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Friday, January 1, 2021

why does chicken pox and shingles cause different symptoms when they’re the same virus?

why does chicken pox and shingles cause different symptoms when they’re the same virus?

why does chicken pox and shingles cause different symptoms when they’re the same virus?

Posted: 31 Dec 2020 04:42 PM PST

How does Google search through its entire database in a fraction of a second when you search for something?

Posted: 01 Jan 2021 02:32 AM PST

Shouldn't it take much longer to search for keywords in 2 billion websites?

submitted by /u/J-Roc67
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Why - despite having millions of people which have already been vaccinated - we don't really know if vaccinated people do transmit covid or not?

Posted: 01 Jan 2021 05:43 AM PST

Are there any major differences in structure and functioning of brains in large organisms?

Posted: 01 Jan 2021 06:22 AM PST

For example CPUs, GPUs made by humans have vastly different architectures, efficiency and functionality. Did evolution cause similar in brains? Do some organisms have brains that have a completely different way of functioning?

submitted by /u/DatBoiEk
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How to test transmission of COVID-19 after vaccination?

Posted: 31 Dec 2020 02:00 PM PST

What tests are being done to determine if vaccination prevents COVID-19 from being transmitted from a vaccinated individual and when are we likely to see the results from this research?

submitted by /u/jouster85
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How exactly do we absorb Vitamin D from the sun?

Posted: 01 Jan 2021 06:51 AM PST

I know it's something to do with the VDR (vitamin D receptor) and a chain of reactions that take place when exposed to sunlight, but what exactly happens?

I can't find any papers that explain it clearly.

Many thanks!

submitted by /u/NT202
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Do animals recognize people by their movement patterns like us humans do?

Posted: 01 Jan 2021 06:42 AM PST

I was observing a cat who was looking at its owner through a window. The owner was wearing full ski gear so the cat probably had a hard time seeing or smelling who it was. A human would see the movement pattern and recognize the owner that way so I wondered if animals in general lack this skill or if there are any that can do this?

submitted by /u/WashingmachineOtter
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Are there still Neanderthal X or Y chromosomes in any human populations today?

Posted: 01 Jan 2021 06:11 AM PST

All non-African humans have some small percentage of Neanderthal DNA, but are there any surviving X or Y chromosomes that are a result of direct descendancy from a Neanderthal ancestor?

submitted by /u/kuuzo
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Are there virus outbreaks in oceans?

Posted: 31 Dec 2020 02:29 PM PST

I'm just wondering if there ever has been a pandemic in the ocean that infected and killed a lot of fish and sea creatures? One would think that it being one massive body of water that that would happen very quickly.

submitted by /u/BlueKat25
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At what rate are people who have previously caught Coronavirus being reinfected versus the rest of the population?

Posted: 01 Jan 2021 02:14 AM PST

Do brain regions of other animals match that of ours?

Posted: 01 Jan 2021 08:11 AM PST

We have a fiarly clear understanding of various parts of our brain to the point we can tell which part of brain is 'responsible' for which body function - emotions, memories, senses, etc.

Do we know analogous regions for animals? Do they match in general area? Can we see correlation between more evolved features e.g. superior sense of smell of dogs, and larger area in the brain responsible for it?

submitted by /u/Naturage
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Do ants, bees, wasps, or other insect colonies ever have civil war, or killing within one colony?

Posted: 01 Jan 2021 07:41 AM PST

I am excluding the colony's rejection of queens or queens having to kill each other to be the only one. I am thinking of regular worker insects killing each other or even more human-like, workers showing loyalty to different queens and these factions killing each other for control of the hive.

submitted by /u/akbmartizzz
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Why do humans when we get horrible infections to the point of amputation, not spread to other parts of the body earlier?

Posted: 01 Jan 2021 03:07 AM PST

How are genes expressed in different body parts?

Posted: 01 Jan 2021 03:07 AM PST

for example, do the eyes have a certain set of genes or for do all cells have the same set or genes but only certain genes are expressed in certain parts of the body?

submitted by /u/SnooDoodles3278
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How is groundwater oxygenated?

Posted: 01 Jan 2021 02:41 AM PST

If water needs to percolate many meters down into soil, how does it retain or gain oxygen if the area becomes saturated for ground water? Doesn't the soil material become anoxic or anaerobic?

submitted by /u/Glassfern
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Are there animals that resist electricity?

Posted: 31 Dec 2020 08:05 PM PST

Or other types of lifeform that have a better defense mechanism than humans? Any answer on either the biologic explanation or biochemical way it works would do wonders, thanks!

submitted by /u/Kevrsplayer
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Cancer stage 1 to mestastisised stages - how does it happen?

Posted: 31 Dec 2020 02:07 PM PST

Ok so this question stems from both my limited understanding of how cancer forms and how it spreads. Note: I am also in the education sector (not biology), fairly new to reddit ( I know my students are here somewhere too) so I am eager to see how to source knowledge and understanding from online platforms.

My current understanding of cancer cells forming is that mitosis can go wrong and abnormal cells may form as a result. (Primarily in their DNA sturcture). Our body usually triggers an immune response but in some case the mutation is aggressive/ rapid/ undetected which led to masses forming. I also understand that each tissue has specialist cells therefore I do not fully understand how cancers may spread from one organ system to another.

What I am asking is as follow (and this could in the r/explainlikeIamfive subreddit): - How do cancer cells first form - in a little more detail because a google search kind of confirms my limited understanding. - how can a stage one cancer mass spread to a completely different type of specialised cell.

Thanks!

submitted by /u/Boudutunnel
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In Vitro, can 2 entirely different species egg and sperm Fertilize ? If so, do they develop into zygotes?

Posted: 01 Jan 2021 12:15 AM PST

One definition of species I've heard is inability to mate and produce offspring. Does the process even begin or does the sperm look up at the egg and say " Well boys no point in breaching that."

submitted by /u/FatherDuffy
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Would it be possible to distribute a COVID-19 vaccine virally using a genetically-modified carrier virus?

Posted: 31 Dec 2020 01:54 PM PST

Would it be possible to genetically modify a common cold so that spreading it inoculates against COVID-19? The safest and simplest approach might be to modify the payload of a common cold so that it produces COVID spike proteins in addition to itself.

Downsides I can think of:

  • It would be very dangerous, and testing would require completely isolating a large population. If the modified virus turns out to be deadly, you've started a new pandemic.
  • The modified virus might provoke a worse immune response than the original due to having two "signatures". Not sure if it would be possible to limit how often the COVID spike sequence activates.
  • People immune to the original virus might also be immune to the modified carrier.
  • Inoculation would vary from person to person; vaccine dose depends on how quickly the immune system fights the carrier virus.
  • The modified virus could continuously mutate like its natural counterpart, causing it to linger indefinitely.
submitted by /u/joeyadams
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What keeps birds' legs from freezing in sub-zero winters?

Posted: 31 Dec 2020 07:23 PM PST

It often drops below -15C where I live. I see those thin little legs and wonder how they don't freeze and snap off.

submitted by /u/rousellm
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[Ionizing radiation] Why are alpha particles more dangerous than beta particles or gamma rays for us?

Posted: 31 Dec 2020 11:11 AM PST

Why are alpha particles easily more absorbed by our body? Is it because the particle is "big enough and have enough mass"?

Is there probability at play here? Meaning since the alpha particle is "bigger and slower" the probability of alpha particles ionizing atoms in our cell is higher than the energy richer and smaller beta particle and than the rays of gamma? Is that right?

Could someone please clarify this for me?

Thanks y'all.

submitted by /u/HaNu3
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Can the frequency of hair/skin washing change the rate at which oil (sebum) is produced?

Posted: 31 Dec 2020 02:49 PM PST

It's often said that washing your hair/skin too often will lead to increased sebum production. It's also claimed that when you reduce the frequency with which you wash, your skin/hair will be extra oily, but that after a while your body will return to normal production rates and your skin/hair will no longer be oily.

Is there any scientific basis to these claims? If hair and the outer layer of skin are not living tissue, how does your body sense how oily they are and signal for increased sebum production?

submitted by /u/mosesdefinitely
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Thursday, December 31, 2020

How does SARS-CoV-2 proof read its RNA replication?

How does SARS-CoV-2 proof read its RNA replication?

How does SARS-CoV-2 proof read its RNA replication?

Posted: 31 Dec 2020 05:01 AM PST

I've read in a number of articles that SARS-CoV-2 has a low mutation rate because corona viruses check their copied RNA for errors.

I thought that viruses used the internal processes of the cells they invade to handle replication so what is "proof reading" the replication as before replication the virus has made no proteins of its own.

submitted by /u/Richard210363
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What steps are in place to ensure the quality control of both Pfizer and moderna vaccines as they are being produced, stored, transported and distributed? Is this data available to the public?

Posted: 31 Dec 2020 05:24 AM PST

How do you mass produce vaccines in the huge quantities needed to fight Covid-19?

Posted: 30 Dec 2020 09:12 AM PST

Why are most moons tidally locked?

Posted: 30 Dec 2020 08:03 AM PST

With the exception of Pluto's smaller moons, all the moons in the Solar System are, to my knowledge, tidally locked with their respective planets. Why is this?

Wikipedia says,

Most major moons in the Solar System, the gravitationally rounded satellites, are tidally locked with their primaries, because they orbit very closely and tidal force increases rapidly (as a cubic function) with decreasing distance.

But I don't honestly have any idea what any of this means.

submitted by /u/Lindvaettr
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How are the vaccine efficacy rates for Covid-19 reflective of the infection rates that will occur during the 'social normality' it hopes to acheive?

Posted: 30 Dec 2020 03:34 PM PST

Another vaccine question! So the Oxford AstraZeneca vaccine was 70% effective in preventing symptomatic infections. This was calculated as 30 people of the 5807 people who received the two doses developed covid 19.

I just can't wrap my head around how this is reliably calculated. The participants were not intentionally exposed to Covid-19, so the developers have no idea to what frequency the participants were exposed to the virus. It is more than likely that half or more of the participants have been careful and had limited social contacts.

How can the health of those 5807 vaccinated people who have lived through intermittent lockdowns and decreased social contacts, compare to the massive increase of social mixing that will occur sometime in 2021, to create a reliable efficacy percentage?

submitted by /u/leafchewer
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If mRNA vaccine produced proteins are released from cytoplasm through exostosis, how does the immune system recognize them if they are inside the human plasma membrane?

Posted: 31 Dec 2020 05:14 AM PST

Doesn't the human plasma membrane express markers to evade humoral response? Is this a concern for triggering autoimmune disease? Traditional vaccines release proteins that aren't encased in plasma membrane. How do mRNA vaccines get past this issue?

submitted by /u/AthensGA
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Generally speaking, how does the magnitude of an earthquake vary with distance?

Posted: 30 Dec 2020 12:44 PM PST

For example, if the epicenter of a M9 earthquake is 100 km away, what would the felt magnitude be? Certainly there are a ton of variables here such as ground composition, but I'm curious about a general idea.

submitted by /u/makhno
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Is there any evidence humans lived with Neanderthals or other species?

Posted: 30 Dec 2020 12:15 PM PST

Since modern humans have Neanderthal DNA did any human settlements have multiple species living together do we have evidence such as bones?

submitted by /u/fearbrady
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Will repeated exposure increase the efficacy or duration of an immunization?

Posted: 30 Dec 2020 06:01 PM PST

I haven't had luck finding this exact answer so forgive me if it has been asked:

Many vaccines require boosters after the immunity starts to wane. However it seems that many of these are also diseases most people don't frequently encounter, for instance rabies or tetanus. It makes sense in these instances that immunity would wane over time as the body forgets the pathogens.

However, with something like COVID-19, where the immunity is presumed to not be long-lasting (although longer than natural immunity,) while also being highly prevalent and contagious--is it feasible that repeat exposures during the window of immunity could extend or increase it?

For instance, would frequent exposure increase efficacy past 95%? Extend the immunity past a year or more?

I tried asking this earlier, but it appears to have not actually posted and I haven't been notified of it being hidden, so apologies if this is a duplicate.

TIA!

submitted by /u/Cleric2145
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Wednesday, December 30, 2020

Are antibodies resulting from an infection different from antibodies resulting from a vaccine?

Are antibodies resulting from an infection different from antibodies resulting from a vaccine?

Are antibodies resulting from an infection different from antibodies resulting from a vaccine?

Posted: 29 Dec 2020 06:25 PM PST

Are they identical? Is one more effective than the other?

Thank you for your time.

submitted by /u/SatansSwingingDick
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Is teleportation actually a thing, or is it science fiction?

Posted: 30 Dec 2020 02:16 AM PST

A friend of mine told me the other day that "they" (he didn't specify who "they" were) able to teleport "particles" (again, he did not specify what exactly) from the east coast of the US to the west coast of the US. I want to believe him but I haven't been able to find solid information on it that I can believe to be true. So my question is, has teleportation been achieved and or is it truly possible or is it more or less science fiction still?

submitted by /u/using-your-name
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How did we come to detect the new, more contagious variant of Covid-19 in the US (Colorado) ?

Posted: 30 Dec 2020 05:27 AM PST

The patient in Colorado is a male in his 20'a who has NOT traveled out of the country recently. This implies he contracted the new strain somewhere domestically & that the virus made it's way here undetected.

How did we detect this new variant if the presentation is the same as normal Covid? How did anyone know to do genetic sequencing of that patient's virus?

submitted by /u/Prismane_62
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If you get the vaccine while having Covid, what happens with the virus?

Posted: 30 Dec 2020 04:59 AM PST

Why can you still infect others with covid-19 after vaccination?

Posted: 30 Dec 2020 03:14 AM PST

I always thought that after having had a vaccine and developed antibodies, your immune system is so efficient at getting rid of the virus that it can't be spread to others.

For example, if you had a successful chicken pox vaccine with formation of sufficient quantity of antibodies, you will no longer be contagious even when the virus enters your body. I thought that was the main reason why chicken pox is relatively rare now and how herd immunity works. Otherwise, chicken pox would be just as common, just milder.

Is that wrong? Are you still contagious after vaccinations in general, you just get much milder or no symptoms? Are you less contagious but still contagious? Does it depend on the concentration of antibodies at the time of encountering the virus? Or is being contagious after vaccination a covid specific phenomenon?

submitted by /u/vezzzag
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Earthquakes are devastating to human civilization; is it the same for nature?

Posted: 30 Dec 2020 03:53 AM PST

Watching the recent videos of earthquakes in Croatia, and older footage of the Paloma earthquakes made me think of how anthropocentric this perspective is. When the world was covered in forests and an earthquake shook the land, what happened?

submitted by /u/NoTrickWick
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Why doesn't the orbital period of Saturn match what the math predicts?

Posted: 29 Dec 2020 11:37 AM PST

The orbital period of two masses orbiting each other is supposed to be

2 * π * √(a^3 / (G * (M + m)))

where a is the semimajor axis of the orbit and M and m are the masses of the two bodies. If I plug in the values for Saturn and the Sun (a = 1.43353 * 1012 m, M = 1.9885 * 1030 kg, m = 5.6834 * 1026, the result is

2×π×√((1.43353E12)^3÷(6.6743E-11×(1.9885E30+5.6834E26))) = 935,970,871 seconds, or 10,833 days

This is several months away from the actual period, which is 10,759 days. Where is the error in my math? Or are there other factors not captured by Kepler's Third Law? I'm trying to write a virtual planetarium using the recent great conjunction as a test case, and I suspect this is a source of error.

submitted by /u/dpitch40
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Would vaccinating the entire US population with one dose first be of any benefit?

Posted: 30 Dec 2020 06:23 AM PST

It seems that right now - and I could be wrong about this - the priority for the US is to get vulnerable populations such as health care workers, older people and people with preexisting conditions vaccinated with both doses of the vaccine before the rest of the general population gets one dose. This means that we can only use the vaccine on half as many people as we have doses. If we instead decide to prioritize vaccinating everyone with the one dose first, and then cycle back around to the ones who need it most for the second dose, would this give us any benefit? Do people build up any sort of significant immunity with just a single dose and could this start us on the path towards herd immunity? If so, how long does this immunity last? How long can we wait between the first and second dose of the vaccine? Could less vulnerable people need only one dose all together?

submitted by /u/sube7898
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How are skeletons dated, and is it accurate?

Posted: 30 Dec 2020 01:39 AM PST

I've recently had my eyes opened to the fact the cult I'm in is not so right after all. If there are skeletons from humans dating back further than the bible, how does this not straight up disprove Adam and Eve being the first people on earth? How are skeletons dated, and is it accurate?

submitted by /u/Gingertiger94
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Ask Anything Wednesday - Economics, Political Science, Linguistics, Anthropology

Posted: 30 Dec 2020 07:00 AM PST

Welcome to our weekly feature, Ask Anything Wednesday - this week we are focusing on Economics, Political Science, Linguistics, Anthropology

Do you have a question within these topics you weren't sure was worth submitting? Is something a bit too speculative for a typical /r/AskScience post? No question is too big or small for AAW. In this thread you can ask any science-related question! Things like: "What would happen if...", "How will the future...", "If all the rules for 'X' were different...", "Why does my...".

Asking Questions:

Please post your question as a top-level response to this, and our team of panellists will be here to answer and discuss your questions. The other topic areas will appear in future Ask Anything Wednesdays, so if you have other questions not covered by this weeks theme please either hold on to it until those topics come around, or go and post over in our sister subreddit /r/AskScienceDiscussion , where every day is Ask Anything Wednesday! Off-theme questions in this post will be removed to try and keep the thread a manageable size for both our readers and panellists.

Answering Questions:

Please only answer a posted question if you are an expert in the field. The full guidelines for posting responses in AskScience can be found here. In short, this is a moderated subreddit, and responses which do not meet our quality guidelines will be removed. Remember, peer reviewed sources are always appreciated, and anecdotes are absolutely not appropriate. In general if your answer begins with 'I think', or 'I've heard', then it's not suitable for /r/AskScience.

If you would like to become a member of the AskScience panel, please refer to the information provided here.

Past AskAnythingWednesday posts can be found here. Ask away!

submitted by /u/AutoModerator
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Are there any bacteria that are pathogenic to other species of bacteria?

Posted: 30 Dec 2020 03:14 AM PST

Is there a way to calculate the amount of heat energy released during the oxidation of a certain amount of a certain substance?

Posted: 29 Dec 2020 10:49 PM PST

When our immune system found an effective antibody during an infection, what signals it to produce more of it?

Posted: 30 Dec 2020 04:41 AM PST

There are numerous instances in the animal kingdom of viviparous animals that (obviously) arose form oviparous ancestors. Are there any examples of the reverse, i.e. egg-laying animals whose evolutionary ancestors gave birth to live young?

Posted: 30 Dec 2020 12:39 AM PST

Why can our body build lifelong immunity against some viruses, but not against all?

Posted: 30 Dec 2020 04:08 AM PST

First things first, I don't even know if that statement above is fully accurate, I just asume it is because for example once you've had smallpox you're immune for life while other viruses need multiple vaccinations and for the coronavirus it's not clear yet how long the immunity lasts. There were cases of people being infected twice.

But why is it that our bodies are able to build immunity against certain viruses for a lifetime, while for others it can't?

Thanks for your time! :)

submitted by /u/marshumaro323
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Was gold easier to find in the past?

Posted: 30 Dec 2020 12:12 AM PST

History tells us that ancient civilizations had hoards and hoards of gold, which seems odd considering their lack of modern mining capabilities. Was gold more easily found in the past? In the history of gold, there was surely some that was much more easily accessible, leaving only the increasingly less accessible to all future miners.

Is that right? Like gold could have just been lying around at some point. Don't know if I'm even making sense lmao.

submitted by /u/RealTartuffeTheSpry
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If a person is shedding the virus for 14 days after the symptoms have finished then why does the cdc recommend that they don’t need to quarantine, shouldn’t they be considered contagious?

Posted: 29 Dec 2020 09:35 AM PST

Is this understanding of Hawking radiation correct and if so why does it lead to mass loss?

Posted: 30 Dec 2020 01:09 AM PST

This is the way I understand HR at the moment, can someone explain if this is correct or incorrect and if it's correct then I have a follow up question.

So in my understanding - all around us the vacuum energy produces virtual particle pairs of particles and antiparticles, let's say a pair of one electron and one positron. In ordinary spacetime the particle pair gets annihilated, however at the event horizon boundary at a quantum level, one of the particles falls in while the other particle escapes. So if an electron falls in a positron gets released, so instead of being a virtual particle it now becomes an actual particle. From a different perspective a black hole just emitted a positron and that's what Hawking radiation is. Is that right? If so I'm not understanding how this leads to mass loss. Doesn't the black just gain an electron? Didn't the universe just gain a positron? Isn't this just adding mass to both the universe and the balck hole? In any case it makes no sense to me so I probably got some part of it wrong, if anybody would be so kind as to correct this, thank you.

submitted by /u/VanillaSnake21
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What do the H and N mean in a virus, along with its associated numbers? What does it mean if they change?

Posted: 29 Dec 2020 05:20 PM PST

I've always wondered what they mean; Is there a 'maximum' number the viruses can reach?

Do they apply to all viruses or just certain ones?

Thanks.

submitted by /u/SevernBill
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How are new Covid-19 strains detected?

Posted: 29 Dec 2020 02:02 PM PST

With the new strain of Covid-19 now spreading, I'm wondering how is it detected?

Is there a variation in a Covid test that would indicate a slightly different strain? Are all Covid tests being monitored for a new strain?

Thanks in advanced!

submitted by /u/adam2squared
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This study appears to suggest asymptomatic people don't spread Covid. Does this mean we have approached this wrong?

Posted: 29 Dec 2020 01:44 PM PST
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