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Wednesday, January 6, 2021

Does a Corona virus actually look like a ball with spikes?

Does a Corona virus actually look like a ball with spikes?

Does a Corona virus actually look like a ball with spikes?

Posted: 05 Jan 2021 05:09 PM PST

Whenever the media needs to explain something about the corona virus, it is portrayed as a sphere with spikes on it. Does it actually resemble that look in reality or is that just a model and it looks completely different in reality?

submitted by /u/Realm-Protector
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As photons are their own antiparticle, can they annihilate in much the same way as an electron-positron collision? Perhaps to produce an electron and a positron?

Posted: 05 Jan 2021 03:24 PM PST

Does the orbit of the earth itself rotate? In other words, does the perihelion or aphelion rotate around the sun?

Posted: 05 Jan 2021 05:32 PM PST

Yet another way to word is if January 1st occurs in the same position relative to a hypothetical fixed point on the sun.

submitted by /u/Chameleonpolice
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Ask Anything Wednesday - Physics, Astronomy, Earth and Planetary Science

Posted: 06 Jan 2021 07:00 AM PST

Welcome to our weekly feature, Ask Anything Wednesday - this week we are focusing on Physics, Astronomy, Earth and Planetary Science

Do you have a question within these topics you weren't sure was worth submitting? Is something a bit too speculative for a typical /r/AskScience post? No question is too big or small for AAW. In this thread you can ask any science-related question! Things like: "What would happen if...", "How will the future...", "If all the rules for 'X' were different...", "Why does my...".

Asking Questions:

Please post your question as a top-level response to this, and our team of panellists will be here to answer and discuss your questions. The other topic areas will appear in future Ask Anything Wednesdays, so if you have other questions not covered by this weeks theme please either hold on to it until those topics come around, or go and post over in our sister subreddit /r/AskScienceDiscussion , where every day is Ask Anything Wednesday! Off-theme questions in this post will be removed to try and keep the thread a manageable size for both our readers and panellists.

Answering Questions:

Please only answer a posted question if you are an expert in the field. The full guidelines for posting responses in AskScience can be found here. In short, this is a moderated subreddit, and responses which do not meet our quality guidelines will be removed. Remember, peer reviewed sources are always appreciated, and anecdotes are absolutely not appropriate. In general if your answer begins with 'I think', or 'I've heard', then it's not suitable for /r/AskScience.

If you would like to become a member of the AskScience panel, please refer to the information provided here.

Past AskAnythingWednesday posts can be found here. Ask away!

submitted by /u/AutoModerator
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Did prokaryotes evolve from virusses and if so is there a virus that is evolutionairy on its way to become a prokaryotic species?

Posted: 06 Jan 2021 03:12 AM PST

So what my question comes down to is there a species that can kinda inbetween a virus and a prokaryotic cell?

submitted by /u/randybobandy-burger
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Why solubility of a gas in a liquid is exothermic?

Posted: 06 Jan 2021 07:57 AM PST

The solubility of a gas in a liquid decreases with the increase in temperature.Why? Also, why is it an exothermic process? Thanks in advance!

submitted by /u/fadilll
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Are there any elements that aren't common on earth, but are more common throughout the universe?

Posted: 05 Jan 2021 07:51 PM PST

Does a nuclear weapon detonating in a vacuum create the characteristic double flash?

Posted: 05 Jan 2021 09:45 PM PST

From what I've read, the shockwave of the nuclear detonation briefly obscures the light from the nuke, which creates the double flash used by satellites to verify an atmospheric nuclear test.

But would a nuclear detonation in space cause the same effect? I did not see any mention of it for nuclear weapons tested in space.

submitted by /u/KillerLag
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Why won’t the rocket equation give the same answer for simple conservation of momentum?

Posted: 05 Jan 2021 04:57 PM PST

you know how the ideal rocket equation says Delta V = Vexh ln(m0/mf)? If I use it for a very simple example, like a bowling ball with an ice skater, I get two different result, and I don't know why. Here's what I mean:

Say that a 50kg ice skater with a 10kg bowling ball launched the ball at 10 m/s in one direction. From the conservation of momentum, the ice skater should go 2 m/s in the other direction right? But if I plug that into the rocket equation (Vexh = 10 m/s, M0 = 60 kg, Mf = 50kg), I get like 1.82 m/s. Why is there a discrepancy? Isn't the derivation for the rocket equation just based off of conservation of momentum?

submitted by /u/SatisfactionIll7285
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Is the big bang the only instance where energy is converted into matter?

Posted: 06 Jan 2021 03:48 AM PST

Is there a difference in efficacy between the Pfizer vaccine and the Moderna vaccine?

Posted: 05 Jan 2021 10:30 PM PST

Is there a potential avenue to suppress existing influenza to the point where it isn't endemic anymore during the COVID-19 pandemic?

Posted: 05 Jan 2021 05:30 PM PST

Given the relative widespread practices of mask-wearing and social distancing compared to previous years, is it possible to supress the spread of influenza to the point where it is no longer endemic?

Here in the US, influenza cases are low across the country, even with massive amounts of people not following disease-preventing practices. I'm not a pathologist/virologist/epidemiologist but I had the thought that there may be an opportunity to capitalize on given the communicability of the flu is almost a magnitude lower than COVID, if not here in the states, possibly in other countries.

submitted by /u/TaquitoPrime
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Would dinosaurs have gotten the flu?

Posted: 05 Jan 2021 07:21 PM PST

How long did it take for life to function normally after the Chicxulub impact?

Posted: 05 Jan 2021 01:57 PM PST

How do black holes interact with expanding space and dark energy?

Posted: 05 Jan 2021 11:23 AM PST

I have two questions about the interactions of black holes with dark energy.

1) How does expanding space work inside black holes? Most are rather small so I would imagine that the effect is negligible but if we consider a black hole with a radius of 5 billion light years where the expansion of space would be significant. Would an object falling through such a black hole take a longer time to reach the singularity due to said expansion? Any noteworthy effects?

2) Additionally, can black holes grow in mass and size from dark energy? I've read that the density of dark energy is 7 *10-30 g/cm3, could there be a point where a black hole of sufficient size gains more energy from this than it loses due to hawking radiation and thus keeps growing forever?

submitted by /u/4169726f6e
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How Push Broom Imagery Photography in satellites works?

Posted: 06 Jan 2021 12:05 AM PST

I recently saw Scott Manley video where he used term "Push broom Imagery" in Lunar Reconaissance.

submitted by /u/DJparada
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Why are BAME nearly twice as likely to die from COVID-19 as white people? (Adjusted for age and sociodemographic factors)

Posted: 06 Jan 2021 02:52 AM PST

Will the Lateral Flow Antigen tests be able to detect the new strain of the coronavirus in the UK?

Posted: 05 Jan 2021 10:35 PM PST

As a science student at a university I'm currently working in an asymptomatic testing centre for COVID for experience. We started 2 days ago and having tested hundreds of people we have only had 1 test come back positive.

Is there a chance that the tests cannot detect the new strain? What is the exact mechanism of the test?

submitted by /u/GodBurntMyBush
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Does any other animal need a "balanced" diet, as in can a bird survive by eating only a single insect?

Posted: 05 Jan 2021 09:15 AM PST

Like is there any fish or mammal that wouldn't be able to survive if they just had a single source of food?

submitted by /u/taracus
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Is Lake Superior a failed rift, a product glaciation, or both?

Posted: 05 Jan 2021 06:55 AM PST

I'm not sure which one it is, as I've read in some places that all the Great Lakes were formed by glaciers in the Ice Age, and in other places I've read that Lake Superior fills a rift that almost tore apart Laurentia. I hope somebody can clarify this for me.

submitted by /u/The_Saurian
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Tuesday, January 5, 2021

How do scientists distinguish between states of matter other than the classical four?

How do scientists distinguish between states of matter other than the classical four?

How do scientists distinguish between states of matter other than the classical four?

Posted: 05 Jan 2021 01:55 AM PST

Is there a standard that defines what is or what is not a new state of matter. I was always fascinated by the subject and i was curious about how much matter you need to define a new state.

Wikipedia does have a giant list of modern states but the properties that distinguish the states seem so random. In contrast solids, liquids gases and plasma seem to be very different.

submitted by /u/Pixel_Detective
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Why exactly does Superconductivity occur?

Posted: 04 Jan 2021 07:00 PM PST

So I've recently been interested in superconductors and how they're made. I understand the kind of phenomenon that are ocurring such as flux pinning but why does superconductivity occur in materials in the first place? Are there specific requirements for the materials used on a molecular level? Or have we not figured that out yet?

submitted by /u/BlueJay5161
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What’s the difference between the 2009 Swine Flu pandemic and COVID-19, and why weren’t masks/lockdowns encouraged in 2009?

Posted: 04 Jan 2021 08:20 PM PST

How come masks weren't involved in the 2009 Swine Flu pandemic?

It lasted from June 2009 to August 2010, but lockdowns and masks weren't enforced or encouraged, even though it currently lasted longer than COVID-19, was a global pandemic, and infected ~60 million individuals in the United States.

I understand this is a bit of a dumb question to ask this far into the pandemic, but what makes COVID-19 different from other pandemics?

Btw I'm not an "anti-masker" or anything, just curious

submitted by /u/Arsyn786
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What is the effect of bird flu on wild populations of birds?

Posted: 05 Jan 2021 06:35 AM PST

A cursory glance on google/google scholar didn't really answer this question, so I decided to ask it here. Basically I was wondering what the effects of highly pathogenic types of bird flu is on wild bird populations. Does it have significant ecological effects? I am mainly interested in this as it seems that the HPAI variants seem to have originated from domestic bird populations (or so I have been told).

submitted by /u/Justanothergarder13
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Are kids ‘spreaders’ too when it concerns the new (UK) strain?

Posted: 04 Jan 2021 10:54 PM PST

Hi, does anyone know if there's any data yet from the UK on how the new variant of the corona virus spread amongst children under 12? Under 6? Ty.

submitted by /u/lisalot
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If we develop antibodies for viruses, why are some life long? HSV-1 for example. Our bodies develop HSV-1 antibodies but outbreaks still occur. Why don’t the antibodies eradicate the virus completely instead of solely fighting off the outbreaks?

Posted: 04 Jan 2021 10:17 PM PST

How does a spinning object “know” it’s spinning?

Posted: 04 Jan 2021 02:28 PM PST

I'm confused about rotating frames of reference.

I get that there is no universal frame of reference and thus no universal definition of what is moving and what is not. However, acceleration is universal but requires energy.

So I'm confused about a rotating frame of reference. If you have a wheel spinning in space how does it "know" it is spinning and not that the space around it is spinning instead and the wheel is still? It seems to work like acceleration but with no energy input, how does that work?

This might be very complicated but I've been wondering about it. Thanks!

submitted by /u/mikooster
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How was it determined that someone was sick of the spanish flu during the 1918-1920 spanish flu pandemic?

Posted: 04 Jan 2021 03:35 PM PST

Learning about electricity. Does power increase or decrease in relation to resistance??

Posted: 04 Jan 2021 03:05 PM PST

So P=VI

Or P= (V2) /R

Or P= (I2)*R

Trying to wrap my mind around why the power would get larger as resistance gets smaller in the first equation, but the opposite in the second .

Thanks

Edit - not sure how reddits math formulation works haha

submitted by /u/Andreslargo1
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How much does solar wind affect planetary orbits?

Posted: 04 Jan 2021 08:27 PM PST

The pressure from solar wind is pretty tiny, but it falls over a whole lot of surface area when it hits Earth. Back of the envelope calculations show the Earth currently gets about 150,000N/s of force from it. That's not a lot, either, but multiplied by a billion years it adds up. So how much of an influence would that have on our orbit over geologic time? Are we farther from the sun than you'd expect of calculating based on gravity alone?

submitted by /u/GummyKibble
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What determines how soon one will experience covid symptoms after exposure?

Posted: 04 Jan 2021 12:15 PM PST

As we all know it can take 2-14 days after exposure to covid for symptoms to appear, with a median of 4-5 days.

I was wondering why it has such a high range, and what factors determine its length.

submitted by /u/motta_x_rated
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Can a HIV+ person who hasn’t treated the HIV for 9 months to a year could get ill from the Influenza Vaccine or any vaccine in general?

Posted: 04 Jan 2021 08:57 PM PST

Does the vaccine help with the long-term effects experienced by those who already had covid?

Posted: 04 Jan 2021 12:07 PM PST

I've been reading about all the lingering effects of organ damage and other after effects of having covid, and was wondering if its possible for the vaccine to alleviate this.

submitted by /u/B-Chaos
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South Africa Covid Variant?

Posted: 04 Jan 2021 08:34 PM PST

My friend just told me about this variant. I was aware of the UK variant but just hear about this South Africa 501.V2 variant. What is it about this one that is particularly concerning?

submitted by /u/PhysiciansEmission
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How come Covid-19 quick tests are wrong so easily?

Posted: 05 Jan 2021 03:31 AM PST

So for Covid, at least where I live there are 2 types of tests. One "serious" and the other one that gives you a result almost instantly. These are prone to fail often.

First time I heard about this was when 10 players of a football Team in my country were tested positive before a match. After all of them had taken the real test none of them were infected.

One of our politicians produced a positive test when he poured Coke over the test-strip. I even heard of them failing simply because they were done outside in the cold.

How is this possible? Is it even a good Idea to use tests that are prone to failure that often? Are they supposed to be used under very specific circumstances?

I really hope some of you can enlighten me in that regard.

submitted by /u/Tango-288
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What is the status of investigation of Favipiravir for coronavirus?

Posted: 04 Jan 2021 10:10 AM PST

I read there were supposedly good results in a phase 3 study about 5 months ago, but there is nobody talking about it anymore... meanwhile vaccines got approved and funded much quicker ... is there any hope this medication will be helpful?

submitted by /u/EasierThanIThought
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Is there a tablet/pill alternative in the works for the vaccine?

Posted: 04 Jan 2021 07:24 PM PST

Asking this for someone with needle phobia. (I'd imagine there are other reasons why someone can't be injected.)

submitted by /u/Melonfudger
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Is there an official scientific definition of North that applies to other non-Earth objects?

Posted: 04 Jan 2021 07:23 AM PST

Obviously, any such definition would be mostly arbitrary... but I feel that such standardization would be necessary especially as we start exploring other astronomical bodies.

I'm sure that for our own solar system, we probably just designate the side of the ecliptic plane with Earth's North on it as the "North side"..

But what about something like Uranus whose rotation is basically perpedicular to the plane?

What about other star systems? How would we determine, for example, Proxima Centauri B's North Pole?

submitted by /u/Tortugato
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Monday, January 4, 2021

With two vaccines now approved and in use, does making a vaccine for new strains of coronavirus become easier to make?

With two vaccines now approved and in use, does making a vaccine for new strains of coronavirus become easier to make?

With two vaccines now approved and in use, does making a vaccine for new strains of coronavirus become easier to make?

Posted: 04 Jan 2021 04:47 AM PST

I have read reports that there is concern about the South African coronavirus strain. There seems to be more anxiety over it, due to certain mutations in the protein. If the vaccine is ineffective against this strain, or other strains in the future, what would the process be to tackle it?

submitted by /u/JokerJosh123
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Pressure in a pipe using Bournellie's equation?

Posted: 04 Jan 2021 04:18 AM PST

According to Bournellie's equation, pressure and velocity have an inverse relation, given that the G.P.E remains constant. So if I increase the length of a pipe, the velocity would decrease due to greater frictional forces as there are irregularities in the pipe. As the velocity decreases, the pressure should increase, right?

However, from daily observation and I performed an experiment, the data shows that the pressure decreases( which seems plausible to me but I don't understand the theory behind it). Any help would be greatly appreciated. Thank you

submitted by /u/arnavj0315
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Some viruses, such as measles, spread long distances via respiratory aerosols. Others, like influenza, spread shorter distances in larger respiratory droplets. What makes the difference?

Posted: 04 Jan 2021 05:25 AM PST

Obviously relevant to the current pandemic, but I'm really curious as to the physical mechanism of why one virus spreads farther than another. Does it infect a different part of the respiratory tract? Or does measles simply survive longer in the open air?

submitted by /u/GreenStrong
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What's the simplest virus known?

Posted: 03 Jan 2021 10:55 PM PST

Excluding stuff like viroids, transposons and prions,

what is the virus with the most simple genetic structure that can replicate on its own (without any coinfection necessary).

I'm asking this because I was looking at the rabies virus and noticed how simple such a deadly virus can be: 5 genes : RnRp (L) and its cofactor (P), the nucleoprotein (N), the matrix protein (M), and the glycoprotein (G) for a grand total of 11kb.

This truly baffles me as I'm reading about how it can evade the immune system without dedicating any specialized protein to the process.

For those interested, for now, what I seem to understand is that rabies is poorly immunoreactive and tempts to pass under the radar of the INF-I response. It also seems to limit its cytopathogenic effects in peripherical nerves (which favors migration to the brain, where it seems to then lead to apoptosis, triggering an immune response but too late for recovery of the patient). Other reasons are also mentioned like an increase in autophagy (which might reduce the amount of CMH-I capable of triggering a response), and poor permeabilization of the blood brain barrier.

If some of you are experts in the field, I'll be glad to hear more about rabies. :)

Link of the review on rabies.

submitted by /u/-Lipo-
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What virological evidence is there that the B117 variant of Coronavirus is more easily transmitted?

Posted: 04 Jan 2021 05:09 AM PST

All the evidence reported thus far is that we're seeing more cases than expected. Apart from the rise in cases, is there any biological evidence to prove that the UK hasn't just let the situation get out of control (not that a new variant would disprove that anyway)

submitted by /u/Culicinae
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Do all receptors downregulate?

Posted: 03 Jan 2021 05:20 PM PST

Pretty straightforward question I guess, save for one caveat:

There's possibly more to the question than whether or not the capability is there, because there is a notable variability in how sensitive some receptors (or perhaps just receptor types, like allosteric modulators) are to (down/up)regulation. It might be more of a question of whether there are some receptors that are particularly unresponsive to this process.

If anybody could shine a light, however bright, that'd be great!

submitted by /u/Ferbeezo
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Is there any evidence that dinosaurs roared? If so, what is that evidence? (Was suggested to post this here, original post on askreddit)

Posted: 04 Jan 2021 05:44 AM PST

If the Pfizer vaccine has to be kept at -80 degrees Celsius and the Moderna vaccine has to be kept at -20 degrees Celsius, why is there more investment to transport the Pfizer one if the latter is more practical?

Posted: 03 Jan 2021 07:57 PM PST

Although both versions have been approved by some countries, it's interesting to see more investment is being made by governments to purchase super chilled freezers to transport the Pfizer vaccine when the Moderna vaccine is more practical to transport with the existing infrastructure.

submitted by /u/Inaerius
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What is the cause of stereoisomerism?

Posted: 03 Jan 2021 12:25 PM PST

I found descriptions of what it is, two identical chemical formulas with identical bind between toms, but different geometry. I recall a bit from high school too.

But i can't quite understand why would the atoms decide to arrange one what or another. Does it have to do with the electronic layer that happens to bind two atoms? How do you make sure you create one and not the other?

(I thought of this today https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thalidomide)

submitted by /u/MacaroonPickle8793
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How does total pressure (as supposed to partial pressure) affect the diffusion of components in a mixture?

Posted: 03 Jan 2021 02:43 PM PST

Scenario A: You have a tube with a permeable membrane in the center. On one side 50/50 water and alcohol on the other pure water. Pressure between the sides are equal.

Scenario B: it's exactly the same as scenario A except that at time 0 you inject an amount of water into the 50/50 side (making it no longer 50/50). So Volume, molarity of alcohol, and temperature haven't changed but pressure has.

How does the diffusion of alcohol compare between the two scenarios?

submitted by /u/OreganoTimeSage
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Are oxygen levels higher in a forest vs. a desert because of the plant life (or lack thereof)?

Posted: 03 Jan 2021 07:46 AM PST

It would seem that the amount of oxygen in the air would be higher in places where there is more plant life. Does wind (or other factors) help to distribute oxygen around the Earth more evenly?

submitted by /u/maxxcoo
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Could we map the molten flow in the Earth's core by studying the Earth's magnetic field?

Posted: 03 Jan 2021 08:30 PM PST

Can maps of the flow (in the sense of ocean surface current/deep-sea current maps I guess) within the Earth's core be extrapolated from the changing shape of the Earth's magnetic field?

submitted by /u/TreyCray
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Is it possible that the Covid19 vaccines will also work for other coronaviruses?

Posted: 03 Jan 2021 09:07 AM PST

With the mRNA vaccines targeting the spike protein of Covid19, I wondered if there is any biological crossover with other common Coronaviruses and therefore whether a happy additional benefit of the mass vaccination programme will be less incidences of the common cold? Thank you.

submitted by /u/303AND909
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What is the "shelf life" of COVID-19 vaccines?

Posted: 03 Jan 2021 09:44 PM PST

The New York Times article argued that many vaccine dosages could expire before use due to the US's slow rollout. I find this surprising as they were only produced like one month ago. So, I'm curious, what's the average life of vaccine before they expire or become ineffective?

submitted by /u/vardhanisation
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Is it possible to re-contract covid-19 from yourself?

Posted: 04 Jan 2021 02:10 AM PST

For example: I test positive and spend 2 weeks isolated in my home, making food, showering, sleeping, etc. After I've recovered, I pick up a used glass that I drank out of before recovery and testing negative (for this example let's say used the cup Wednesday, tested negative Saturday), could you re-contract the virus from yourself?

I know this is more of just a hypothetical type question, but I haven't been able to find any info about it anywhere and I'm genuinely curious about it.

submitted by /u/MrTristian100
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In a more simplistic way: How does Vaccines work, and can you get the flu from them?

Posted: 03 Jan 2021 07:24 PM PST

I tried posting on Another Reddit, got removed this is my second time posting here because it got removed from here because I said the name of the Reddit. So here: I know they don't, and I know they can't. But I want to be able to explain it simply when the time comes without having to go though so much talking to get the point across: "Vaccines don't cause you to get (Whatever virus here.)"

submitted by /u/Wolf-Go-Brrr
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What route does a lipid encapsulated vaccine take to enter our cells? Why isn't it excluded like other foreign bodies?

Posted: 03 Jan 2021 03:07 PM PST

Follow up, are there viruses or bacteria that can use this same route?

submitted by /u/physicsforfools
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What is the horizontal resolution of standard definition ANALOG (not digital) video?

Posted: 03 Jan 2021 09:35 AM PST

I wasn't sure how to flair this, but I picked the one that seemed the most appropriate.

I've been watching videos online about how older analog CRT televisions work. Something that caught my attention is that color CRTs used a sort of "mask" in front of the picture tube that filtered the light from the electron beam through red, green, and blue phosphors. In other words, the color part of a picture tube isn't actually composed of individual pixels like a modern display, but an array of tiny holes which block quite a lot of light in exchange for color. On a black and white display with no color phosphors, the color part of the analog signal is ignored, and there's better brightness. So, when you zoom into a black and white CRT vs a color CRT, the scanlines will be uniform and unbroken rather than divided into different colors.

That leads to a question I haven't found an answer to yet. We know there are only 480 scanlines in an analog, standard-definition NTSC video signal, but that's just the vertical resolution. What about horizontal resolution? If the scanlines on a black and white CRT aren't clearly broken down into pixel or subpixel groupings, and the "pixels" on a color CRT are just a mask covering an unbroken scanline to produce color, does this mean that, at least theoretically, the horizontal resolution of analog video is... infinite?

Yes, digital standard-definition video has a set horizontal resolution of, depending on the source, 720 pixels. But analog video doesn't use pixels, at least not originally. I've read some sources online which say that the "practical" horizontal resolution of analog video - or how many vertical lines can be separately distinguished - ranges from 700 to 1000, but I can't find a great proof of that anywhere. Plus, with modern displays getting larger, analog video upscaling could benefit from increased horizontal detail. Again, I don't actually know if there's a horizontal resolution cap for analog video, but I want to.

If you're wondering what I'm even getting at, consider 35mm film. It's not composed of pixels, but microscopic particles of silver halide. So it doesn't really have a "resolution," though it does have a practical limit at which you can't resolve much more detail. This is why it's possible to remaster old movies shot on film at 4K digital resolution; the grain contains a lot of "information" so to speak. A 32K scan of the film would probably be overkill, though. With 480 total scanlines, analog video cannot resolve any more vertical detail than 480 pixels. That said, if the... sample rate(?) of the scanlines is big enough, it might be possible to recover a lot more horizontal detail than we could see before on a regular CRT.

I hope this isn't too speculative, but I could not find a good answer for this anywhere online. I think I saw some Wikipedia articles talking about mathematical equations related to this, but I cannot understand them, and I'm not even sure they're relevant. If you have any experience in analog video, or even video in general, and you can point me to good resources on or explanations of this topic, I would love it if you could point me in that direction. I'm really trying to explore what the true limitations of analog video are. I appreciate your time.

submitted by /u/pixelperfectcolor
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Does drinking alcohol have any effect on the gut microbiome?

Posted: 02 Jan 2021 11:15 PM PST

Why does cold make things brittle?

Posted: 02 Jan 2021 11:22 PM PST

How is subatmospheric pleural pressure maintained?

Posted: 03 Jan 2021 06:15 AM PST

To my knowledge, the pressure inside the pleural cavity is always subatmospheric, during exhalation as well as during inspiration. I don't understand how this "negative" pressure is maintained. Unless the tissue is 100% air tight (which I assume it is not), I would assume there will always leak a small amount of gas into the cavity. I would expect the leakage to continue until atmospheric pressure is reached. I understand that the pleural cavity is not really a large cavity and rather a small layer filled with fluid, but I still don't understand why the subatmospheric pressure does not "suck" air into the cavity over the course of years until the subatmospheric pressure is raised to atmospheric pressure.

submitted by /u/CharLimitsAreBullshi
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