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Friday, October 9, 2020

Do single celled organisms experience inflammation?

Do single celled organisms experience inflammation?


Do single celled organisms experience inflammation?

Posted: 08 Oct 2020 09:42 PM PDT

AskScience AMA Series: We are physicians, leaders, experts and advocates on mental health from the National Network of Depression Centers (NNDC) and Project Healthy Minds. We're here to answer your questions on mental health. Ask us anything!

Posted: 09 Oct 2020 04:00 AM PDT

We're leading mental health physicians, researchers, and advocates from around the country with expertise in areas like anxiety, depression, child & adolescent mood disorders, bipolar, and addiction. We're here to answer your questions on topics like COVID-19's impact on anxiety and depression, what to look for in a mental health professional, where to begin when you're starting your mental health journey, how to ask a friend or family member for help, whether antidepressants are safe long-term, where we're making progress on the science of mental health, and more. We're taking your questions at 1:00 p.m. EDT (17 UT). Ask us anything!

Here answering your questions are physicians & experts from the National Network of Depression Centers (NNDC):

  • John Greden, MD
  • Rich Weiner, MD, PhD
  • Jair Soares, MD, PhD
  • Manpreet Singh, MD, MS
  • Marisa Toups, MD
  • Cheryl McCullumsmith, MD, PhD
  • Mark Frye, MD

Links:

Username: /u/projecthealthyminds

submitted by /u/AskScienceModerator
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Do we know how large dinosaur populations were?

Posted: 08 Oct 2020 12:27 PM PDT

When we're shown concept imagery of dinosaurs, we often see that dino's were plentiful. Is this accurate to the actual population sizes?

submitted by /u/Aefris
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Can monoclonal antibodies like Adalimumab or Infliximab ever be given orally, is there any research looking to overcome the obstacles?

Posted: 09 Oct 2020 02:57 AM PDT

How do bugs consume water?

Posted: 08 Oct 2020 10:57 PM PDT

That's it! How do they drink?

When I drink, I use my lips, tongue and throat to guide water down to my stomach by muscle movement.

Since insects are made up of exoskeleton, I'm having a hard time envisioning the mechanical process they use to drink or swallow.

Do they have internal anatomy that functions in a similar way to our digestive tract?

Thanks!

submitted by /u/travelingelectrician
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What happens when someone gets infected with two different Viruses?

Posted: 08 Oct 2020 09:56 AM PDT

For example some typical seasonal flu and Covid-19? Does our immune system fight both more or less equally, but then maybe not as efficiently, or do you get some sort of "super reaction"? Or do I have some completely wrong idea about this in general?

submitted by /u/zscan
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Why there is am inconsistency between mass deficiency in proton and in nuclei?

Posted: 08 Oct 2020 02:15 PM PDT

When you bind two nuclei into more stable one with higher binding energy, the mass of the product is smaller, not higher, than mass of the subtracts. It is due to fact that new system got a smaller potential energy, so the mass is reduced according to E=mc2. So why it is opposite in proton? 3 quarks bind, so system has smaller energy cause binding energy. That means, proton should have smaller mass than quarks by analogy to nuclei. It is not, in fact proton is one hundred times more massive than rest mass of quarks.

What do I get wrong?

submitted by /u/gleorn
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Looking at WWI/II fighter aircrafts, isn't it dangerous having the aircraft's propellers within the machine gun's line of fire?

Posted: 08 Oct 2020 11:51 AM PDT

Why cirrhosis happens only in liver?

Posted: 08 Oct 2020 06:09 AM PDT

Liver cirrhosis is caused by fatty liver, then inflammation which leads to scar tissue (fibrosis) and then cirrhosis. Why this cirrhosis doesn't happen in any other organ like lungs, heart etc. as inflammation can and does happen anywhere.

submitted by /u/pushpaks
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Can insects hear things?

Posted: 08 Oct 2020 05:08 AM PDT

By hear, I mean, with ears. I've always wondered whether the tremendously loud noise of people and big things around them causes them any pain.

submitted by /u/SpeedbirdFinal
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Do monarch butterflies use landmarks to guide them on their migration, or do they use another method?

Posted: 08 Oct 2020 07:41 AM PDT

What is the difference between Carbon Capture Storage and Carbon Sequestration?

Posted: 07 Oct 2020 04:42 PM PDT

I have heard these two terms be thrown around when talking about mitigating climate change, but in my research, I have found them to be the same thing. Are they different things?

submitted by /u/iusedtolikebasketbal
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Is the atmosphere in equilibrium?

Posted: 07 Oct 2020 04:57 PM PDT

Thursday, October 8, 2020

AskScience AMA Series: We're from the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory and from Washington Maritime Blue and DNV GL. Our organizations are working together to bring the safe use of hydrogen to these ports for a cleaner energy future. Ask away, we're here to answer your questions. AUA!

AskScience AMA Series: We're from the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory and from Washington Maritime Blue and DNV GL. Our organizations are working together to bring the safe use of hydrogen to these ports for a cleaner energy future. Ask away, we're here to answer your questions. AUA!


AskScience AMA Series: We're from the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory and from Washington Maritime Blue and DNV GL. Our organizations are working together to bring the safe use of hydrogen to these ports for a cleaner energy future. Ask away, we're here to answer your questions. AUA!

Posted: 08 Oct 2020 04:00 AM PDT

Hi Reddit, Happy National Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Day! We;re Jamie Holladay, David Hume, and Lindsay Steele from the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory and Jennifer States from Washington Maritime Blue and DNV GL. Did you know the use of hydrogen to power equipment and ships at our nation's ports can greatly reduce energy consumption and harmful emissions? Did you know that the transportation sector contributes 29 percent of harmful emissions to the atmosphere-more than the electricity, industrial, commercial and residential, and agricultural sectors?

The nation's ports consume more than 4 percent of the 28 percent of energy consumption attributed to the transportation sector. More than 2 million marine vessels worldwide transport greater than 90 percent of the world's goods. On land, countless pieces of equipment, such as cranes and yard tractors, support port operations.

Those vessels and equipment consume 300 million tonnes of diesel fuel per year, produce 3 percent of global carbon dioxide emission, and generate the largest source of sulfur dioxide emissions.

Pacific Northwest National Laboratory and collaborators are looking at how we can help the nation's ports reduce energy consumption and harmful emissions by using hydrogen as a zero-emission fuel.

We've conducted a study with several U.S. ports to assess replacing diesel with hydrogen fuel cells in port operations. We've done this through collection of information about equipment inventory; annual and daily use, power, and fuel consumption; data from port administrators and tenants; and satellite imagery to verify port equipment profiles. We crunched the data and found that hydrogen demand for the U.S. maritime industry could exceed a half million tonnes per year.

We are also seeking to apply our abundant hydrogen expertise to provide a multi-use renewable hydrogen system to the Port of Seattle-which will provide the city's utility provider with an alternative clean resource.

Our research is typically supported by the Department of Energy's Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Technologies Office.

We'd love to talk with you about our experiences and plans to connect our nation's ports to a hydrogen future. We will be back at noon PDT (3 ET, 19 UT) to answer your questions. AUA!

Username: /u/PNNL

submitted by /u/AskScienceModerator
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What is the difference between 99% humidity and 100%?

Posted: 08 Oct 2020 01:57 AM PDT

Not sure if this is correct but isn't 100% humidity just water. If so, what makes that one percent go from air to water?

submitted by /u/ACSanchez2000
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How is AC current more dangerous than DC current ?

Posted: 08 Oct 2020 03:33 AM PDT

Why does melting "reset the clock" for radiometric dating?

Posted: 07 Oct 2020 06:21 PM PDT

So I understand that radiometric dating of rocks allows us to interpret the time since the last time the rock was melted. But I don't quite understand why. Does the melting process facilitate the formation of new isotopes or am I missing something?

submitted by /u/_Homelesscat_
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With covid happening and quarantine supposedly stifling influenza, is vaccination against influenza more important than during previous years ?

Posted: 07 Oct 2020 10:19 PM PDT

My question has many "folds".

like the title says, is being vaccinated against the flu more important or less because of covid and quarantines stifling its growth?

Considering the fact that winter is coming and influenza is going to hit northern economies, is the impact of the flu estimated to worsen the hospitals' capacity to treat patients or is the flu going to stay "low" on the radar?

Basically, would an epidemiologist say the vaccination is more important or less than in the last few years?

submitted by /u/Brock2845
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What actually happens when I change the radio station in my car? How does my antenna know when I switch from 88.5 Newstalk radio to Oldies 101.1? Bonus points: why are FM stations odd numbers?

Posted: 07 Oct 2020 01:42 PM PDT

How do you lose your sense of taste with COVID?

Posted: 07 Oct 2020 08:20 AM PDT

How does the absorption of radiation lead to an increase in temperature?

Posted: 07 Oct 2020 10:11 AM PDT

When a photon is absorbed by an atom, it becomes excited and an electron is moved to a higher energy level. How does this translate to an increase in the atom's kinetic energy if the energy is used to move the electron further from the nucleus?

submitted by /u/gromitthisisntcheese
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Does spin affect the half-life of an atom, or are certian spins more stable?

Posted: 07 Oct 2020 04:24 PM PDT

I was looking at my handy-dandy chart of Nuclides today, really for the first time. One thing that stood out to me was a certain atom, (Believe it was Xenon-131 around that isotope but definitely Xenon) had a much different half life with a different spin. The left side of the isotope had "3/-" and a half life of around 11(?) days, then the spin with "11/+" had just a abundance of some reasonably large amount. How are these correlated, if at all?

submitted by /u/DeyCallMeCasper
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Why do some shots go in the butt instead of the arm or leg?

Posted: 07 Oct 2020 03:02 PM PDT

Are mRNA vaccines self-limiting in the human body?

Posted: 07 Oct 2020 04:19 PM PDT

I understand (I think) that the RNA causes the person's own cells to generate the antigen (or whatever other biological component produces the immune response). My question is this: how/when do my cells stop making that antigen/biological component? Is it forever? Or just until the particular cell that "picked up" the RNA dies? Or does my body now just forever produce this antigen/biological component? For a normal vaccine, your body is receiving a known quantity/dosage of some virus or virus component. If we're having our body produce the virus component itself, how is the biological response "contained" or "limited"?

submitted by /u/pistolplc
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What is receptor internalization in Collybolide?

Posted: 07 Oct 2020 12:39 PM PDT

I am currently looking into the mushroom Rhodocollybia Maculata and while reading through the article read this:

" These results show that Colly, like other high potency hκOR agonists, induces rapid and robust receptor internalization. "

Could someone with a little more knowledge explain?

Original article: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4889365/

submitted by /u/Kuzjoe
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Why are scientists still unsure about the immunity time span of covid 19?

Posted: 07 Oct 2020 11:42 AM PDT

Why are scientists still unsure about the immunity time span of covid 19? What is the reason? There has been known cases since January..

submitted by /u/thean91
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Does outside air temperature affect the speed a device or object cools?

Posted: 07 Oct 2020 11:34 AM PDT

Does external temp of a device affect how fast it cools? Or does a device cool at the same speed no matter the external temp. For example: If I take one soda and put it in the fridge and another soda and put it in the freezer. Does the one in the freezer cool faster? Or do they cool at the same speed, but the freezer soda will continue to get cooler than the fridge soda?

submitted by /u/lesnod
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When will the sun start fusing carbon?

Posted: 07 Oct 2020 03:56 AM PDT

Hello, I've just learned about the molecular scissors that can modify genes and I was wondering I would like to know if this can be used to turn a Y chromosome and turn it into a X ? and if soo would that change the physical traits of the person ?

Posted: 07 Oct 2020 12:30 PM PDT

"Professor Emmanuelle Charpentier and Professor Jennifer Doudna have won the 2020 Nobel Prize in chemistry for their work developing a method for genome editing.

The award takes the number of women who have ever won the Nobel Prize in chemistry from five to seven.

Both scientists will equally share 10 million Swedish kronor (£866,000) for their discovery of "one of gene technology's sharpest tools" - the CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing technique, or "genetic scissors" as the committee described it.

"Using these [scissors], researchers can change the DNA of animals, plants and microorganisms with extremely high precision," said the Nobel committee.

"This technology has had a revolutionary impact on the life sciences, is contributing to new cancer therapies and may make the dream of curing inherited diseases come true."

It is the first time the Nobel Prize for chemistry has been awarded to two women in the same year in its 119-year history.

The genome editing technique they developed is based on creating proteins which match the DNA code where a "cut" is going to be made.

This effectively allows researchers to insert, repair or edit a gene in such a way that the DNA doesn't see the change as damage, but as a legitimate edit to be replicated by the cell.

"There is enormous power in this genetic tool, which affects us all," said Claes Gustafsson, chair of the Nobel Committee for chemistry.

"It has not only revolutionised basic science, but also resulted in innovative crops and will lead to ground-breaking new medical treatments,""

submitted by /u/skaaelya
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Wednesday, October 7, 2020

How do radio stations know how many people are tuning in?

How do radio stations know how many people are tuning in?


How do radio stations know how many people are tuning in?

Posted: 07 Oct 2020 06:43 AM PDT

Are vaccine platforms reusable?

Posted: 07 Oct 2020 02:30 AM PDT

I'm reading about vaccines and came across a vaccine that is based on the Adenovirus 26. To the best of my knowledge this means that after vaccination the immune system learns to defeat this adonovirus and because of the modification also learns to render the spikes on the corona virus useless. Of course I'm using layman terms here.

If someone is vaccinated with this vaccine and a different virus comes along, can this platform still be used for this new virus?

submitted by /u/LivingAfterMidnight
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Ask Anything Wednesday - Economics, Political Science, Linguistics, Anthropology

Posted: 07 Oct 2020 08:08 AM PDT

Welcome to our weekly feature, Ask Anything Wednesday - this week we are focusing on Economics, Political Science, Linguistics, Anthropology

Do you have a question within these topics you weren't sure was worth submitting? Is something a bit too speculative for a typical /r/AskScience post? No question is too big or small for AAW. In this thread you can ask any science-related question! Things like: "What would happen if...", "How will the future...", "If all the rules for 'X' were different...", "Why does my...".

Asking Questions:

Please post your question as a top-level response to this, and our team of panellists will be here to answer and discuss your questions.

The other topic areas will appear in future Ask Anything Wednesdays, so if you have other questions not covered by this weeks theme please either hold on to it until those topics come around, or go and post over in our sister subreddit /r/AskScienceDiscussion , where every day is Ask Anything Wednesday! Off-theme questions in this post will be removed to try and keep the thread a manageable size for both our readers and panellists.

Answering Questions:

Please only answer a posted question if you are an expert in the field. The full guidelines for posting responses in AskScience can be found here. In short, this is a moderated subreddit, and responses which do not meet our quality guidelines will be removed. Remember, peer reviewed sources are always appreciated, and anecdotes are absolutely not appropriate. In general if your answer begins with 'I think', or 'I've heard', then it's not suitable for /r/AskScience.

If you would like to become a member of the AskScience panel, please refer to the information provided here.

Past AskAnythingWednesday posts can be found here.

Ask away!

submitted by /u/AutoModerator
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How/why do high-elevation limestone formations exist?

Posted: 07 Oct 2020 06:06 AM PDT

I have a geology related class this sem and our current topic is about igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks. Then it got me thinking, how come there's an area in my country (specifically Baguio City, Philippines) that is very rich in limestone (a sedimentary rock) despite its high elevation?

submitted by /u/cabbagesu
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So, I just got some vaccines and now I’m thinking about them. It seems like vaccines would be more effective if administered intravenously, so why are many vaccines given via the intramuscular route instead?

Posted: 06 Oct 2020 01:41 PM PDT

Why is PCR preferred over ELISA techniques for COVID/19 detection and diagnosis when time window allows it?

Posted: 06 Oct 2020 12:59 PM PDT

After reading the specifics on the different methods, I remain unsure why ELISA ( enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays) tests are not preferred over PCR for COVID19 diagnosis when the detection window is convenient.

In my understanding IgMs start to build up from day 4 to 7 after infection. Therefore, if a potential contact occurred more than 4 days ago, it wouldn't make sense to apply an ELISA test, since it would give additional information (IgG) beyond a current active infection?

submitted by /u/temporalista
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Why do some diseases cause lifelong or much longer periods of immunity than some other diseases?

Posted: 06 Oct 2020 09:04 AM PDT

And why do some need boosters whilst others do not or need fewer boosters?

submitted by /u/amjam441
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In COVID PCR tests, do we have positive controls to check for presence of human sample?

Posted: 06 Oct 2020 02:23 PM PDT

It seems that most RT-PCR tests have positive controls that ensure amplification can be performed in the presence of viral nucleic (by amplifying viral genomic sequence). It is not obvious to me, however, whether they check for whether swab sample was properly collected. This could be done perhaps by using primers that amplify human genomic sequences that should be present in a properly collected sample (e.g. tubulin). This kind of a positive control seems important, given that some places (including my university) have the people getting tested swab themselves and improper swabbing could lead to false negatives.

submitted by /u/rooftopfiddler
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Is there a form/variation of a map that is not right-unique?

Posted: 06 Oct 2020 05:03 AM PDT

A map from X to Y is per definition a left-total and right-unique relation. Is there a (frequently used) relation similar to a map which is not right-unique? I feel like this could be used for non-deterministic problems.

submitted by /u/Keteo
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What causes a shock wave to propagate?

Posted: 05 Oct 2020 12:39 PM PDT

I understand what a shock wave is and what it's characteristics are, but I still don't understand what causes a wave to move through a medium faster than its speed of sound. I would assume that the shock wave would almost instantaneously slow down to sound speed because that's the speed at which "information" travels through the medium but obviously that's not the case. So what drives this speed?

submitted by /u/tylerchu
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What makes blood groups differ from each other and how/ why can't they be universally be accepted by different bodies?

Posted: 05 Oct 2020 05:50 AM PDT

Tuesday, October 6, 2020

Is it possible to contract COVID 19 a second time?

Is it possible to contract COVID 19 a second time?


Is it possible to contract COVID 19 a second time?

Posted: 06 Oct 2020 04:27 AM PDT

How come multiple viruses/pathogens don’t interfere with one another when in the human body?

Posted: 05 Oct 2020 09:12 AM PDT

I know that having multiple diseases can never be good for us, but is there precedent for multiple pathogens "fighting" each other inside our body?

submitted by /u/Dorpig
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How certain is the scientific community actually about the big bang theory?

Posted: 06 Oct 2020 02:04 AM PDT

We have been observing the expansion of the universe for only a very limited duration, given the assumed age of the universe and we are extrapolating this behavior until the start of time. I mean anything could happen during the time we are not observing. The function we are measuring could be as well a wave, but the time frame of our existence wouldn't be long enough to ever measure a compression of the universe. My point is, are there any factors, that makes it certain that the universe is ever expanding and how certain are scientists about the big bang theory.

submitted by /u/KonArtist01
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With planets similar to earth, would an older planet have more islands and more continents compared to a newer one?

Posted: 06 Oct 2020 02:08 AM PDT

I watched a video of Pangea forming into the current layout of the world. Islands began to pop up more and more and as Pangea broke the separate continents appeared. Would the same thing happen to a planet similar to earth? Also, as earth ages, will/is it likely the continents and current land masses will continue to separate into smaller parts?

submitted by /u/Loni-the-Bonni
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If elettromagnetic radiation can push a body through radiation pressure, the body emitting the radiation is pushed in the opposite direction?

Posted: 05 Oct 2020 12:30 PM PDT

If yes, a laser emitting spacecraft is pushed in the opposite direction?

If no, if I attach a laser emitting tool to a solar sail, can I generate a net push of the two body system?

Both answers seem to violate some physics law. So I'm probably missing some important point.

submitted by /u/zulured
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How do charging pads for your phone work?

Posted: 06 Oct 2020 05:10 AM PDT

Does the flu vaccine strengthen the body's immune system in general and does the flu vaccine continue working if in the next few years the same strain of flu reappears?

Posted: 05 Oct 2020 12:17 PM PDT

Why is it that roughly 25% of the numbers less than 100 are prime and as you go past 100 the percentage of prime numbers steadily drops?

Posted: 05 Oct 2020 10:51 AM PDT

Just like the title says. There are 25 numbers between 1 and 99 that are prime (25%)

There are 168 primes between 1 and 1,000. (17%)

There are 1,229 primes between 1 and 10,000 (12%)

Why are primes more common in smaller numbers than in bigger numbers?

submitted by /u/Part_of_the_Infinite
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Have we ever killed a virus?

Posted: 05 Oct 2020 09:21 PM PDT

I know viruses aren't alive but are there any examples of a virus we have basically made extinct?

submitted by /u/ZomboFc
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Are all spider webs the same? Could one spider use another's web, or would it get stuck?

Posted: 04 Oct 2020 07:17 PM PDT

[Physics] How is reflection of a photon different from absorption/ re-emission? What happens to a molecule when light is reflected?

Posted: 04 Oct 2020 10:45 PM PDT

I understand the basic idea of an emission spectrum. But what about an object that doesn't radiate photons? Like when light hits a red apple, the skin of the apple is made of molecules that happen to absorb everything except red wavelengths. The red is reflected into our eyes so we see red. (I know the color vision part isn't that simple, but I'm talking about the basic idea that we see the wavelengths that were not absorbed).

What makes a molecule unable to absorb specific wavelengths? And what exactly is happening when a photon is reflected? If it is being absorbed and re-emitted, why doesn't the object glow? (I know the object will eventually glow red if we heat it up enough. But I'm just trying to understand why ordinary non-heated objects appear different colors.)

submitted by /u/miparasito
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