Pages

Friday, September 18, 2020

How many derivatives can you take of a moving object before getting a value of zero?

How many derivatives can you take of a moving object before getting a value of zero?

How many derivatives can you take of a moving object before getting a value of zero?

Posted: 17 Sep 2020 07:31 PM PDT

If the position of a theoretical object was defined by x^2, then the first derivative would be 2x, the second would be 2, and the third would be 0. How many derivatives can you take of, say, the position of a rocket ship launching into space or a person starting to run before getting a value of zero? Do some things in the universe never reach zero? Do all of them never reach zero?

submitted by /u/CreepyEyesOO
[link] [comments]

AskScience AMA Series: I'm a glaciologist focused on why large outlet glaciers in Greenland are changing. Ask me anything!

Posted: 18 Sep 2020 04:00 AM PDT

My name is Michalea King and I recently completed my PhD in Earth Sciences at the Ohio State University. I am a glaciologist and most of my research focuses on how and why large outlet glaciers in Greenland are changing.

Also answering questions today is Cassandra Garrison, a reporter at Reuters who wrote about one of my latest studies. The new study suggests the territory's ice sheet will now gain mass only once every 100 years -- a grim indicator of how difficult it is to re-grow glaciers once they hemorrhage ice. In studying satellite images of the glaciers, our team noted that the glaciers had a 50% chance of regaining mass before 2000, with the odds declining since.

We'll be logging on at noon ET (16 UT), ask us anything!

Username: /u/Reuters

submitted by /u/AskScienceModerator
[link] [comments]

Does our body releases dopamine in the anticipation of getting rewards, or when we actually get the rewards?

Posted: 18 Sep 2020 04:54 AM PDT

I am a casual person with no science background, so my apology if this question is too simple for this subreddit but I really want to learn about this subject.

Several articles that I read said that there are activities that make our body produce high level of dopamine, such as eating junk foods, playing games, etc. So my initial interpretation is that the dopamine releases while we are enjoying those rewards (good food, favorite games)

However, I just watched a video from a college professor that said our body actually produces dopamine in the anticipation of expected rewards (before we actually get the rewards). The dopamine released would be much higher if the chance of getting the rewards are not 100 percent (such as gambling).

Those two information seems contradictory and I think I misunderstood something. Can somebody help me clarify this and elaborate more about dopamine?

Thank you so much for your answers, I really appreciate it!

submitted by /u/OnePC4U
[link] [comments]

How can velocity be relative when the speed of light is constant?

Posted: 18 Sep 2020 12:52 AM PDT

Ever since I read somewhere in a book that the speed of light is constant, I never understood how that worked with velocity being relative; the two are mutually exclusive.

submitted by /u/MysteriouslySeeing
[link] [comments]

What virus can survive outside its host the longest? (That we know of)

Posted: 17 Sep 2020 11:16 PM PDT

I've wondered which virus is the most resilient absent of its host. I found that Hepatitis C survives up to 3 weeks in ideal conditions, but I'm not sure if there are any other viruses out there with longer survival times.

submitted by /u/Savageaskbot
[link] [comments]

Would we weigh more if the earth wouldn't be spinning?

Posted: 17 Sep 2020 09:35 AM PDT

Is there any centrifugal force working against gravitation that pushes us away from earth because it is spinning or even rotating around the sun? If yes, how big of an impact does that have on our weight? Thanks a lot

submitted by /u/Bamb00zld
[link] [comments]

How many XRPD peaks are needed to ID a polymorph of a chemical compound?

Posted: 18 Sep 2020 02:58 AM PDT

I have a background in organic chemistry and work in relation to patents regarding pharmaceuticals. However I am not well versed in polymorphs. My dealings are largely with the Australian Patent Office.

My issue is that I deal with reports from examiners who raise objections to patent claims where the claim is to a polymorphic form or forms but the claim only includes a small number of XRPD peaks, for example a claim might be

A crystalline form of compound XXX wherein the XRPD includes peaks at 2-theta values of 10.1, 12.4 and 15.2.

The recent reports from examiners state that the claims are not supported because they do not list at least 10 peaks. The examiner will often cite the USP and a document by Brittain which states that

"The United States Pharmacopeia contains a general chapter on XRD (61),
which sets the criterion that identity is established if the scattering angles in the powder patterns of the sample and reference standard agree to within the calibrated precision of the diffractometer. It is noted that it is generally sufficient that the scattering angles of the ten strongest reflections obtained for an analyte agree to within either ± 0.10 or ± 0.20° 2 theta , whichever is more appropriate for the diffractometer used."

My question I guess is whether this part of the USP/Brittain document is being applied correctly. Brittain seems to say that the angles of the sample and reference must agree to within the specified parameters. What does that mean? If I have a compound with a particular structure to what reference is the pattern being compared, especially where this might be the first crystalline form of the compound?

I think I see the examiner's point as being if the applicant has made a single polymorphic form but claims it with only 1 or a few peaks in the claim they are essentially claiming any form which has that peak or peaks. And I think the gist of the argument is that only one form has been made and therefore the applicant can't claim potentially yet to be made forms which could also have those same peaks. The examiner do seem to be OK with accepting an application if there are 10 peaks provided in the claim.

The Brittain document is Polymorphism in Pharmaceutical Solids edited by HG Brittain.

submitted by /u/polymorphquestion
[link] [comments]

A changing electric field cannot exist without a magnetic field, but a changing magnetic field can exist without an electric field, why is that?

Posted: 17 Sep 2020 10:24 PM PDT

If that is correct...

submitted by /u/frodog5050
[link] [comments]

Is the universe flat? And if yes why?

Posted: 17 Sep 2020 08:26 PM PDT

In short my question is why, orbital systems, solar systems, galaxies, have significantly more "width/length" than it does "depth/height?

This may be an uneducated question, but i can not seem to find the answer on Google.

submitted by /u/Jkievman
[link] [comments]

Does the Moon help Planet Earth keep a strong magnetic field that shields life from cosmic radiation?

Posted: 18 Sep 2020 05:00 AM PDT

Considering the other Terrestrial Planets hardly have any magnetic field, it seems odd that our world does. Could our tidally locked moon be tugging on the core to keep it generating a dynamo somehow?

submitted by /u/DesignNoobie99
[link] [comments]

Is it easier to fly inward to the inner planet, closer to the sun, than outwards to the outer planets, away from the sun?

Posted: 17 Sep 2020 06:43 PM PDT

On how presentation on how gravity works there's a bowling ball in the center of a trampoline and marbles are spun around the blowing ball moving inwards slowly. Would flying a space craft to the sun be like driving down hill and flying away be like driving up hill?

submitted by /u/DrPotatoEsquire
[link] [comments]

Can antibodies from a vaccine be distinguished from antibodies from a previous infection?

Posted: 17 Sep 2020 05:08 PM PDT

Recently told by someone reporting my blood works to me (not a doctor) that I was previously infected with a virus because I had antibodies to said virus. But I explained I received a vaccine to said virus as an infant (if my immunization records are to be believed).

She insisted they could tell it was due to previous infection. How is it possible they could tell that my antibodies were from previous infection and not vaccination? Is there a physical difference between them?

submitted by /u/AJ_De_Leon
[link] [comments]

How did speaking in Old Egyptian (hieroglyphs) sound?

Posted: 17 Sep 2020 11:54 PM PDT

How are greenhouse gas emissions measured in the atmosphere?

Posted: 17 Sep 2020 03:25 PM PDT

With specific reference to carbon though the methodology for all GHGs is interesting. I'm keen to understand how researchers measure carbon in the atmosphere and when we began to document it.

Thank you!

submitted by /u/javajuicejoe
[link] [comments]

Why is an increase of 2 on the Richter Scale a magnitude of 1000?

Posted: 17 Sep 2020 11:38 AM PDT

If the Richter Scale is on factors of x10, why would a 6.0 be 1000x stronger than a 4.0? Why not 100x?

submitted by /u/PeeLong
[link] [comments]

How are novel viruses isolated?

Posted: 17 Sep 2020 03:16 PM PDT

I understand how PCR tests look for markers of known viruses which have already been identified and sequenced. But when Zhang et al sequenced the first SARS-CoV-2 sample on Jan 5 how was the original sample isolated? How did they isolate and sequence an unknown virus rather than host cells, common bacterial flora, or whatever benign viruses might have been floating around?

submitted by /u/bramlet
[link] [comments]

Are quark lifetimes exact or are they influenced by their environment?

Posted: 17 Sep 2020 08:52 AM PDT

I found this text which has the following data:

Quark Mean Lifetime (s)
Up ...
Down 900
Strange 1.24 x 10-8
Charm 1.1 x 10-12
Top ...
Bottom 1.3 x 10-12

Which makes me think:

Do all quarks of a category have the exact same lifetime such that the accuracy of the numbers above is only limited by measurement uncertainty?

Or are the transformation times random around a mean, where the distribution (and/or mean) may depend on the environment?

submitted by /u/7373737373
[link] [comments]

Why is atmospheric pressure high on subtropics and on the poles and low on subpolar areas?

Posted: 17 Sep 2020 11:36 AM PDT

I'm trying to understand winds and this thing really confuses me.

submitted by /u/CudanMCC
[link] [comments]
vào lúc No comments:

Thursday, September 17, 2020

Is there a physiological basis to the change in food tastes/preferences as you grow up?

Is there a physiological basis to the change in food tastes/preferences as you grow up?

Is there a physiological basis to the change in food tastes/preferences as you grow up?

Posted: 17 Sep 2020 01:27 AM PDT

I grew up despising the taste of coriander (cilantro to many). It tasted like soap and ruined food so I'd specifically request for it to be removed from any recipes at home or in restaurants where possible.

Last week I tried it again and absolutely loved it. Feel like I've missed out this last 15 years or so. I wonder at what stage during that 15 year period I would've started to like it.

Edit: I'm 25 years old if that has any relevance

submitted by /u/RichardsonM24
[link] [comments]

AskScience AMA Series: I am Professor Beverley Hunt, OBE, an expert on Thrombosis and Haemostasis at King's College London. I will be answering all your questions about blood clots on World Patient Safety Day. Ask me anything!

Posted: 17 Sep 2020 04:00 AM PDT

I'm Prof. Beverley Hunt, OBE, Chair of the World Thrombosis Day (WTD) steering committee. I am also a professor of thrombosis and haemostasis at King's College in London, and a consultant at Guy's and St. Thomas' Hospitals. I am passionate about thrombotic and acquired bleeding disorders, and I was recently recognized as an Officer of the Most Excellence Order (OBE) of the British Empire in the Queen's Birthday 2019 Honours List for my work in the field. I am here to answer your questions about blood clots. I will be answering questions starting at 1:00pm EDT (17 UT), AMA!

Proof

Username: /u/WorldThrombosisDay

submitted by /u/AskScienceModerator
[link] [comments]

Why are only 151 cases of Covid-19 sufficient to demonstrate that Moderna's vaccine is 60% effective in a trial with 30,000 participants?

Posted: 17 Sep 2020 07:42 AM PDT

I read this article in the New York Times today. It mentions the different points at which they will analyze the data, but I don't understand how this conclusion can be reached from such a low number.

submitted by /u/mylastnameandanumber
[link] [comments]

Has climate change effected the migratory patterns of birds?

Posted: 17 Sep 2020 05:31 AM PDT

How do antibiotics target harmful bacteria but not our own cells? What are the downsides of taking them even for mild problems?

Posted: 17 Sep 2020 04:54 AM PDT

Is the decay of individual radioactive particles truly random, or is it based on factors too complex and convoluted to be accurately predicted on small scale?

Posted: 16 Sep 2020 08:59 PM PDT

On a large scale, we can predict radioactive decay through half lives and other means, but all of these serve as estimations of the apparent "Random" decay of individual unstable particles.

I have a difficult time comprehending how something can be truly "Random", so I wondered if this really was the case, or if its due to fluctuations and factors that we don't fully understand.

That is to say - were we omniscient, could we predict the exact timing for the decay of individual particles?

submitted by /u/Xenton
[link] [comments]

Why do earthquakes take place at a focus/epicenter instead of a plane or line?

Posted: 16 Sep 2020 09:26 PM PDT

Paleo major in college, I just never got this. Why is the eq starting at a point instead of a plane? Wouldn't the earthquake move the whole block along the fault plane?

submitted by /u/tbw875
[link] [comments]

Why is Tornado Sky green?

Posted: 16 Sep 2020 11:44 PM PDT

Why does the sky turn green before a tornado?

submitted by /u/youngathanacius
[link] [comments]

How does making vaccines more accessible to third-world countries slow population growth?

Posted: 16 Sep 2020 11:33 PM PDT

Is medicine the right flair here? Is this question better suited from Political Science, Psychology, or Biology? I apologize if the question is not the right fit.

submitted by /u/IsXp
[link] [comments]

Why is this me H1N1 strain in this year’s flu vaccine different between the egg grown vaccine and the cell-grown vaccine?

Posted: 17 Sep 2020 01:21 AM PDT

The CDC has announced the strains of flu that will be covered by this year's flu vaccine. I noticed that the A-H3N2 and B strains in the quadrivalent egg grown vaccine are identical to the ones in the the cell grown vaccine, the H1N1 strain is different. The egg based vaccine has A/Guangdong-Maonan/SWL1536/2019 (H1N1)pdm09-like virus and the cell based vaccine has A/Hawaii/70/2019 (H1N1)pdm09-like virus. These have both been updated from last year's vaccines, in which both carried the same A/Kansas strain.

So why are they different? And should someone try to get one over the other?

submitted by /u/TychaBrahe
[link] [comments]

What is the evidence for an early date of the emergence and diversification of primates?

Posted: 16 Sep 2020 02:52 PM PDT

About 12 years ago I took a class from Robert Martin. I remember him saying that most of the estimates for the first emergence of primates are much too late and that the real date is probably much earlier, maybe 80 or 90 MYA? Also that the major groups existed early too so that there were apes with tails existed a very long time ago. Maybe 60 or 70 MYA? Martin's main point as far as I can tell was just because the oldest fossil we can find is 40 million years old doesn't mean they didn't exist earlier. We talked about molecular, genetic and philological data but I don't remember the details.

A hard drive failure means I lost all the pdfs of all the papers we read. Does anyone know of any scholarship or sources with ideas about the origin and diversification of primates other than stating how old the fossils we have are?

submitted by /u/lohborn
[link] [comments]

If you have the flu, does every exhale you take contain the flu virus?

Posted: 16 Sep 2020 08:09 PM PDT

I was talking to a friend and they were arguing that if you don't get the virus within 10 minutes being around someone, then you can't get the virus. I didn't think that was true though because

1.). I'm not inhaling every particle that the sick person is exhaling, so it could take longer than 10 minutes.
2.). Not every exhale that the sick person exhales contains the virus particles/amount of virus particles.

But I'm not sure if these are actual facts or not, hopefully someone can give me more insight, thank you.

submitted by /u/jzhang172
[link] [comments]

Do earthworms ever fall asleep?

Posted: 16 Sep 2020 05:33 PM PDT

From what I (very briefly) reviewed, it seems this is kind of up in the air due to their not so complex nervous system. Just seeing if anyone would be able to give a more confident answer if earthworms actually do fall asleep.

submitted by /u/SEMPER_SAPIDUM
[link] [comments]

Why do similar energy orbitals interact stronger?

Posted: 17 Sep 2020 03:07 AM PDT

How do we know there was a single common fish ancestor that got out of the water, and not several?

Posted: 16 Sep 2020 03:22 PM PDT

How do we know it was just one, and not several of them in different situations? That would explain the different evolutional trees occurring.

submitted by /u/BNVDES
[link] [comments]

How much does aero-braking ACTUALLY reduce delta-v costs for travel to/from Mars?

Posted: 16 Sep 2020 02:50 PM PDT

Hey r/askscience!

I have seen quite a few delta-v maps like this lovely one right here. All of these show that aero-braking is an option available to reduce the delta-v requirements on the flight to/from mars and earth.

How much do these aero-braking maneuvers actually reduce delta-v requirements? I assume the answer will be along the lines of "depends", but I was looking for a ballpark estimate.

Thanks for your help and information!

submitted by /u/NGSensibleSolutions
[link] [comments]

Has the increased consumption of sparkling waters like La Croix caused a measurable uptick in carbon emissions?

Posted: 16 Sep 2020 12:57 PM PDT

Why aren't we seeing an increase in CJD in the UK?

Posted: 16 Sep 2020 02:13 PM PDT

I've had surgery three times and just been reading about prion diseases and how prions can persist on sterilised equipment and be potentially infections.

I'm worrying about what the risks are to me - and the general UK population - of having contracted a prion disease through surgery or eating cow parts in the 90's.

If we did eat mad-cows, wouldn't we be seeing CJD/BSE appearing in the population by now, or is it still too soon?

submitted by /u/eldrichride
[link] [comments]

How does COVID-19 affect animals?

Posted: 16 Sep 2020 08:22 AM PDT

What kind of symptoms do animals, who catch it, have? Like the bat(I think it originally came from) that had it first. Are they just asymptomatic carriers or can they get sick (animals in general).

Sorry if it's confusing. I got so many questions that are somehow related and have no idea how to word them all.

submitted by /u/yxcvbnmlk
[link] [comments]
vào lúc No comments:

Wednesday, September 16, 2020

Did Neanderthals make the cave paintings ?

Did Neanderthals make the cave paintings ?

Did Neanderthals make the cave paintings ?

Posted: 15 Sep 2020 06:53 PM PDT

In 2018, Dirk Hoffmann et al. published a Uranium-Thorium dating of cave art in three caves in Spain, claiming the paintings are 65k years old. This predates modern humans that arrived in europe somewhere at 40k years ago, making this the first solid evidence of Neanderthal symbolism.

Paper DOI. Widely covered, EurekAlert link

This of course was not universally well received.

Latest critique of this: 2020, team led by Randall White responds, by questioning dating methodology. Still no archaeological evidence that Neanderthals created Iberian cave art. DOI. Covered in ScienceNews

Hoffmann responds to above ( and not for the first time ) Response to White et al.'s reply: 'Still no archaeological evidence that Neanderthals created Iberian cave art' DOI

Earlier responses to various critiques, 2018 to Slimak et al. and 2019 to Aubert et al.

2020, Edwige Pons-Branchu et al. questining the U-Th dating, and proposing a more robust framework DOI U-series dating at Nerja cave reveal open system. Questioning the Neanderthal origin of Spanish rock art covered in EurekAlert

Needless to say, this seems quite controversial and far from settled. The tone in the critique and response letters is quite scathing in places, this whole thing seems to have ruffled quite a few feathers.

What are the takes on this ? Are the dating methods unreliable and these paintings were indeed made more recently ? Are there any strong reasons to doubt that Neanderthals indeed painted these things ?

Note that this all is in the recent evidence of Neanderthals being able to make fire, being able to create and use adhesives from birch tar, and make strings. There might be case to be made for Neanderthals being far smarter than they've been usually credited with.

submitted by /u/savuporo
[link] [comments]

AskScience AMA Series: We have hints of life on Venus. Ask Us Anything!

Posted: 16 Sep 2020 04:00 AM PDT

An international team of astronomers, including researchers from the UK, US and Japan, has found a rare molecule - phosphine - in the clouds of Venus. On Earth, this gas is only made industrially or by microbes that thrive in oxygen-free environments. Astronomers have speculated for decades that high clouds on Venus could offer a home for microbes - floating free of the scorching surface but needing to tolerate very high acidity. The detection of phosphine could point to such extra-terrestrial "aerial" life as astronomers have ruled out all other known natural mechanisms for its origin.

Signs of phosphine were first spotted in observations from the James Clerk Maxwell Telescope (JCMT), operated by the East Asian Observatory, in Hawai'i. Astronomers then confirmed the discovery using the more-sensitive Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA), in which the European Southern Observatory (ESO) is a partner. Both facilities observed Venus at a wavelength of about 1 millimetre, much longer than the human eye can see - only telescopes at high altitude can detect it effectively.

Details on the discovery can be read here: https://www.eso.org/public/news/eso2015/

We are a group of researchers who have been involved in this result and experts from the facilities used for this discovery. We will be available on Wednesday, 16 September, starting with 16:00 UTC, 18:00 CEST (Central European Summer Time), 12:00 EDT (Eastern Daylight Time). Ask Us Anything!

Guests:

  • Dr. William Bains, Astrobiologist and Biochemist, Research Affiliate, MIT. u/WB_oligomath
  • Dr. Emily Drabek-Maunder, Astronomer and Senior Manager of Public Astronomy, Royal Observatory Greenwich and Cardiff University. u/EDrabekMaunder
  • Dr. Helen Jane Fraser, The Open University. u/helens_astrochick
  • Suzanna Randall, the European Southern Observatory (ESO). u/astrosuzanna
  • Dr. Sukrit Ranjan, CIERA Postdoctoral Fellow, Northwestern University; former SCOL Postdoctoral Fellow, MIT. u/1998_FA75
  • Paul Brandon Rimmer, Simons Senior Fellow, University of Cambridge and MRC-LMB. u/paul-b-rimmer
  • Dr. Clara Sousa-Silva, Molecular Astrophysicist, MIT. u/DrPhosphine
submitted by /u/AskScienceModerator
[link] [comments]

Why isn't the rabies virus extinct, since the carrier dies so quickly after the clinical symptoms?

Posted: 16 Sep 2020 05:59 AM PDT

How can we know the 'long term' effects of COVID-19 if we have not had it for a long period yet?

Posted: 16 Sep 2020 03:27 AM PDT

Is it possible for a species to have an evolutionary trait that wasn't a result of survival of the fittest? Essentially just a trait that tagged along for the ride as the generations went on?

Posted: 16 Sep 2020 04:47 AM PDT

Is there a correlation between 1 cal = 4.184 J and water’s heat capacity of 4.184 J/g°C?

Posted: 15 Sep 2020 02:20 PM PDT

I'm in an online introduction class to chemistry. Today's lesson covered energy, temperature, heat capacity and such. There was one part of the lesson that said 1 calorie is equal 4.184 joules. Later in the lesson there was a part that said water's heat capacity is 4.184 J/g°C. I noticed that numbers were the same between the two. No where in the lesson did it address this similarity. So I was wondering if there's a reason that these numbers are the same or if some there is some kind of correlation out side of having joule as part of the measurement? Or is this just coincidence?

submitted by /u/Doeyjoe
[link] [comments]

How if you jump inside a train you land in the same spot but when your on top of a train you land in a different spot?

Posted: 16 Sep 2020 02:04 AM PDT

How are chip manufacturers getting around quantum tunneling in the manufacturing of smaller than 7nm sized chips?

Posted: 15 Sep 2020 03:09 PM PDT

So we all know that quantum tunneling was going to be an issue down at the smallest transistor size levels, where 7nm was claimed to be the absolute limit.

But now I'm seeing 7nm processes everywhere in my phone, in the CPU I'm using in my machine, and from what I'm reading Samsung and TSMC have manufactured 5nm process chips and are planning manufacturing of 3nm chips (the next size down).

How are they getting around QT and how does this affect what is seen on screen?

submitted by /u/LurkerPatrol
[link] [comments]

Ask Anything Wednesday - Physics, Astronomy, Earth and Planetary Science

Posted: 16 Sep 2020 08:08 AM PDT

Welcome to our weekly feature, Ask Anything Wednesday - this week we are focusing on Physics, Astronomy, Earth and Planetary Science

Do you have a question within these topics you weren't sure was worth submitting? Is something a bit too speculative for a typical /r/AskScience post? No question is too big or small for AAW. In this thread you can ask any science-related question! Things like: "What would happen if...", "How will the future...", "If all the rules for 'X' were different...", "Why does my...".

Asking Questions:

Please post your question as a top-level response to this, and our team of panellists will be here to answer and discuss your questions.

The other topic areas will appear in future Ask Anything Wednesdays, so if you have other questions not covered by this weeks theme please either hold on to it until those topics come around, or go and post over in our sister subreddit /r/AskScienceDiscussion , where every day is Ask Anything Wednesday! Off-theme questions in this post will be removed to try and keep the thread a manageable size for both our readers and panellists.

Answering Questions:

Please only answer a posted question if you are an expert in the field. The full guidelines for posting responses in AskScience can be found here. In short, this is a moderated subreddit, and responses which do not meet our quality guidelines will be removed. Remember, peer reviewed sources are always appreciated, and anecdotes are absolutely not appropriate. In general if your answer begins with 'I think', or 'I've heard', then it's not suitable for /r/AskScience.

If you would like to become a member of the AskScience panel, please refer to the information provided here.

Past AskAnythingWednesday posts can be found here.

Ask away!

submitted by /u/AutoModerator
[link] [comments]

If you are in a 300 AQI area for 5 hours vs a 150 AQI area for 10 hours, are they the same level of harm?

Posted: 15 Sep 2020 07:13 PM PDT

Mathematically, it makes sense that you'd be breathing in the same amount of particles given the two periods of time. I was wondering if this was similar to how the liver functions when responding to alcohol.

(There is less harm done if you were to drink 1 beer for a month vs if you drank a months worth of beer in 1 day.)

submitted by /u/Moms_Linguini
[link] [comments]

Do vaccines apply environmental pressures creating more robust viruses?

Posted: 15 Sep 2020 09:34 PM PDT

Please forgive the obviously contentious question. It's not my goal in the least to give those that would deny science ammunition. I've been a member here for better than a decade, with this account going back four years. My history is there for any to view, I'm not an instigator, I'm not a shill, I'm not a science denier. On the contrary I'd like to consider myself to be highly critical and objective in most things.

I ask this question with a legitimate curioursity, and there is a level of concern I feel regarding Covid because of it.

Sorry for the long preamble, but I'd really like this question to have an opportunity to be answered by someone with expert knowledge and objective perspective.

I would ask that those that do not know please refrain from speculating. I don't want this to devolve into a game of hearsay and finger pointing.

It's my understanding that the medical community in particular have been facing a troubling trend over the past decade or so. That of highly resistant strains of bacteria. MRSA. I've been led to believe that the cause of this is the over prescription of antibiotics and the bacteria's direct evolutionary response in overcoming these methods of defense.

Is it appropriate to talk about viruses in the same manner? I understand they will also go through stages of rapid mutation and that environmental pressures, including vaccines, create a survival of the fittest arena, in which those that continue to survive and procreate naturally evolve to become more resistant and or more virulent.

Is that a fair assessment?

Is there objective evidence that shows how influenza has reacted to the past 50 years of vaccination? If so, has it created a more robust virus because of it?

If that is also the case, should we have concerns about introducing a vaccination for Covid that could have the unintended consequences of creating a more robust virus in the same way?

Again, I apologize for the inflammatory question. It is however a legitimate question. I'm not a troll, and I have the history to show that. I'm not an anti-vaxxer or science denier. I just think that if my understanding, which I will freely admit could be entirely inaccurate, holds true; These are concerning questions.

Thank for any time or consideration, and again, I politely and with the utmost respect to everyone in this community ask that if you do not have objective evidence to back your answers, please refrain from speculation.

submitted by /u/a4mula
[link] [comments]

The moon has such a gravitational effect on tides, why aren't the leaves on plants pulled upwards at night? or are they?

Posted: 16 Sep 2020 04:54 AM PDT

i noticed my fig tree's leaves seem to be pulled upwards some in the middle of the night and i wondered about this question.

edit: although they might just be new leaves that haven't grown in fully yet.

submitted by /u/donaldtrumpshearts
[link] [comments]

Given Cherenkov radiation, is there a possibility that cause and effect can be reversed?

Posted: 16 Sep 2020 12:15 AM PDT

Please bear with me and my rough understanding.

Light carries the information that something happened and its effects into the future. The common wisdom states that if something travels faster than the speed of light, it's effectively travelling into the past. So this (and only this /s) is the reason that things can't travel faster than the speed of light in a vacuum.

However, given that the speed of light in a non vacuum medium can be exceeded by other particles in the right conditions, would it be right to say that these particles are traveling to the past and hence reversing cause and effect behaviours?

submitted by /u/boki3141
[link] [comments]

Is drift velocity of electrons constant for a given conductor at a particular temperature?

Posted: 15 Sep 2020 08:23 AM PDT

What does this answer for the integration of sqrt{1+x^3} mean?

Posted: 16 Sep 2020 01:48 AM PDT

So I'm using the sympy library in Python, and I wanted to see the result for the integration of sqrt{1+x^3}. The answer I got was this .

I only recognize the Gamma Function notation in this expression, but I don't know how I can evaluate this. What does the F_1( ) represent?

Some observations:

I tried using limits as (0,3) in this integral, and got a real valued answer .

The intergration for sqrt{1+x^k} is this, which is pretty neat!

submitted by /u/RAyLV
[link] [comments]

How would the damage of dropping Everest as if it werea bomb compare to nukes?

Posted: 15 Sep 2020 11:44 PM PDT

What happens to mosquitos in winter?

Posted: 15 Sep 2020 08:48 AM PDT

First off, I hate mosquitos! But what happens to them when it's cold and the bugs are mostly gone? Do they just hibernate or something like that?

submitted by /u/9herrick
[link] [comments]

Which MHC Class Presents Intracellular Bacteria?

Posted: 15 Sep 2020 04:35 PM PDT

I understand that MHC Class I displays intracellular peptides broken down and MHC Class II presents broken down extracellular components. However, it seems like intracellular bacteria (i.e. M.Tuberculosis) falls in the middle. Which MHC Class is responsible for these? Thank you!

submitted by /u/academicmasochist99
[link] [comments]
vào lúc No comments:
Subscribe to: Comments (Atom)