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Saturday, February 20, 2021

Will babies who have experienced their first year of life within the pandemic see long term immune system effects?

Will babies who have experienced their first year of life within the pandemic see long term immune system effects?

Will babies who have experienced their first year of life within the pandemic see long term immune system effects?

Posted: 19 Feb 2021 08:13 AM PST

How important is the first year for immune system development and "exposure to germs"? Once this child begins post-pandemic activities/daycare/generally higher exposure to the world, will their immune system eventually strengthen and catch up? Will they experience a lot of illness for a while?

Imagining an example of an infant born last Spring who has essentially been in quarantine for 9+ months with little to no socialization with other children, adults, playgrounds, daycare, the outside world.

submitted by /u/iamafoxiamafox
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Was the "seasonal flu" a phenomenon before the 1918 Flu Pandemic?

Posted: 19 Feb 2021 12:48 PM PST

I was reading an article that casually dropped this paragraph:

If we are lucky, year over year, SARS-CoV-2 will evolve to cause milder disease than it has these past two years. That would be consistent with the virus that spread in 1918, which became the seasonal flu. It never again produced the same level of mortality as it did during its first two years, but the virus continues to evolve and kill hundreds of thousands of people every year. Most of us have come to accept this as inevitable.

Were seasonal flus not a thing prior to 1918? Did urban dwellers and other people in 1910, 1850, 1600 not head into winter half-expecting to catch the flu?

submitted by /u/pavel_lishin
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Is baby weight at birth indicative of later frame size as an adult?

Posted: 20 Feb 2021 07:05 AM PST

If one baby is heavier than the other at birth but still within the normal range, does that mean that baby will become a bigger framed/boned adult later? I found information that longer babies do become taller adults, but nothing about weight differences in the normal range (not talking about underweight babies).

submitted by /u/dac0
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Can dolphins and whales sense depth, and do they know when they've gone too deep?

Posted: 19 Feb 2021 06:30 AM PST

Human divers can feel a squeeze as they dive deeper, but once they equalize, they don't really feel the depth. Oxygen gets toxic when it's too concentrated (gasses compress at depths and this would concentrate any oxygen a mammal brings down). I assume aquatic mammals would die if they went down too far, much like a human divers would. Can they tell when they've gone too far, or does it just not happen because they would run out of air before they got down there? Can they get decompression sickness?

submitted by /u/ThePerfectNinja
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Why is the microstrain of Rutile smaller than Anatase? [Material Science]

Posted: 20 Feb 2021 06:33 AM PST

Could factors such as crystal structure and stability attribute to such observation?

submitted by /u/stargazelovers123
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Why does pulsatile flow depend on an energy gradient, not a pressure gradient?

Posted: 20 Feb 2021 07:29 AM PST

I don't get how this isn't a pressure gradient. Is it that that capillaries are truly so narrow it makes more sense to think of it as particle movement rather than fluid dynamics?

submitted by /u/blobsong
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Can Pi stacking occur when two aromatic rings are not parallel?

Posted: 20 Feb 2021 06:20 AM PST

Can Pi stacking occur when two aromatic rings such as tyrosine are in a non parallel confirmation? With one being planar and the other at a slight angle of approx 45 degrees in relation to the top aromatic ring? Both rings have nothing between them and the aromatic rings still are within the same vertical plane

submitted by /u/middle98
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What stops lesions in the bowel (such as from a polyp removal) from getting infected?

Posted: 19 Feb 2021 10:51 PM PST

I was watching some videos of colonoscopies and polyp removal, where gastroenterologists remove polyps (growths in the intestines) from the walls of the colon using a snare - pretty cool stuff! Once these polyps had been removed, there was what looked like an open wound bleeding into the colon. The colon is, naturally, going to fill up with feces and other nastiness at some point soon. If an open wound of the skin gets in contact with feces, I imagine it's pretty likely to get infected. Why doesn't this happen when the bowel wall is breached in this fashion? What stops bacteria from getting into the circulation and causing something like sepsis? Appreciate any answers on this, thanks!

submitted by /u/Alephbetae
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Relationship between BCS theory, flux pinning, Meissner effect and quantum locking for superconductors?

Posted: 19 Feb 2021 10:04 PM PST

Hi! I'd just like some clarification on some phenomena involved. So the Meissner effect and quantum locking explain why levitation occurs as a superconductor is cooled below its critical temp. However, BCS theory and flux pinning explain why a superconducting material possesses its superconducting abilities? Also, when talking about BCS and flux pinning do I assume it's only applicable when the superconductor is in its cold state? Thanks!

submitted by /u/THROWRApropercrab
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How does Ingenuity (The Mars Helicopter) fly on Mars with such a thin atmosphere?

Posted: 19 Feb 2021 05:44 PM PST

Relative to earth does it require a more significant RPM to achieve flight?

How similar is the viscosity of the air on Mars to earth?

submitted by /u/zacharyxbinks
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What are the danger zones demographically with increased chance of successful suicide?

Posted: 19 Feb 2021 10:16 PM PST

I remember hearing somewhere that men with bipolar in their late 40's, early 50's are very at risk, but i cant quite remember exactly.

submitted by /u/didntirealize
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How do allergy shots work?

Posted: 19 Feb 2021 06:04 PM PST

How do allergy shots differ from just being exposed to the allergen? I've read that the shots give a tiny dose of the allergen, not enough to cause a full blown reaction, but enough to gradually desensitize the body to it. But if I'm already being bombarded with the allergen, say cat dander and dust mites, then what good does it do to sprinkle a little extra allergen on top in the form of a shot?

submitted by /u/biscochitos
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Do cats pass the mirror test?

Posted: 19 Feb 2021 09:03 PM PST

I was watching this video of cats responding to videos of their owners using a cat filter:

https://youtu.be/Jto2peSOLac

It seems to me that they react with shock and turn to their owners to see if they have really transformed into a cat or not. I found this interesting because I thought cats fail the mirror test:

https://www.hillspet.com/cat-care/behavior-appearance/do-cats-understand-mirrors

Can anyone explain the cats reaction in a way that doesn't require them to understand they are essentially looking into a mirror of sorts?

submitted by /u/Interesting_Juice103
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Why is gas burn not even/laminar, but instead bumpy?

Posted: 19 Feb 2021 01:17 PM PST

Like this found here

submitted by /u/jma9454
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How does the Lander Vision System determine a safe landing spot?

Posted: 19 Feb 2021 02:00 PM PST

What is the point of Brillouin Zones?

Posted: 19 Feb 2021 07:05 AM PST

I am watching this video:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1hWayXcwFww

Why do we want the reciprocal lattice points to be in the first Brillouin Zone? Are we trying to capture the entire response, or are we trying to only capture parts of it as in its entirety it would be too much data to handle?

Might be stupid questions but I wanna try and understand this.

submitted by /u/santalos5
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Why are the functions of brain regions so consistent?

Posted: 19 Feb 2021 05:31 PM PST

In my understanding, the brain can be divided into regions with different cellular structures. Are those structures what determine the function of that region? Why are the locations consistent enough to map functions to locations? Are there some people with 'misplaced' brain regions?

submitted by /u/arcbe
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Why is it that when we see people wearing masks it is easier to tell who they are with a mask on the bottom half of their face than on the top half?

Posted: 19 Feb 2021 04:23 PM PST

E.g why is it easier to recognise someone when they are wearing masks because of COVID I can tell who it is but if I was to look at photos taken in the army, where they put black lines over their eyes, I can't recognise the person?

submitted by /u/mackerz117
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Why is vitamin d required for calcium transport?

Posted: 19 Feb 2021 03:05 PM PST

I'd like to get detailed mechanisms of actions. For example in the gut it increases absorption, but through what pathways? Similarly, how does it help bind calcium into the bone matrix? I'd like to get as technical of an explanation as possible.

submitted by /u/VanillaSnake21
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Why do things react in the first place?

Posted: 19 Feb 2021 03:01 PM PST
vào lúc No comments:

Friday, February 19, 2021

How exactly do you "winterize" a power grid?

How exactly do you "winterize" a power grid?

How exactly do you "winterize" a power grid?

Posted: 18 Feb 2021 04:02 PM PST

Why are physicists searching for magnetic monopoles?

Posted: 19 Feb 2021 03:54 AM PST

I'm an undergraduate physics student and I've heard that the discovery of magnetic monopoles could be really important for the simplification of essential equations in theories like supersymmetry. My understanding of the electromagnetic force is that magnetic fields are generated by aligned spins of charged particles. If this is true, then anything that generates a magnetic field must be polar. So why do physicists have reason to believe that magnetic monopoles exist?

submitted by /u/yiuiu
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Why do we use gold instead of silver?

Posted: 18 Feb 2021 09:08 AM PST

Today I found out that silver conducts electricity better than gold (wikipedia).

Since gold is also so much more expensive as silver, Why do we use gold in almost all our electronics instead of the apparently superior silver?

submitted by /u/newlander007
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Does high Platelet count raise change or affect d-dimer results in blood test?

Posted: 18 Feb 2021 07:32 AM PST

Long story short I have a d-dimer blood test in a few days and mildly injured my ankle (sledding with nephews). I know the purpose of the test to look for any clotting issues in my blood. From my understanding platelets help clotting and increase production during injury. I am concerned that the test will be thrown off due to my recent injury but I cannot find anything online the correlates both platelets and d-dimer. I would appreciate any help. Thanks everyone.

submitted by /u/Beingacow
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How come there are two planets able to support life in our solar system (counting Mars too, as it theoretically was in the past), when our star is just like any other of its class and this kind of planets are seemingly hard to find alone as far as our spectrometers can measure?

Posted: 19 Feb 2021 01:23 AM PST

Does Covid affect smell AND taste, or is it really just smell?

Posted: 18 Feb 2021 08:48 PM PST

I was born with no sense of smell, and as a result, I can't really taste most things. My friend has covid currently, and is experiencing a loss of smell and taste, and when he described his loss of taste, it sounded very similar to how I taste when I eat food every day. Research seems to only explain how covid may decrease smell, and I have not found anything on how it decreases taste. So is it possible it only affects smell, and as a result, people think their sense of taste is affected as well?

submitted by /u/remersong
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Why do the little puffs of cloud in a Cloud Chamber seem to have a relatively low velocity? Surely the particle is moving through the chamber at almost the speed of light?

Posted: 18 Feb 2021 08:01 PM PST

Why is the Cardia (oesophagus-stomach opening) named so?

Posted: 18 Feb 2021 08:24 AM PST

I'm curious about the linguistics (?) and the reasoning behind whoever named that region, considering that everything heart-related is "cardiac," but just recently I learned that anything related to the Cardia is also "cardiac".

They both seem to be from the Greek word "kardia" (heart) according to Merriam Webster, so I'm curious if something got lost in translation or if the scientist naming that region just decided to be funny.

submitted by /u/CardinalBirb
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Can I use circular polarizers to make a polarimeter?

Posted: 18 Feb 2021 09:32 AM PST

Hello, I am making a device to measure the angle of rotation of passing polarized light through a substance. I ordered some polarizers off of Amazon but I didn't realize linear and circular polarizers were different. I'm thinking that the polarization has to be linear but I'm not quite sure. If I rotate the lenses together, the light changes but doesn't black out. Help would be appreciated!

submitted by /u/ollypf
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Why do aerosols cans all use flammable gas as the propellant? Why not use an inert gas/normal air?

Posted: 18 Feb 2021 01:12 AM PST

Is it known what the exact mechanisms are which allow SSRI’s to help treat anxiety disorders?

Posted: 18 Feb 2021 06:56 AM PST

Just wondering if we've made any progress on the research front on this in the last few years, because as I understood it science was very much in the dark on this despite decades of research and experimentation

submitted by /u/Humperdink34
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How will the eruption of mount etna in Italy have an effect on air quality and sun rise sun set colors of any?

Posted: 18 Feb 2021 12:53 AM PST

At what speed or frequency do human DNA and human cells/atoms move in a person who is sitting still?

Posted: 17 Feb 2021 08:46 PM PST

I was reading a study about the effects of electric stimulation on depression/anxiety and it asserts that human DNA has a 'frequency' between 54 to 78 Gigaherz. What does that mean exactly? How fast the atoms/electrons are moving? Is there some kind of electric frequency that is unique to humans? Are there more studies related to that? I feel like something important could be discovered.

submitted by /u/CatholicCurious
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vào lúc No comments:

Thursday, February 18, 2021

Where is dark matter theoretically?

Where is dark matter theoretically?

Where is dark matter theoretically?

Posted: 17 Feb 2021 05:53 PM PST

I know that most of our universe is mostly made up of dark matter and dark energy. But where is this energy/matter (literally speaking) is it all around us and we just can't sense it without tools because it's not useful to our immediate survival? Or is it floating around the universe and it's just pure chance that there isn't enough anywhere near us to produce a measurable sample?

submitted by /u/shadowsog95
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How does heat dissipation work in space (feel free to be technical)?

Posted: 17 Feb 2021 05:52 PM PST

I never really gave much thought into how systems cool themselves in space, but they obviously can't use cooling through air convection. However, I know that the ISS uses radiators. So the only thing that they can dissipate heat is through radiation, right? How efficient is that? For example, parts of the ISS use Ammonia to circulate heat. If I had X liters of Ammonia flowing evenly through a radiator system of area Y at Z degrees Celsius, how long would it take for the Ammonia to reach temperature T? Feel free to be as technical as you want, I come from a science and math background. In fact, I would even appreciate if someone could provide me with information or equations that I could use to calculate or estimate heat dissipation in space systems.

submitted by /u/AnthroDragon
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AskScience AMA Series: We are geoscientists, emergency managers and communication specialists working on the ShakeAlert earthquake early warning system in CA, OR and WA. Ask us anything!

Posted: 18 Feb 2021 04:00 AM PST

We are geoscientists, emergency managers and communication specialists working on the Pacific Northwest ShakeAlert earthquake early warning system in CA, OR and WA.

  • Robert de Groot (USGS), ShakeAlert Coordinator for Communication, Education, Outreach, and Technical Engagement, responsible for the effort to develop and execute training and education programs and materials that are integrated with broader earthquake risk programs in order to promote the public and institutional acceptance and implementation of the ShakeAlert system.
  • Althea Rizzo, Oregon Office of Emergency Management, Geological Hazards Coordinator
  • Doug Given (USGS), Earthquake Early Warning National Coordinator, responsible of overall development and operation of the ShakeAlert system.
  • Mouse Reusch, ShakeAlert Regional Buildout Coordinator, Pacific Northwest Seismic Network, responsible for coordinating the buildout of stations in Oregon and Washington as well as sharing and integrating best practices for ShakeAlert across the West Coast.
  • Lucy Walsh, Oregon Hazards Lab at the University of Oregon, Oregon ShakeAlert Coordinator. The primary resource in Oregon for onboarding users of the ShakeAlert System.
  • Maximilian Dixon, Washington State Emergency Management Division, Hazards and Outreach Program Supervisor, manages geological hazards, preparedness, and related outreach efforts for Washington state.
  • Danté DiSabatino, Washington State Emergency Management Division, Earthquake Early Warning Outreach Coordinator, responsible for coordinating the rollout of ShakeAlert Earthquake Early Warning in Washington state.
  • Bill Steele, UW-PNSN Communicator and External Affairs, Washington ShakeAlert Technical Implementation Coordinator.
  • Sara McBride, USGS Research Social Scientist, responsible for coordination of the social science research regarding ShakeAlert. As a communication researcher, she studies media, social media, and diverse populations.
  • Harold Tobin, Director of Pacific Northwest Seismic Network, UW Professor of Geophysics, Washington State Seismologist. Responsible for oversight of earthquake information and research at PNSN and at UW; lead the UW team in the ShakeAlert partnership.
  • Matt Auflick, Community relations Manager, Seattle Office of Emergency Management. Responsible for community outreach, public information and alert and warning for the City of Seattle's emergency management program.

We're here to raise awareness and answer questions about the new early earthquake warning system, earthquakes and Pacific Northwest hazards in general. We'll be on at 11-2 PST (2-5 ET, 19-22 UT), ask us anything!

Username: /u/IRIS_Earthquakes

submitted by /u/AskScienceModerator
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Why haven't more traditional methods of making vaccines been successful in the case of Covid-19?

Posted: 18 Feb 2021 01:11 AM PST

I know the mRNA and adenovirus methods have yielded positive results, but why have protein/subunit and attenuated virus vaccines shown less promise?

submitted by /u/Wgeorgian69
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If you put ice in a vacuum sealed container and the ice melts, does the vacuum get stronger since the volume decreased?

Posted: 17 Feb 2021 01:12 PM PST

Antibody titers after COVID 19 vaccine?

Posted: 17 Feb 2021 08:34 PM PST

What do we know about antibody titers and timing in relation to first and second shots of Pfizer (+/-Moderna)? Any good sources out there? Haven't run across a good summary anywhere, thought someone here may have. Specifically, when would one expect to test positive for antibodies after receiving both doses of an mRNA vaccine?

submitted by /u/thiopental101
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How long does it take your cells to read the mRNA (from the Pfizer/Moderna vaccine) and then create the spike protein? Does it happen relatively instantly or take some time? Does your immune response also react immediately to the presence of the spike protein?

Posted: 17 Feb 2021 06:49 PM PST

Will individualized cancer vaccines be possible using technology that created the RNA coronavirus vaccine?

Posted: 17 Feb 2021 09:15 PM PST

I know in biology class I learned that all cells have surface proteins. And these surface proteins can sometimes be different depending on the type of cell. I also know that the coronavirus vaccine uses RNA to make our immune system react to the coronavirus. Would we be able to use that same technology to create a unique vaccine for everyone to fight against their cancer cells?

submitted by /u/Bloodshot_Wolf
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When writing the wave function for the shrodinger equation for a two particle system, why can you assume that the wave function can be written as a product of the two states of the particles?

Posted: 17 Feb 2021 11:31 PM PST

Under what assumption does this hold? What about for entanglement? How would you set up an entangled system in the lab?

submitted by /u/CheekyCheetah1
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What did Oceania and the South Pacific look like during the Paleolithic period? Was there significantly more land above sea level?

Posted: 17 Feb 2021 11:15 AM PST

I've read about how glacier melt opened up tons of continental land mass, but now I'm wondering the opposite. With ocean level rises the past several thousand years, how many island networks were submerged? Continents even?

submitted by /u/Mytiesinmymaitai
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How did scientists figure out that coal came from plants?

Posted: 17 Feb 2021 06:20 AM PST

How do we know it's Hg2I2 and not HgI?

Posted: 17 Feb 2021 07:08 AM PST

It's not a large question, but how can you know it's Hg2I2 and not HgI? Cause nothing seems wrong with HgI?

submitted by /u/mitoma333
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What is the difference between corrosion (e.g. steel rusting in a marine environment) and hydrogen embrittlement? Can both occur at the same time?

Posted: 16 Feb 2021 11:03 AM PST

I'm in a class and the instructor seems to think that steel corroding in salt water would also cause hydrogen embrittlement. I was under the impression that you need a significant source of hydrogen atoms to diffuse into the steel, which is why electroplating, for example, causes it. Do the oxidation reactions in steel corrosion also free up a lot of hydrogen atoms?

submitted by /u/pinky_blues
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vào lúc No comments:

Wednesday, February 17, 2021

Why cannot countries mass produce their own vaccines by “copying the formulae” of the already approved Moderna and Pfizer vaccines?

Why cannot countries mass produce their own vaccines by “copying the formulae” of the already approved Moderna and Pfizer vaccines?

Why cannot countries mass produce their own vaccines by “copying the formulae” of the already approved Moderna and Pfizer vaccines?

Posted: 16 Feb 2021 08:38 PM PST

I'm a Canadian and we are dependent on the EU to ship out the remaining vials of the vaccine as contractually obligated to do so however I'm wondering what's stopping us from creating the vaccines on our home soil when we already have the moderna and Pfizer vaccines that we are currently slowly vaccinating the people with.

Wouldn't it be beneficial for all countries around the world to do the same to expedite the vaccination process?

Is there a patent that prevents anyone from copying moderna/Pfizer vaccines?

submitted by /u/lionheart2893
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AskScience AMA Series: I am Tom Talbot MD MPH, an infectious diseases physician and infection prevention expert/vaccine advocate who's been working on the frontlines during the COVID pandemic. AMA!

Posted: 17 Feb 2021 04:00 AM PST

I am an infectious diseases physician (for almost 2 decades) working at Vanderbilt University Medical Center (VUMC - views expressed are my own and don't represent formal VUMC guidance). Much of my professional career has focused on infection prevention as the VUMC Chief Hospital Epidemiologist (a fancy word for medical director of the institution's infection prevention program). I work to reduce the risks of patients and healthcare workers catching an infection related to healthcare. This could be infections after surgery, infections due to medical devices, and infections related to emerging pathogens, like COVID.

I'm also a recognized expert in and advocate of vaccinations as a way to protect individuals, other patients, and healthcare workers from harm (such as spread of viruses like influenza and now COVID). Now that several effective COVID vaccines are available, these will be the tools that help get us to the other side of this pandemic. However, vaccination efforts have been hampered by supply/logistic issues, confusion over eligibility, and hesitancy. Happy to chat with everyone today at noon (ET, 17 UT) about COVID and the vaccines!

Twitter: @trtalbotmd

Username: /u/trtalbotmd

submitted by /u/AskScienceModerator
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Ask Anything Wednesday - Biology, Chemistry, Neuroscience, Medicine, Psychology

Posted: 17 Feb 2021 07:00 AM PST

Welcome to our weekly feature, Ask Anything Wednesday - this week we are focusing on Biology, Chemistry, Neuroscience, Medicine, Psychology

Do you have a question within these topics you weren't sure was worth submitting? Is something a bit too speculative for a typical /r/AskScience post? No question is too big or small for AAW. In this thread you can ask any science-related question! Things like: "What would happen if...", "How will the future...", "If all the rules for 'X' were different...", "Why does my...".

Asking Questions:

Please post your question as a top-level response to this, and our team of panellists will be here to answer and discuss your questions. The other topic areas will appear in future Ask Anything Wednesdays, so if you have other questions not covered by this weeks theme please either hold on to it until those topics come around, or go and post over in our sister subreddit /r/AskScienceDiscussion , where every day is Ask Anything Wednesday! Off-theme questions in this post will be removed to try and keep the thread a manageable size for both our readers and panellists.

Answering Questions:

Please only answer a posted question if you are an expert in the field. The full guidelines for posting responses in AskScience can be found here. In short, this is a moderated subreddit, and responses which do not meet our quality guidelines will be removed. Remember, peer reviewed sources are always appreciated, and anecdotes are absolutely not appropriate. In general if your answer begins with 'I think', or 'I've heard', then it's not suitable for /r/AskScience.

If you would like to become a member of the AskScience panel, please refer to the information provided here.

Past AskAnythingWednesday posts can be found here. Ask away!

submitted by /u/AutoModerator
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How much does alcohol affect vaccine efficacy?

Posted: 16 Feb 2021 08:34 AM PST

So lately, there's been a lot of contradictory information about how alcohol might affect the COVID-19 vaccine efficacy (e.g., with Russia, India, and the UK advising people to not drink before and after vaccination for various periods of time vs. various American doctors saying that moderate drinking shouldn't affect the vaccines at all).

I realize that we don't yet have data on the COVID vaccines in particular. But in general, how much does alcohol consumption actually affect immunity in response to vaccinations (e.g., development of antibodies and memory t-cells)?

A lot of people are drinking a lot more than usual recently, due to the pandemic. So, three separate questions would be:

  1. How does moderate drinking affect vaccine efficacy (e.g., 1-2 drinks per day)? From online sources, it seems like the impact would be minimal.

  2. How would a binge or two a few days after the vaccine affect its efficacy? Would this completely undermine antibody and t-cell development?

  3. How would regular heavy drinking affect the vaccine's efficacy? I realize that regular heavy drinking can suppress the immune system. But would it in particular prevent the formation of antibodies and memory t-cells?

submitted by /u/dky828
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Do Star Systems have areas of “Interstellar Space”?

Posted: 16 Feb 2021 04:00 AM PST

My basic understanding of interstellar space is that it's the areas outside of star systems. However, I was reading about the "Oort Cloud", which is towards the end of our solar system - and this graphic here shows that between Neptune and the Oort Cloud, there is interstellar space.

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oort_cloud#/media/File%3APIA17046_-_Voyager_1_Goes_Interstellar.jpg

So my question really is, what is interstellar space and is it possible for star systems to have it?

submitted by /u/s1yh1r
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How does "green" energy producers maintain the frequency of the electricity generated?

Posted: 15 Feb 2021 02:55 PM PST

From what I have read, the frequency of electricity is maintained by the spinning of generators. With wind, and especially solar, the frequency is not easily maintained. Since a lot of consumer motors need to have the frequency of electricity maintained in a very tight range or the motor will quickly fail.

submitted by /u/ShotnTheDark_TN
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vào lúc No comments:

Tuesday, February 16, 2021

AskScience AMA Series: We're an international team of astronomers and engineers working to directly image planets in the habitable zones of nearby stars. Ask Us Anything!

AskScience AMA Series: We're an international team of astronomers and engineers working to directly image planets in the habitable zones of nearby stars. Ask Us Anything!

AskScience AMA Series: We're an international team of astronomers and engineers working to directly image planets in the habitable zones of nearby stars. Ask Us Anything!

Posted: 16 Feb 2021 04:00 AM PST

We're a group of scientists from around the globe that came together to work toward the common cause of imaging nearby planets that could potentially support life. You might have seen our work (https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-021-21176-6#Sec3) in the headlines recently, in which we reported the first sensitivity to sub-Saturn sized planets in the habitable zone of Alpha Centauri along with a possible candidate planet. We'll be on around 2 PM ET (19 UT) and we're looking forward to your questions!

Usernames: /u/k-wagner, /u/erdmann72, /u/ulli_kaeufl

submitted by /u/AskScienceModerator
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What impact do those long and low cold temperatures have on insect populations like ticks, mosquitos, chiggers, butterflies, bees, in temperate regions?

Posted: 16 Feb 2021 06:03 AM PST

I'm a hiking, camping and trail running enthusiasts who often deals with ticks, chiggers, mosquitos, etc. I was wondering what will those low temperatures for the past 2 weeks will have on those populations.

submitted by /u/sage5979
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Do superfluids have surface tension?

Posted: 15 Feb 2021 06:15 PM PST

I know about surface tension in regular water, but can a superfluid have surface tension?

submitted by /u/SiegfriedScott
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Why was the Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-1) outbreak of 2002-2004 not worse?

Posted: 15 Feb 2021 10:34 AM PST

I'm curious why that Coronavirus outbreak didn't become worse/affect greater numbers. From reading about it, it doesn't seem as though the early reaction to it was much different than the early reaction to SARS-Cov-2 (Covid 19). Was it less contagious? Was it just luck?

submitted by /u/Dozhet
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Does moving water freeze at slower rate than stagnant water?

Posted: 15 Feb 2021 02:08 PM PST

What's special about spin that allows two electrons to be in the lowest energy level without canceling each other?

Posted: 15 Feb 2021 01:35 PM PST

Is there two electron fields one for each spin for example?

submitted by /u/anonymous0x9
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Can vaccines force a pathogen like COVID-19 to mutate 'undesirably'? Have we seen this with influenza or other vaccines?

Posted: 15 Feb 2021 03:34 PM PST

If everyone is vaccinated, and the vaccines cover all mutations up till that point, can that trigger the virus to mutate in a new direction, effectively responding to our response?

Have we ever seen a 'wild' virus change because we did something to it?

submitted by /u/vIpshnu
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Did the rate of physical disability decrease throughout in the 20th century?

Posted: 15 Feb 2021 12:03 PM PST

Hello, I was looking for stats on this topic, but struggled to find anything that really fit the bill. My question mostly pertains to the developed world, although I imagine the trends involved are global to varying degrees. I'm also excluding physical disability due to aging, because that seems like it obscures the overall picture (unless, I suppose, 80-year-olds today are more or less likely to be disabled than 80-year-olds a hundred years ago)

It occurred to me the other day that many of the factors that caused lifelong physical disability in the past are now largely controlled. Most infectious diseases that caused disability in children, like polio, meningitis, and mumps, are now either gone from the developed world or relatively rare. Additionally, a number of other causes of disability, like growth hormone disorders, are now routinely identified and treated in childhood.

We've also improved health and safety and environmental regulations, which means you'd think fewer people are disabled due to workplace injuries or preventable exposure to contaminants (lead, for example). Another example of a cause of disability that is decreasing in incidence are neural tube defects, due in part to the US and a few other countries introducing folate fortification.

My guess from all of this is that the number of people per 100,000 with physical disabilities is probably decreasing, as fewer people acquire disabilities and those that did decades ago pass away. Is this true? Are there countervailing trends I'm missing out here?

I'm only asking for curiosity because this seems like a demographic trend nobody mentions if it's true.

submitted by /u/MerryMach
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How many neurons do earthworms have?

Posted: 15 Feb 2021 09:35 AM PST

I have tried to Google this many times to win an argument over which has more neurons, a fruitfly or an earthworms. The fruitfly number came up easy, although I got two figures(135000 and 250000). I gathered a fruitfly would have more since it has much more complex behaviours. The counter argument was that earthworms have neurons throughout their bodies since they have repeating sections. But are those actual neurons? Do spines have neurons or just a lot of nerve cells?

submitted by /u/Bora_Horza_Kobuschul
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Endocrinology: How can hypo and hyperthyroidism create similar neurological effects/symptoms, yet be opposing conditions?

Posted: 15 Feb 2021 11:37 AM PST

Preface: I have hypothyroidism and was reading medical literature that hypothyroidism often is associated with decreased memory/impairment. However, hyperthyroidism is also associated with memory impairment as well.

My hunch was that an increased concentration of TSH/TH would lead to increased mental function, but it seems this is not the case with hyperthyroid patients. Can someone in the field better explain this?

Papers I glanced through: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-017-10747-7
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK285549/
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0306453099000505?via%3Dihub

submitted by /u/Wahtnowson
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How do economist calculate price elasticity using income and price of an item?

Posted: 15 Feb 2021 08:38 AM PST

Hi r/askscience

Let's say I survey people who consumed chocolate regularly in a longitudinal fashion and I recorded the price of their fav chocolate (can change) every 2 months along with their income. Is there a way to calculate the aggregated price elasticity of chocolate for chocolate lover within the sample?

Like for example, when luxury goods are deemed to have a huge price elasticity. That is determined by supply and demand, but can supply be substituted with income?

submitted by /u/findinginformations
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Whats going tonhapoen to the gulf current?

Posted: 15 Feb 2021 07:00 AM PST

This hard freeze over most of the North American continent is something else. My question is, what will the current weather system do to the gulf of Mexico and the gulf stream? Currently, the water temp off of Galveston is at 58. Will Europe have a much cooler spring this year?

submitted by /u/Kickstand8604
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