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Wednesday, November 11, 2020

Ask Anything Wednesday - Physics, Astronomy, Earth and Planetary Science

Ask Anything Wednesday - Physics, Astronomy, Earth and Planetary Science


Ask Anything Wednesday - Physics, Astronomy, Earth and Planetary Science

Posted: 11 Nov 2020 07:08 AM PST

Welcome to our weekly feature, Ask Anything Wednesday - this week we are focusing on Physics, Astronomy, Earth and Planetary Science

Do you have a question within these topics you weren't sure was worth submitting? Is something a bit too speculative for a typical /r/AskScience post? No question is too big or small for AAW. In this thread you can ask any science-related question! Things like: "What would happen if...", "How will the future...", "If all the rules for 'X' were different...", "Why does my...".

Asking Questions:

Please post your question as a top-level response to this, and our team of panellists will be here to answer and discuss your questions.

The other topic areas will appear in future Ask Anything Wednesdays, so if you have other questions not covered by this weeks theme please either hold on to it until those topics come around, or go and post over in our sister subreddit /r/AskScienceDiscussion , where every day is Ask Anything Wednesday! Off-theme questions in this post will be removed to try and keep the thread a manageable size for both our readers and panellists.

Answering Questions:

Please only answer a posted question if you are an expert in the field. The full guidelines for posting responses in AskScience can be found here. In short, this is a moderated subreddit, and responses which do not meet our quality guidelines will be removed. Remember, peer reviewed sources are always appreciated, and anecdotes are absolutely not appropriate. In general if your answer begins with 'I think', or 'I've heard', then it's not suitable for /r/AskScience.

If you would like to become a member of the AskScience panel, please refer to the information provided here.

Past AskAnythingWednesday posts can be found here.

Ask away!

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What actually do they mean by the 'spin' of a particle?

Posted: 11 Nov 2020 07:52 AM PST

What is the efficacy of normal vaccines?

Posted: 11 Nov 2020 07:51 AM PST

With the announcement of the potentially "90% effective" Covid vaccine, I was wondering what the efficacy was of other vaccines.

What is the normal percentage to allow a vaccine to become licensed? How about the MMR for example?

Also, though this will likely get answered, have they reduced the required standard to try and help with the pandemic?

Thank you!

submitted by /u/shep5377
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Why are there so many Annular Lakes in Quebec?

Posted: 10 Nov 2020 07:39 PM PST

While doing just a quick fly over on Google Earth of the Canadian province of Quebec, it is quite easy to spot the preponderance of almost perfectly circular lakes dotted around. If they are named, like lake Manicougan, it says that it is an Annular lake that was formed by an asteroid impact at some point in the Triassic period.

I am assuming asteroids throughout the history of Earth didn't have a bias to strike in areas that would become modern day Quebec, so I would guess the rest of the Earth has been bombarded to a similar degree as the preponderance of these lakes in Quebec. But why has Quebec in particular and maybe a few other places on Earth preserved these scars so well while they have vanished everywhere else?

submitted by /u/3aaron_baker7
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Does the consumption of neurotransmitter reuptake inhibtor pharmaceuticals negatively affect the production of these neurotransmitters in the long-term?

Posted: 11 Nov 2020 05:44 AM PST

Why are fingerprints so elaborate and unique?

Posted: 10 Nov 2020 06:09 PM PST

How did they develop and evolve to become so? Do they serve any particular evolutionary function in being as elaborate and varied as they are?

submitted by /u/lt3hmshs
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If an animal that can camouflage itself dies, does it revert back to its baseline or stay camouflaged?

Posted: 10 Nov 2020 01:40 PM PST

If fever is a natural response to a pathogen, why is it not a symptom of every infectious disease?

Posted: 11 Nov 2020 05:13 AM PST

I recently learnt about the immune system in science and learnt that the second line of defence includes fever and inflammation. Why is it that for some infectious diseases (e.g. COVID-19, Influenza, etc.) fever is common, but for others (e.g. Common cold, impetigo, etc.) it's rare, only happens in severe cases, or doesn't happen at all

submitted by /u/Chrometo
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Could the mRNA method be used on other viral infections?

Posted: 10 Nov 2020 09:30 AM PST

Given the promising efficacy of the mRNA COVID-19 vaccine, could this method see a faster adoption for use in vaccines for other viral infections?

submitted by /u/dsw1088
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Would zero (or negative) interest rates foster the "tolerance" of a higher than average S&P 500 PE ratio (>35)?

Posted: 11 Nov 2020 02:09 AM PST

Are there currently any animals aboard the ISS right now?

Posted: 10 Nov 2020 06:22 PM PST

You know, besides Homo sapiens.

submitted by /u/armenian_UwUcide
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Do neuroscientists know how/why certain neurons serve specific functions? For example, what differentiates the neurons in the insula that help to allow a person to perceive something as tasting sweet from other neurons and enables these neurons to serve this function?

Posted: 10 Nov 2020 07:45 PM PST

What actually are Conduction and Valence bands?

Posted: 11 Nov 2020 01:17 AM PST

I understand how the bands and the energy gaps work differently for different nature of materials, however, one basic thing which I failed to understand was that what actually are these bands? Most of the diagrammatic representation shows them as a rectangular energy band, so if that's the case, what's the difference between these bands and different energy levels (n=0,1,2...) ?

submitted by /u/Tragolith
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Have any unique traits or variants of cane toads appeared in Australia since their unfortunate introduction?

Posted: 10 Nov 2020 11:04 AM PST

What goes on in the brain/body when you get a "second wind" after a bout of sleep deprivation?

Posted: 10 Nov 2020 07:52 PM PST

How do globular clusters stay spherical? Shouldn't they collapse from their own gravity? Do the individual stars orbit the cluster?

Posted: 10 Nov 2020 07:51 PM PST

For globular clusters to stay spherical, I expect that the motion of the stars in the cluster must be fast enough to overcome the gravitational pull toward the center of the cluster. But does each individual star orbit he center on a different plane?

submitted by /u/FigBits
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Carcinisation- Is it true at all, do other creatures experience it? Why does it happen?

Posted: 10 Nov 2020 10:29 AM PST

I have recently read about Carcinisation, which is said to be an example of Convergent Evolution, in which crustaceans evolve from non crab-like forms into crab-like forms. L. A Borradaile described it as "one of the many attempts of nature to evolve a crab"

Is this valid, or true? Why does it happen? And are there any other life-forms that experience a similar phenomena?

submitted by /u/HectorTheGod
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Which organ of our body generates the heat and what's so special about ~98.6°F (37°C)? What actually happens if body temp gets lower or higher?

Posted: 10 Nov 2020 04:12 PM PST

What actually is quantum entanglement?

Posted: 10 Nov 2020 09:26 PM PST

Are they really "entangled"? could they be used to transmit information?

submitted by /u/dumb_guy98
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How can a vaccine work for someone but not another?

Posted: 10 Nov 2020 03:24 PM PST

For example: Pfizer's vaccin is 90% effective, but why it isn't effective on some people?

submitted by /u/PrudentGogurt
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In CPU manufacturing, how are the copper circuits, connected to billions of transitors, created and put into place?

Posted: 10 Nov 2020 08:30 PM PST

I was watching a video, and it all made sense up until this part;

https://youtu.be/qm67wbB5GmI?t=522

How the hell do we create kilometers of miniscule copper wires, all perfectly connected to billions of transistors, within a space smaller than your fingernail?

submitted by /u/succulentgoose
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Why does Pfizer's Covid 19 vaccine require very low temperature storage?

Posted: 10 Nov 2020 11:13 AM PST

What is it about the vaccine that is vulnerable to higher temperatures? Are there other medicines which require ultracold?

submitted by /u/skytomorrownow
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Tuesday, November 10, 2020

A credible SARS-NCOV vaccine manufacturer said large scale trials shows 90% efficiency. Is the vaccine ready(!)?

A credible SARS-NCOV vaccine manufacturer said large scale trials shows 90% efficiency. Is the vaccine ready(!)?


A credible SARS-NCOV vaccine manufacturer said large scale trials shows 90% efficiency. Is the vaccine ready(!)?

Posted: 09 Nov 2020 10:03 AM PST

Apparently the requirements by EU authorities are less strict thanks to the outbreak. Is this (or any) vaccine considered "ready"?

Are there more tests to be done? Any research left, like how to effectively mass produce it? Or is the vaccine basically ready to produce?

submitted by /u/Marc_A_Teleki
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What is happening in our mind when we figure a solution to a problem?

Posted: 10 Nov 2020 01:21 AM PST

What exactly happens, so that a moment before we did not have an answer but after a really brief time we somehow know the answer?

submitted by /u/kettuhfdg
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How do we know how long nuclear waste stays dangerous?

Posted: 10 Nov 2020 06:12 AM PST

Let me start off by saying I don't know what flair this fits under. Now let's start with the actual qeustion.

I've been looking into nuclear powerplants and nuclear energy recently. I saw alot of posts about radioactive waste staying dangerous for over a thousand years.

How do we roughly know how long this waste stays dangerous for? We haven't been using nuclear energy for thousands/hundreds of years. How are these calculations made?

submitted by /u/IKEASTOEL
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How to calculate the error in a constant when using curve fitting?

Posted: 10 Nov 2020 07:13 AM PST

Hi, I'm using curve fitting to calculate a constant b. The curve has the equation:

y = (0-a) * exp(-b*x) + a

I have measurements for y (with errors) and measurements of x (also with errors). How do i calculate the error in a and b?

I'm using Scipy for the curve fitting that returns the covariance matrix, the documentation says that a standard deviation can be computed using the square route of the diagonal.

perr = np.sqrt(np.diag(pcov))

is this giving me the standard deviation for a and b?

I have to use b in another equation ln(b) = mx+c

This document suggests that the standard deviation of x = ln(b) is the ratio of standard deviation to calculated value. Is this correct?

The value for x is precisely measured (enough to be considered constant) how do i figure out the error in m?

Thanks for having a look at this. I've been banging my head against a wall trying to put some error bars on the ln(b) = mx + c graph but i haven't done error propagation in 10 years or more.

submitted by /u/Deemonfire
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When an electron passes through something via quantum tunneling, how do we know it is the same electron that reemerges on the other side?

Posted: 10 Nov 2020 08:33 AM PST

Could one electron be eliminated from the universe and a brand new one pop into existence, or is the same physical electron actually preserved through the "tunnel"?

submitted by /u/Robertdigitalorgasm
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Can someone help me get over my curiosity?? - Seafloor Spreading

Posted: 10 Nov 2020 01:05 AM PST

Hey guys, I have been curious for a long time and I hope once I post this I finally get the answers I want.

  1. Why is seafloor spreading more acceptable rather than the continental drift hypothesis?

  2. What were the loopholes or errors in the seafloor spreading study?

Thanks to whoever answers these, I can't find any reliable or viewable source online.

submitted by /u/braintyp
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How are minor plates formed?

Posted: 10 Nov 2020 03:14 AM PST

I tried to search about this everywhere but I can't find an answer for it, so I hopped onto this subreddit hoping I can find one here. So, how are minor plates formed?

submitted by /u/Shake_Fabulous
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What % of effectiveness is the flu shot?

Posted: 09 Nov 2020 04:45 PM PST

I have a bunch of noob questions on star formations. Please help answer?

Posted: 09 Nov 2020 10:13 PM PST

So I'm learning about how stars are formed, and the incredibly varied types of stars. It's amazing! but I don't understand a few things:

  • If a white dwarf can have the same mass as our sun, why would it condense into the size of our earth?
  • Alternately, if our sun contains the mass of a white dwarf, why isn't our sun a white dwarf?
  • When a star sheds its outer layer (like an event where an iron core collapses in on itself), what exactly does it mean, "it's outer core"?
  • When our sun matures, becomes a red dwarf, then eventually explodes into a planetary nebula, I'm assuming a new star will be formed along with new planets. What kind of star will form? Can there be more than one star that forms?
  • What is the essential difference that determines the birth of a stellar nebula vs a planetary nebula?

Thank you all for furthering my education.

submitted by /u/gomi-panda
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Has the Covid pandemic reduced the average life expectancy in hard-hit countries, even just the annual average?

Posted: 09 Nov 2020 07:43 AM PST

I'm not sure how life expectancy is calculated or exactly how to phrase this question.

If we were to look at a map charting life expectancy over time, would we see a sudden dip in 2020 due to the pandemic? Or does an event like this not have much bearing on the calculation of life expectancy?

If it does have an effect, what would be the decrease in years for the population average? For instance, if life expectancy in the US was, say, 79 in 2019, is it 77.4 in 2020?

submitted by /u/cohonka
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Since the mRNA vaccine targets SARS-CoV-2's spike protein, does this mean it could be effective for other diseases caused by coronaviruses?

Posted: 10 Nov 2020 05:11 AM PST

Would this also be a vaccine for SARS-CoV-1 or other Coronaviruses? Or is SARS-CoV-2's spike protein unique?

submitted by /u/jahvidsanders44
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Anyone know what they are using in the placebo arm of the Pfizer / BNT 162 phase III trials?

Posted: 10 Nov 2020 04:51 AM PST

Had a look on clinicaltrials.gov but could only see 'an intramuscular injection' specified.

submitted by /u/dancingn1nja
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Differences between the Pfizer/BioNTech vaccine and Sputnik V?

Posted: 10 Nov 2020 12:46 AM PST

Yesterday's news seem to have given everyone a much-needed dose of optimism. Understandably, when Russia announced its own COVID vaccine a few months back, the reaction was much less enthusiastic. I'm from Moscow, and, although anecdotal, don't know a single person who is planning to inject Sputnik V, primarily due to a deep lack of trust in our government and everything related. Russians, for the most part, don't think it's safe, or at least that it's too early to say.

Now, I know very little about the actual science behind these vaccines. With the information we currently have, is it possible to compare the two? Do they operate on the same principle, or are they inherently different? I have a feeling that for most Russians, Sputnik V will be the default/only option for some time, so would really like to know if what we're getting is in at least the same ballpark as the supposedly world-saving BioNTech vaccine. Greatly appreciate any info.

submitted by /u/kostya8
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What causes high temperature superconductivity? Is it possible to make a material that is a superconductor at room temperature?

Posted: 09 Nov 2020 12:26 PM PST

Are multiple vaccines more effective than one vaccine?

Posted: 09 Nov 2020 05:22 PM PST

If we end up having 3-5 effective vaccines in use simultaneously, would their combined efficacy be greater than or less than having the same number of doses of a single vaccine type? Does having a variety of vaccines safeguard against mutation, or provide opportunities for mutations to take hold?

submitted by /u/o_shrub
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Are you contagious directly following Flue Vaccination?

Posted: 10 Nov 2020 02:10 AM PST

Hi!

I got the flue vaccine yesterday and started presenting fever symptoms later that day. I'm currently living with someone undergoing cancer-treatment and have thus isolated myself.

How (if at all) contagious is a person in my position?

submitted by /u/Cndymountain
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Is the mink mutation in Covid19 serious? And how bad is it?

Posted: 09 Nov 2020 12:54 PM PST

Can an mRNA vaccine cause the immune system to attack the cell expressing an antigen?

Posted: 09 Nov 2020 12:13 PM PST

I'm aware that mRNA vaccines will cause cells to express an antigen of interest, like one for COVID, and cause the immune system to produce antibodies for a disease. But couldn't that also cause the immune system to attack the very cell expressing the antigen?

submitted by /u/kabow94
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How or why do "inactivated" - aka dead bacterial probiotics work?

Posted: 09 Nov 2020 06:44 AM PST

I've bought probiotics for my stomache that contain a patented strain of bacteria. This particular medication has been studied extensively and has been proven to be around 25% more effective than placebo in treating specific stomach issues. The issue is, the bacteria contained has been inactived by heat, so they're dead. How does dead bacteria have a positive impact on my gut? Thanks :-)

submitted by /u/Bavarian0
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Why does the first COVID-19 vaccine need you to take two doses weeks apart?

Posted: 09 Nov 2020 12:32 PM PST

Per this the first successful COVID-19 vaccine has been found, but it requires you to take two doses three weeks apart.

Why? Is it because taking one dose of twice the size would be unsafe, or is there some biological reason why the later dose is more effective after a delay?

submitted by /u/sciencecritical
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Is the Sun's gravitational pull on the Moon weaker or stronger than the Earth's one?

Posted: 09 Nov 2020 01:56 PM PST

How is the flow data of a river and its tributaries calculated? And is there a way to predict river levels accurately if it has been raining in that particular rivers catchment?

Posted: 09 Nov 2020 10:11 PM PST

Vaccines and the immune response?

Posted: 10 Nov 2020 01:48 AM PST

According to what I have read, vaccines introduce a weakened or dead part of a virus. So there is no risk of contracting the actual virus, however the external agent does trigger an immune response in the body, and in some cases it can lead to mild fever.

My question is, for someone vulnerable, could this mild fever turn into a more serious high fever or even a life-threatening complication?

In my country, it was recommended that older people don't take flu vaccines as usually anymore. But I don't know if the reason for this is because they already have a good immunological system or because their immunological system is to weak to adapt to an external agent and would put their lives at risk.

submitted by /u/LevyathanBoi
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Monday, November 9, 2020

Why does Plasma leak when dengue infection becomes severe?

Why does Plasma leak when dengue infection becomes severe?


Why does Plasma leak when dengue infection becomes severe?

Posted: 09 Nov 2020 12:22 AM PST

How good is the evidence for a critical human population bottleneck in our past?

Posted: 08 Nov 2020 08:26 PM PST

What types of waves are produced by an inner plate earthquake like the one that occurred in southern Massachusetts this morning? Can that kind of earthquake ever produce a tsunami?

Posted: 08 Nov 2020 01:43 PM PST

is there a scientific approach to personality types?

Posted: 07 Nov 2020 10:11 PM PST

or at least valid scientific words that can describe personalities.

submitted by /u/Warcraft00
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What happens in our brains when we are asked to say the first word that comes to our minds? How does our brain choose?

Posted: 07 Nov 2020 04:39 PM PST