why t^2.

submitted by /u/BlankUnknown43
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Are the proteins expressed by the different COVID vaccines exactly the same?

Posted: 18 Mar 2021 10:31 AM PDT