How do we vaccinate against Salmonella, since Salmonella is a bacterium and not a virus?

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• How do we vaccinate against Salmonella, since Salmonella is a bacterium and not a virus?
• Why does light diffract?
• During the first nuclear weapon test in history, how obervers knew what was the safety distance ?
• Why does Saturn's belt always look extremely smooth in pictures?
• What's the definition of a sea?
• The Voyager 2 was successfully contacted from 12 billion miles away. This is cool, partly because it’s 50 years old. But by special relativity, wouldn’t it actually be far “older”?
• Why are these huge archipelagos and splotchy lakes mostly found near the poles, and not near the equator?
• Is ATP Synthase considered a phosphorylase? Do kinases act alone?
• We are told electrons exist in discrete energy shells. does jumping from one energy shell to another correspond to information being transmitted faster than the speed of light? Is the switching instantaneous?
• time from drinking to pass urine ?
• What Chemicals in Soap Kill Covid?
• What happens if we transfect a bacterial plasmid into mamalian cells ?
• does this phenomenon have a name? briefly before sunrise in southern Australia the sky will act like a UV light and cause things to glow
• Why does albinism occur in some animals more than others?
• How long would spaceflight actually take, from the crew's perspective?
• Are there species that have evolved to exclusively prey on other members of their own kind?
• Is there a difference between the individual cells of human children and adults?
• How did ancient hunter-gatherers hunt?
• Does taking medication to treat symptoms stifle immune system effectiveness?
• Where in the world is asthma least prevalent? Why is this so?
• Is aggression considered a positive evolutionary characteristic in animals that rely on predation?
• Does water usage affect rain?
• If you look at a satellite image of the Earth there is a massive desert stretching all the way from eastern Mongolia to the north west African coast. Why?

How do we vaccinate against Salmonella, since Salmonella is a bacterium and not a virus? Posted: 08 Nov 2020 03:02 AM PST In the UK it is commonly advertised that some food supply chickens are "vaccinated" against Salmonella enterica. Example: https://mmbr.asm.org/content/81/3/e00007-17 My education has only described how viral inoculation works. Not antibacterial inoculation. Could someone explain please? This is especially interesting to me since in the UK the agriculture industry makes quite an issue about how they don't pump the food supply full of antibiotics. Note, a better flair would be Food Science, since it's engineering rather than pure biology. submitted by /u/spammmmmmmmy [link] [comments]

Why does light diffract? Posted: 08 Nov 2020 05:12 AM PST I work with microscopes and teach this concept from time to time. I understand the result of diffraction, the evidence that it happens eg single or double slit experiments, but I don't understand the physical basis for this phenomenon. Light is a wave but what does that have to do with it? Please help me learn. submitted by /u/Tink_Tinkler [link] [comments]

During the first nuclear weapon test in history, how obervers knew what was the safety distance ? Posted: 08 Nov 2020 04:05 AM PST submitted by /u/SpecialPapaya [link] [comments]

Why does Saturn's belt always look extremely smooth in pictures? Posted: 07 Nov 2020 05:52 PM PST submitted by /u/JeanPierre_Polnareff [link] [comments]

What's the definition of a sea? Posted: 07 Nov 2020 05:27 PM PST As a Michigander, I'm also curious with another followup question: If the definition for sea was changed from saltwater to either freshwater or saltwater, would the Great Lakes count as seas? submitted by /u/ResidentRunner1 [link] [comments]

The Voyager 2 was successfully contacted from 12 billion miles away. This is cool, partly because it’s 50 years old. But by special relativity, wouldn’t it actually be far “older”? Posted: 07 Nov 2020 04:25 AM PST submitted by /u/Richmond92 [link] [comments]

Why are these huge archipelagos and splotchy lakes mostly found near the poles, and not near the equator? Posted: 07 Nov 2020 10:08 AM PST For example, the islands to the north of Canada, Greenland, Norway, and south-western Chile. (and bonus question: why only on the south west of Chile, and not the south east of Argentina?) Some parts of these archipelagos look like river delta's. Did they use to be river deltas? Does it have something to do with the ice ages? And for the lakes, I mean basically all of Finland and Canada. Are these related to the islands somehow? What is the geological process that's at play here? And also, what happened in the places where we don't see these formations? submitted by /u/Wouter10123 [link] [comments]

Is ATP Synthase considered a phosphorylase? Do kinases act alone? Posted: 07 Nov 2020 03:39 PM PST Hello! I'm trying to differentiate between the various phosphate-involving enzymes. I think I have this generally straight that phosphotransferases are a class of enzyme involved in phosphorylation. The following distinctions, I believe are generally accepted: Kinases are a specific subclass which transfer phosphates from organic molecules like ATP. Phosphorylases are a specific subclass which add inorganic phosphate directly to substrates. My questions are these: Is ATP Synthase considered a phosphorylase, because it adds a phosphate to ADP? Are kinases a package deal and are able to dephosphorylate ATP and phosphorylate a substrate, or do they just dephosphorylate ATP and then generally work in conjunction with other phosphorylases that subsequently phosphorylate the substrate? Thanks in advance! submitted by /u/gowronatemybaby7 [link] [comments]

We are told electrons exist in discrete energy shells. does jumping from one energy shell to another correspond to information being transmitted faster than the speed of light? Is the switching instantaneous? Posted: 07 Nov 2020 12:09 PM PST submitted by /u/blendoit [link] [comments]

time from drinking to pass urine ? Posted: 07 Nov 2020 10:36 AM PST im wondering if i drink some water, how long does it take for 'that' same water to pass out the other end? submitted by /u/idontbelievestuff1 [link] [comments]

What Chemicals in Soap Kill Covid? Posted: 07 Nov 2020 04:05 PM PST Hello, I've been stressed out the last few days because I have run out of my usual brand of soap (Irish Spring) and was only able to find Ivory at my local store. I've never tried this brand before and it boasts being 'more natural,' which raises red flags in my head about its effectiveness against COVID-19. I remember a pretty robust discussion about bars that were 'non-soap' and while this says soap on it, I'm a little on edge. I was curious if someone could explain to me what ingredients I should look for in a bar of soap to know its effectiveness against COVID. Thank you. submitted by /u/TheRatKingXIV [link] [comments]

What happens if we transfect a bacterial plasmid into mamalian cells ? Posted: 07 Nov 2020 12:00 PM PST Hello everyone, This is my first post on this subreddit, sorry for my English. I am currently designing an eukaryotic plasmid for HEK cells. During the process of designing it, a question poped-up in my mind : what happens if I transfect a bacterial plasmid into a mamalian cell ? It probably won't work well since the cellular machinery isn't adapted but I have no clue about what's going to happen (cell death, cancerous cell ?). Do you guys have any idea ? submitted by /u/TheElysianParas [link] [comments]

does this phenomenon have a name? briefly before sunrise in southern Australia the sky will act like a UV light and cause things to glow Posted: 07 Nov 2020 03:24 AM PST my friend told me about the discovery that platypus glow under UV light i live in Victoria AUS and mentioned it might have a reason because in the mornings for 20-40 min before sunrise when conditions are right (i think it needs to be overcast) the sky will reflect enough blue but still be dark enough that anything that would glow under UV light (scorpions colored plastic white objects etc) will glow they wanted to know what the name of the phenomenon is cause they believe that does not happen in America and want to read more about it submitted by /u/NukFloorboard [link] [comments]

Why does albinism occur in some animals more than others? Posted: 07 Nov 2020 11:14 AM PST submitted by /u/SucculentStew22 [link] [comments]

How long would spaceflight actually take, from the crew's perspective? Posted: 07 Nov 2020 11:55 AM PST I read The Planet of the Apes about a month ago, and I've been wondering if the spaceflight mechanics described in the book would actually work. The ship they're on spends a full year accelerating, and then a full year decelerating, from their perspective. There is a brief window of a few hours or days between these two where the majority of their travel, from their perspective, takes place. The ship is traveling to Betelgeuse, which is 640 light years away from Earth. Obviously the trip from our perspective would take at least that amount of time. My question is, do these flight mechanics work out? From my limited understanding of relativity, it seems correct. Obviously they would need a ton of high-power fuel to accelerate and decelerate for a total of two years, but the main thing I'm wondering about is the timescale from their perspective. I hope I've done a good job explaining what I mean. submitted by /u/MoreDetonation [link] [comments]

Are there species that have evolved to exclusively prey on other members of their own kind? Posted: 07 Nov 2020 04:21 AM PST submitted by /u/isdeasdeusde [link] [comments]

Is there a difference between the individual cells of human children and adults? Posted: 07 Nov 2020 02:50 AM PST A person's systems are less developed as a child than as an adult: their immune system is normally weaker, they can't run as fast, and so on. But does the difference go down to the cellular level, or are we able to produce fully developed cells by the time we're born? For example, do the individual red blood cells of a five-year-old have any less capacity to carry oxygen than those of the same person at age 20 (barring factors other than age)? Does this vary by cell type? submitted by /u/Harachel [link] [comments]

How did ancient hunter-gatherers hunt? Posted: 07 Nov 2020 04:53 AM PST Recently I have been fascinated by hunter-gatherers. As I understood it, when "we" started walking upright and losing most of our hair, we were optimizing to intelligent or endurance hunting. So the hunters would track an animal, until it gets too exhausted and the kill is easy. Lately I read an article on the hypothesis that actually a significantly larger percentage of the hunters were female than we originally thought. So I wonder what we actually know about the hunters? My main curiosity is how they performed the hunt: how long did it take them? Did they bring food and water on their trip somehow? What tools were they using? submitted by /u/qts34643 [link] [comments]

Does taking medication to treat symptoms stifle immune system effectiveness? Posted: 07 Nov 2020 06:15 AM PST In a lot of illnesses that we experience, the symptoms are often tied to the response of our bodies, such as fever, congestion, etc. When taking over the counter medication to treat those symptoms, are we effectively prolonging the actual infection itself? I'm just curious if we would effectively "get over an illness" faster if we left our bodies to take care of everything instead? (Obviously talking about non-serious/seasonal illnesses) submitted by /u/11loopy11 [link] [comments]

Where in the world is asthma least prevalent? Why is this so? Posted: 07 Nov 2020 01:57 AM PST submitted by /u/whatholup [link] [comments]

Is aggression considered a positive evolutionary characteristic in animals that rely on predation? Posted: 07 Nov 2020 05:39 AM PST Are there any studies available today that compare predatory animal behavior against both the environment and the animal's biomechanical limitations? submitted by /u/onwordsandupwards [link] [comments]

Does water usage affect rain? Posted: 07 Nov 2020 12:02 AM PST During a drought, with high level water restrictions, does it make it less likely to rain? With less water being used on gardens etc., there is less evaporation, how much difference does this make? submitted by /u/Timyone [link] [comments]

If you look at a satellite image of the Earth there is a massive desert stretching all the way from eastern Mongolia to the north west African coast. Why? Posted: 06 Nov 2020 10:36 PM PST What caused this massive continuous desert that stretches thousands of miles over the Earth's surface and covers many different latitudes? submitted by /u/dregan [link] [comments]

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Has there ever been an experiment to select for the smallest genome? How small could a functional genome be?

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• Has there ever been an experiment to select for the smallest genome? How small could a functional genome be?
• Do different blood types exist everywhere in the animal kingdom? Do plants have something such a blood type? What is its role in the evolution of life? I mean do we have theories or facts about when, why and how this specific characteristic of biologic life came out?
• How long do you have to be exposed to the sun to get the same dose of vitamin D as your daily supplements?
• Since CPUs and GPUs are good at two different areas of math, arithmetic and linear algebra respectively, is there research in creating different types of processors good for differential equations and even higher levels of math?
• Why do we reflexively prevent things from accidentally falling?
• Hubble Legacy Field - what do we know?
• If Las Vegas could recycle the water it uses, similar to the way Singapore does, then could they stop drawing water from Lake Mead and allow the lake’s water level to rise?
• Why do cultivars like kale, brussels sprouts and cauliflower remain the same species, despite looking entirely different from each other?
• How much is 90 billion barrels of oil? How long will this last?

Has there ever been an experiment to select for the smallest genome? How small could a functional genome be? Posted: 07 Nov 2020 03:51 AM PST submitted by /u/ImJustALumpFish [link] [comments]

Do different blood types exist everywhere in the animal kingdom? Do plants have something such a blood type? What is its role in the evolution of life? I mean do we have theories or facts about when, why and how this specific characteristic of biologic life came out? Posted: 06 Nov 2020 05:21 PM PST submitted by /u/VonDub [link] [comments]

How long do you have to be exposed to the sun to get the same dose of vitamin D as your daily supplements? Posted: 06 Nov 2020 03:34 AM PST submitted by /u/HelloDisIsDogg [link] [comments]

Since CPUs and GPUs are good at two different areas of math, arithmetic and linear algebra respectively, is there research in creating different types of processors good for differential equations and even higher levels of math? Posted: 06 Nov 2020 07:34 AM PST While deep learning took off thanks a lot to better GPUs, it got me thinking if we could make other ML algorithms more viable by inventing processors good at other types of math that lend a hand to the aforementioned alternative ML algorithms. submitted by /u/fangfried [link] [comments]

Why do we reflexively prevent things from accidentally falling? Posted: 06 Nov 2020 02:08 AM PST I accidentally knocked a bottle off a table, and before I realized it I had already caught it mid air. This got me wondering "why would something like this trigger such a strong reflexive response?". Is this a specific reflex that evolved to prevent us from dropping things (perhaps if our ancestors dropped their food to the ground they would be more likely to die from a disease), is it a specific manifestation of a more general type of reflex that made us better hunters, do we develop this reflex during childhood as we repeatedly face the consequences of accidentally dropping things, or is there another explanation? submitted by /u/Tnemirepxe [link] [comments]

Hubble Legacy Field - what do we know? Posted: 06 Nov 2020 04:24 AM PST Dear /askscience community, Not that long ago I stumbled upon Hubble Legacy Field photo (full resolution in the link below) and I couldn't help but notice that it was extremely beautiful and mindboggling at the same time. When I took a closer look I found some galaxies colliding, and red shifts from distant galaxies and all these various shape and sizes etc. But what I want to ask you is do we know something about these galaxies so far? Are they named? What are the information we can extract from this enormous database? I would really love to have this picture with some sort of captions to help me manuver through this vast knowledge. I am extremely curios about ones like: 11312 px, 19200 px or 14852 px , 17778 px or 9820 px to 20722 px (what is this blast??) https://hubblesite.org/image/4492/news# OPEN THAT WITH GIMP if you don't have anything else. It works just fine. (pixels coordinates are on the left bottom in GIMP) Thank you, Kolumb submitted by /u/Kolumbmaster [link] [comments]

If Las Vegas could recycle the water it uses, similar to the way Singapore does, then could they stop drawing water from Lake Mead and allow the lake’s water level to rise? Posted: 06 Nov 2020 12:53 AM PST Water covers about 70 percent of the Earth's surface, but only 3 percent of that water is fresh. The first NEWater plant was set up in 2000 and has since been treating wastewater using microfiltration, reverse osmosis and ultra-violet disinfection to convert wastewater to drinkable water. Singapore expects NEWater to meet up to 55 percent of the country's water demands by 2060. submitted by /u/longhegrindilemna [link] [comments]

Why do cultivars like kale, brussels sprouts and cauliflower remain the same species, despite looking entirely different from each other? Posted: 06 Nov 2020 04:19 AM PST As an extension of the question: if we keep selectively breeding plants/animals for long enough, could we eventually create a new species somewhere, or is the barrier for entry too high? submitted by /u/confused_assboy [link] [comments]

How much is 90 billion barrels of oil? How long will this last? Posted: 06 Nov 2020 10:02 AM PST USGS 2008 assessment of the Estimates of undiscovered oil and gas north of the Arctic says there is: 90 billion of undiscovered oil 1,669 trillion cubic feet of natural gas 44 billion barrels of natural gas liquids BUT, how much truly is this?? Is there a way to put a picture of this estimate in Layman's terms? I'm not from a geology or petroleum background. I know this was almost 13 years ago, but it is the only assessment done (to public knowledge). submitted by /u/wander_yander [link] [comments]

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Why don't a blood donor's antibodies cause problems for the reciever?

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• Why don't a blood donor's antibodies cause problems for the reciever?
• Where is the antigen presented with adeonviral vaccines?
• What's the most infectious disease in human history?
• Does a human brain have a limit for capacity of memories?
• In biology how do ligands find their receptors physically? Do they just float around randomly and if they hit the receptor at the right angle they bind?
• How are Covid PCR tests being run?
• Why is HDD/SSD always less than the advertised amount?
• Does the amount of energy to freeze water scale linearly?
• Could we make graphene by simply melting pure carbon into a liquid and then confining it to a space that is only one atom thick?
• Is a stars heliosphere or termination shock proportional to its luminosity?
• How does temperature affect London Dispersion Forces?
• How do ticks get engorged if they have an exoskeleton?
• How do we know that physical formulas and constants are correct?
• If babies knew words could they talk?
• How do surgeons join muscles?
• Does the Celsius scale change if sea levels rise?
• Bringing stuff (like metals) from other planets, or asteroids will affect the earth rotation?
• Why do metal pans heat up so much quicker than glass pans?
• If planet 9 exists and is a super earth as some believe, is its orbit in our solar system atypical?

Why don't a blood donor's antibodies cause problems for the reciever? Posted: 06 Nov 2020 03:11 AM PST Blood typing is always done to make sure the reciever's body doesn't reject the blood because it has antibodies against it. But what about the donor? Why is it okay for an A-type, who has anti B antibodies to donate their blood to an AB-type? Or an O who has antibodies for everyone, how are they a universal donor? submitted by /u/impostorbot [link] [comments]

Where is the antigen presented with adeonviral vaccines? Posted: 06 Nov 2020 04:12 AM PST I understand that the virus carries the gene of the specific antigen (e.g. SARS-CoV-2 S protein). But upon entering the body where is this expressed? If the viral vector infects a cell, and expresses it in the host, would not this trigger an immune response against the antigen AND the host cell as well? What host cells do these viral vectors infect, anyhow? Or are they presented on the virion surface only? Thank you. submitted by /u/bfmb [link] [comments]

What's the most infectious disease in human history? Posted: 05 Nov 2020 11:41 AM PST I was playing Plague Inc the other day and it said the Common Cold was the most infectious disease. But I always thought the Flu was the most infectious. Is it neither? submitted by /u/NotAnOctopys [link] [comments]

Does a human brain have a limit for capacity of memories? Posted: 06 Nov 2020 03:23 AM PST Thought of this because of a photographic memory, since they don't forget anything what happens if their brain "fills up"? submitted by /u/Thanatos1479 [link] [comments]

In biology how do ligands find their receptors physically? Do they just float around randomly and if they hit the receptor at the right angle they bind? Posted: 05 Nov 2020 10:36 PM PST For example, with antibodies, do they just float around the blood at a certain concentration and when they collide with the epitope of their corresponding antigen, they attach? I know its like a lock and key analogy, but textbooks just show a 2d image with an antibody falling ontop of an antigen. In actuality, is there anything attracting the two or is it just billions of antigens and billions of antibodies in an aqueous environment and just statistically likely to occur? submitted by /u/tmntnyc [link] [comments]

How are Covid PCR tests being run? Posted: 05 Nov 2020 08:38 PM PST I've been seeing lots of conspiracy theories that Covid PCR tests are using 45 cycles for positive result. I assume whats happening is that the thermocycler is set for 45 cycles and a positive result would be a peak prior to like ~31 cycles. Is this the case? Surely they aren't just checking after 45 cycles and taking any product as positive, you'd have like a 100% positive rate. submitted by /u/Unsetting_Sun [link] [comments]

Why is HDD/SSD always less than the advertised amount? Posted: 05 Nov 2020 06:56 PM PST submitted by /u/LegitCharge [link] [comments]

Does the amount of energy to freeze water scale linearly? Posted: 05 Nov 2020 11:50 AM PST If I was to freeze 1 ml of water does that take 1/1000th the amount of energy as freezing 1L of water? If not, how does it scale? submitted by /u/bouwsse [link] [comments]

Could we make graphene by simply melting pure carbon into a liquid and then confining it to a space that is only one atom thick? Posted: 05 Nov 2020 04:01 PM PST I am thinking of something like melting carbon under high pressure (~100 atm) and turning it into a moldable liquid. Then using something like 2 metal plates with higher melting points than carbon on opposite sides coated with a non-stick material, we can bring these two plates closer and closer via hydraulics or other technology, thinning out the currently liquid carbon and increasing its surface area until it is only one atom thick. From there we can let the carbon cool off naturally or by use of coolant on one or both of the metal plates to speed up the process. One of the challenges I assumed we would face while putting this procedure into use was: How could we even bring metal plates that close with such accuracy that they only leave room for one carbon-atom? But looking at the conditions needed for the Casimir effect I think we do have the technology to do that. submitted by /u/Dumbustafa1 [link] [comments]

Is a stars heliosphere or termination shock proportional to its luminosity? Posted: 05 Nov 2020 09:48 AM PST According to Wikipedia, the suns Heliosphere (outside of which is interstellar space) lies at around 100 Astronomical Units. However, I couldn't find any info about other stars. Would a star with let's say a quarter the luminosity have a Heliosphere radius of 50 AU? 25? Are there any equations relating them? submitted by /u/CreeperTrainz [link] [comments]

How does temperature affect London Dispersion Forces? Posted: 05 Nov 2020 10:54 AM PST I don't how to word it, Im basically asking why do the London dispersion forces occur between two non-polar molecules to form a super cold liquid like liquid nitrogen? submitted by /u/oreo0798 [link] [comments]

How do ticks get engorged if they have an exoskeleton? Posted: 05 Nov 2020 09:42 AM PST Supposedly, the rigidity of an arthropod exoskeleton inhibits bodily growth which is why many insects must shed their shells by molting to grow. So how are ticks able to get so large? submitted by /u/mumbomination [link] [comments]

How do we know that physical formulas and constants are correct? Posted: 05 Nov 2020 07:18 AM PST The title explains it. And how do we know that the gotten answer in an equation is correct, if we have come up with the equation? submitted by /u/WhatsUpHurri [link] [comments]

If babies knew words could they talk? Posted: 05 Nov 2020 05:46 PM PST Is a child's inability to speak only due to the fact that they don't know words or is there some physical development that needs to take place before they have the ability to talk submitted by /u/BaffledBantha [link] [comments]

How do surgeons join muscles? Posted: 05 Nov 2020 08:38 AM PST When medics transplant something that is directly attached to muscles, how do they connect the muscles? Like with wires?? (uhm maybe vocal cords as an example) submitted by /u/Nano_Boo [link] [comments]

Does the Celsius scale change if sea levels rise? Posted: 05 Nov 2020 03:52 AM PST If the scale is defined as boiling point at 100° and freezing point at 0°, at sea level, then does a sea level rise cause the scale to be compressed? Or, does the scale remain physically constant, and the height at which water boils increases at the same rate as sea levels? submitted by /u/_Thalassa_ [link] [comments]

Bringing stuff (like metals) from other planets, or asteroids will affect the earth rotation? Posted: 05 Nov 2020 05:09 AM PST I know that the earth rotate around the sun at the right distance thx for its mass i guess. I read about how humans can gather more resources from other planets or asteroids. But if humans start to bring heavy metals to earth, the mass of the earth will increase and probably this would affect how the earth rotate around the sum making the earth or stopping from rotate but going towards the sun or maybe go away from the sun. is that right? submitted by /u/mosenco [link] [comments]

Why do metal pans heat up so much quicker than glass pans? Posted: 05 Nov 2020 05:18 AM PST This is probably a stupid question, I'm just curious from a chemistry standpoint. But, I'm just interested because I'm making brownies and I noticed they are way chewier when I use a metal pan. Can someone explain this? submitted by /u/Barclay409 [link] [comments]

If planet 9 exists and is a super earth as some believe, is its orbit in our solar system atypical? Posted: 05 Nov 2020 04:37 AM PST submitted by /u/GetAGripDud3 [link] [comments]

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Not sure how to quite phrase this but, is there a sort of “default position” for human body parts?

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• Not sure how to quite phrase this but, is there a sort of “default position” for human body parts?
• Why are there no solid objects that aren’t visible to the human eye?
• When a singer expands their vocal range, does it physically affect them?
• Blood tests are administered during pregnancy to test for immunity to rubella to determine if re-vaccination is needed. What bio markers are these tests looking for?
• What is it that triggers risk-taking behaviours in individuals when aroused or in heightened emotional states (specifically anger)?
• I just read that 15 million minks (or so) in Denmark are going to be killed because they can spread COVID-19. How concerning are mutations from minks and their ability to infect humans and in relation to the vaccine development?
• Does being immunosuppressed raise or lower the risk of death from COVID among pediatric patients?
• Does depression has any positive correlation as primary/early symptom of other mental illness?
• What is the shape of hybridised orbitals?
• How does your body push out foreign objects lodged under skin or in muscle?
• How exactly do extended release pills work?
• Is immunity backwards compatible?
• What happens biologically when your heart skips a beat?
• How do neutron moderators allow for the fission of Uranium-238?
• Would airport radars not work without complex numbers?
• What causes nausea after taking certain medications?
• Why are honeycomb cells hexagonal, and is the honeycomb conjecture significantly relevant to this?
• How do we know that the Atlantic coastlines of South America and Africa maintained their general shape all the way since the separation of the continents?
• What is actually happening in muscle spasms?

Not sure how to quite phrase this but, is there a sort of “default position” for human body parts? Posted: 04 Nov 2020 08:50 PM PST Like the position each joint and limb returns to at complete rest or if like there were no external forces on it? Not sure if this makes question makes complete sense but I think you get the gist but I'm kind of wondering at whether some lounging positions are more harmful or "unnatural" than others despite feeling relaxing at the time. submitted by /u/109993108 [link] [comments]

Why are there no solid objects that aren’t visible to the human eye? Posted: 05 Nov 2020 05:01 AM PST If humans are only able to perceive the visible spectrum of light, but we know there are other wavelengths such as UV that we can't see, how come we don't bump into 'invisible' walls or blocks that are only visible in ultraviolet or infrared etc? submitted by /u/Heliothane [link] [comments]

When a singer expands their vocal range, does it physically affect them? Posted: 04 Nov 2020 08:30 PM PST Ex: If they practiced to be able to sing lower, do their vocal cords get thicker/longer? submitted by /u/l1v1ng [link] [comments]

Blood tests are administered during pregnancy to test for immunity to rubella to determine if re-vaccination is needed. What bio markers are these tests looking for? Posted: 05 Nov 2020 07:14 AM PST In theory, could a similar test be used to detect COVID immunity or are the processes too different? submitted by /u/gingerreeb [link] [comments]

What is it that triggers risk-taking behaviours in individuals when aroused or in heightened emotional states (specifically anger)? Posted: 04 Nov 2020 08:04 PM PST submitted by /u/SiahTaylor [link] [comments]

I just read that 15 million minks (or so) in Denmark are going to be killed because they can spread COVID-19. How concerning are mutations from minks and their ability to infect humans and in relation to the vaccine development? Posted: 04 Nov 2020 12:58 PM PST submitted by /u/Boring_username1234 [link] [comments]

Does being immunosuppressed raise or lower the risk of death from COVID among pediatric patients? Posted: 04 Nov 2020 09:29 PM PST One of the early discussion points was that an immune reaction called cytokine storm was one of the big contributors to younger people dying from COVID. Does being immunosuppressed have some kind of protective effect from that, that might lead to better outcomes, in young-ish (peds) people in particular? Do we have data for it? submitted by /u/tosseriffic [link] [comments]

Does depression has any positive correlation as primary/early symptom of other mental illness? Posted: 04 Nov 2020 03:34 PM PST submitted by /u/likelyilllike [link] [comments]

What is the shape of hybridised orbitals? Posted: 05 Nov 2020 04:38 AM PST So, two sp orbitals have 50% s character and 50% p character, three sp2 orbitals have... you know the drill. Yet I don't understand what this means exactly: I read that one advantage of hybridising is that the shapes of the new orbitals have a larger frontal lobe, which allows for less repulsion between electron pairs (?). So do all hybridised orbitals have this same shape? If so, how do the percentages of p and s character they have affect anything? submitted by /u/BeautifulGrill [link] [comments]

How does your body push out foreign objects lodged under skin or in muscle? Posted: 04 Nov 2020 01:53 PM PST I have a small piece of glass stuck under my skin in my finger, it's been there for 10 years with no sign of movement. Then again when I had a prosthetic tooth put in, the dentist used synthetic bone graft. Months later it still felt like granules of bone working its way through the surrounding gum and out - first a bump on the gum the the piece of bone would break surface and pop out. How does your body know what is the shortest path out? What mechanism is used to push it out? submitted by /u/a_is_for_a [link] [comments]

How exactly do extended release pills work? Posted: 04 Nov 2020 01:24 PM PST I was reading something today about how ibuprofen is formulated with both its R and S enantiomers and that there is some evidence that the body can slowly convert the R enantiomer to the S which is the useful one. This got me thinking, do some slow release tablets/pills work by taking advantage of this or are there other mechanisms like slowing down how fast it dissolves, etc? submitted by /u/Zarithe [link] [comments]

Is immunity backwards compatible? Posted: 04 Nov 2020 07:37 PM PST If someone develops immunity to virus B which evolved/mutated from virus A, does that person have immunity against virus A or have any advantage against being exposed to virus A that a person who has not been exposed to virus B would not have? What about the symmetrical question of when one has developed immunity against virus A before being exposed to virus B? submitted by /u/pstbo [link] [comments]

What happens biologically when your heart skips a beat? Posted: 04 Nov 2020 03:06 PM PST I tried googling this but just got results on heart palpitations. My question is more so on what happens when for example, you suddenly remember you forgot to do something and your heart skips a beat. submitted by /u/squawk_ [link] [comments]

How do neutron moderators allow for the fission of Uranium-238? Posted: 04 Nov 2020 11:48 AM PST I understand the premise of neutron moderators and that U-238 is fissionable but not fissile. However, I don't understand how to reconcile these two ideas. As I understand it, moderators lower the kinetic energy of fast neutrons until they are thermal neutrons and are more likely to fission various nuclides. I also know that moderators such as heavy water and graphite can allow for natural, unenriched uranium (mostly 238) to be used as fuel. However, I've also read that U-238 only tends to fission from fast neutron capture and that its own fission product neutrons are not typically fast enough to sustain a chain reaction. How exactly do moderators help with this? I've searched so many resources to find an answer to this, but everyone just seems to say "moderators allow natural uranium to be used as fuel" without specifying how when (based on my reading) U-238 requires fast neutrons to fission. Does U-238 actually fission with thermal neutrons as well but only with a very small cross-section and moderators just drastically increase the frequency of collisions? That's the only answer I can come up with, but I'm no nuclear physicist. submitted by /u/Imagine_Baggins [link] [comments]

Would airport radars not work without complex numbers? Posted: 05 Nov 2020 12:06 AM PST submitted by /u/KILL-SWITCH12 [link] [comments]

What causes nausea after taking certain medications? Posted: 04 Nov 2020 07:14 PM PST Many drugs such as antibiotics, NSAIDs, etc may cause nausea when taken. What actually happens inside the body that causes nausea from drugs? submitted by /u/itspickless [link] [comments]

Why are honeycomb cells hexagonal, and is the honeycomb conjecture significantly relevant to this? Posted: 04 Nov 2020 08:23 AM PST https://www.reddit.com/r/math/duplicates/jnjaz8/cgp_greys_hexagons_are_the_bestagons/ In this thread I ended up in a disagreement about this. There's something called the honeycomb conjecture ( theorem, technically. It was proven in 1999 by Hales) which says that hexagonal cells are the best ( maximum area for minimum perimeter) shape to tile a plane with. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honeycomb_conjecture This would imply that bees are using the most efficient shape for their honeycomb cells, because this would get them the most space to store honey using the least amount of wax. The disagreement here is about whether this is "on purpose"; whether the bees are making the honey comb in a way that "deliberately" makes use of this, or whether it's just the basic physics of the situation that makes cells hexagonal( because I've read that this is because of the effect of the outward pressure of the honey on the wax, rather than any specific thing the bees do). In the latter case, bees could theoretically be trying to make non-optimal circular cells, but the physics at work, the outward pressure of the honey, deforms them into the hexagon shape. https://www.nature.com/articles/srep28341#:~:text=Geometry%20and%20construction%20of%20the,angles%20between%20some%20consecutive%20sides. The above paper says that bees make their cells circular, not hexagonal, and suggests several mechanisms ( apparently independent of anything the bees do) that would lead to the hexagon shape. So, why are honeycomb cells hexagonal and is the honeycomb conjecture and the associated claim ( Bees make honey combs with hexagonal cells "because" it's the most efficient ) relevant here? submitted by /u/VankousFrost [link] [comments]

How do we know that the Atlantic coastlines of South America and Africa maintained their general shape all the way since the separation of the continents? Posted: 04 Nov 2020 09:39 AM PST Hi, people. First, the question, and then a bit of an explanation to clarify and pinpoint the real answer I want to get. Q: How can we assume, by noticing that the eastern coast of South America matches the shape of the western coast of Africa, that South America and Africa were conjoined in the past, if the sea level has drastically varied during the ages and even a few meters up or down could mean very different coastlines? This question arised when my father stated that it is a mere coincidence that the coastlines are similar. Don't get him wrong: he doesn't question that the continents were conjoined. He simply says that the coastlines being similar is a fortunate coincidence that helped us first visualize the idea, but that all the simulations that show the two continents drifting apart through the ages and at all times maintaining the same shape is bullshit. After the debate, I researched a bit and found something about the mid ocean ridge being responsible for creating the new ocean soil, but didn't go farther than that. I would love for someone to explain if my father is right when he says the simulations are only a visualization or if the coastlines really maintained their shapes since the separation of the continents. submitted by /u/meaning_searcher [link] [comments]

What is actually happening in muscle spasms? Posted: 04 Nov 2020 02:25 AM PST In the context of post workout. Take this video for reference: https://youtu.be/i-kN2uofEz0 I get its moving around and all but what does it actually look like without the skin? submitted by /u/heckin_redditor [link] [comments]

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