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Friday, August 21, 2020

Why doesn't the water of the mediterranean sea mix with the atlantic ocean?

Why doesn't the water of the mediterranean sea mix with the atlantic ocean?


Why doesn't the water of the mediterranean sea mix with the atlantic ocean?

Posted: 20 Aug 2020 05:22 PM PDT

Why is chiropractic considered pseudoscience and quackery, when thousands of people try it with great results?

Posted: 20 Aug 2020 04:17 PM PDT

Is it entirely placebo or are the results actually "legit" and the problem is just that the procedure has no real scientific basis? So basically, it works but we don't know why? Is it something else?

submitted by /u/Andy_Reas
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When someone says "x is titrated against y" which is in the burette and which is in the flask?

Posted: 21 Aug 2020 05:14 AM PDT

If a drug or vaccine fails an animal trial, how can scientists be certain that it will similarly fail a human trial, given the different physiologies between species?

Posted: 20 Aug 2020 10:40 PM PDT

Scientists often use mice to test for drugs and vaccines, but we know that not all successes in rodent trials translate to successes in human trials due to the different physiology between species. But what about the reverse? Could there be drugs that might have worked in humans but weren't successful in rodent trials and were therefore never pursued further?

submitted by /u/AmishHomage
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Andromeda is the closest galaxy to the Milky Way but is the Milky Way the closest galaxy to Andromeda?

Posted: 20 Aug 2020 09:24 PM PDT

Why is the tuberculosis vaccine given in some countries and not others?

Posted: 20 Aug 2020 06:19 PM PDT

Wouldn't the countries without mandatory vaccinations be prime spots of infection for TB? Also, even if a country like America has low rates of TB, wouldn't administration completely diminish its presence?

submitted by /u/prk07
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Why our planet heating up when space have temperature like -270°C / -418°F .. it's possible to shiphon this cold temperatures to our planet and stop global warming??

Posted: 21 Aug 2020 03:30 AM PDT

How are black holes infinitely massive when they came from x amount of mass?

Posted: 21 Aug 2020 03:24 AM PDT

I've been watching lots of YouTube on space stuff and generally most videos say if a core of a star exceeds 4 solar masses (after blowing up)then it can't support its own gravity and falls into an infinitely small point with infinite mass. Where does the mass come from? Why would a black hole have an event horizon but a star doesn't when from, what I understand, it only got smaller?

submitted by /u/throway69695
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What is the pathophysiology of anosmia due to Covid?

Posted: 20 Aug 2020 08:36 PM PDT

With All of the COVID Vaccines Being Developed, Will Those in the Placebo Group Be Notified as Such When a Vaccine is Approved?

Posted: 20 Aug 2020 09:54 PM PDT

With tens to hundreds of thousands of people needed to the COVID-19 vaccine studies that are winding up globally, anywhere from 33% to 50% of patients will get a placebo instead of a vaccine.

When a vaccine is finally approved for use nationwide (or globally), there is a very high change that the studies for other drugs will still be happening. If someone is in the placebo group, are they likely to be notified that they did not get a vaccine and then be encouraged to get an injection of the new/approved drug?

If the answer is "yes," is this a common occurrence in the world of medicine or is COVID a one-off?

submitted by /u/TechGuyGuru
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When were electron orbital shapes/probability distributions calculated, and how were the shapes of the orbitals determined with such certainty before access to reasonably fast computation?

Posted: 20 Aug 2020 02:19 PM PDT

In school, we were taught about S, P, D, F etc. orbitals, and their shapes, with all the weird toroidal and lobed shapes with spatial nodes in various places and all of their relative energy states. How were these things determined in spite of being beyond our direct observation? It seems that all of this was determined by the generation of physicists spanning the 1920s through the 50s. How was any of this figured out to such a high degree of confidence without access to electronic computation and advanced microscopy (if microscopy could even verify such things)?

Here's a video introducing the complex shapes of orbitals, weird spatial nodes, etc. for those who don't know what I'm referring to: https://youtu.be/4WR8Qvsv70s?t=30

submitted by /u/Berkamin
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When video quality drops, the image becomes more pixelated. What exactly happens when audio quality drops?

Posted: 20 Aug 2020 05:31 PM PDT

I was watching major league baseball on my phone last night and I lost 4G service for several minutes. During that time, the video quality dropped but the audio changed as well, sounding almost muffled. What is going on when this happens?

submitted by /u/GreninjaTube
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Can someone explain what the Valance bond theory and Molecular orbital theory are?

Posted: 20 Aug 2020 04:55 PM PDT

So I am trying to learn O-chem, and I do not understand what these theories are and what the differences/ similarity between the two.

submitted by /u/genius_king
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Why do fruits get sweeter as they ripen?

Posted: 20 Aug 2020 02:08 PM PDT

Fruits such as apples, mangos, and bananas seem to be sweeter when they are ripe compared to when they are green. Is there sugars already in the fruits when they're green but we can't taste them for some reason or is it synthesized as the fruit ripen?

submitted by /u/littleredditred
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In about 5 billion years the sun will turn into a red giant will there be any negative effects for earth or we'll still be able to carry life like usual? Considering that we are still around as a species.

Posted: 20 Aug 2020 03:43 AM PDT

Why are large parts of continental plates covered in ocean, and what determines the actual size and shape of the landmasses?

Posted: 20 Aug 2020 07:11 AM PDT

I understand that continental plates are less dense than oceanic plates, and I know when they collide the oceanic plate slides under the continental plate which raises the continental plate. What I don't understand is why so much of the continental plates are covered with water and why the the edges of the continental plates are not land.

For example, why is the Australian plate so large, but the continent of Australia is relatively small. What caused the continent to be shaped the way it is, and why is the continent in the middle of the plate and not hugging one of the edges?

submitted by /u/soonerboy911
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When scientists say that the universe is expanding, does that mean it's a finite size and there is something outside of the universe?

Posted: 20 Aug 2020 07:10 AM PDT

I guess I always assumed the universe was infinite, but I've seen several references that the universe is expanding and that we know pretty conclusively that it is expanding. If something is expanding, doesn't that mean by definition it must be a finite size? I guess I would have thought that something can only be getting bigger if it's not infinitely big already (or maybe I'm completely misunderstanding what is meant by the universe expanding?). Is there any idea of what exists outside of the universe?

Also, sorry if the tag is wrong. I put astronomy, but I really wasn't sure which one would be appropriate.

submitted by /u/dch222
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Are insentropic release paths a good approximation of real-world final states of shocked matter?

Posted: 20 Aug 2020 07:52 AM PDT

In a single shock experiments materials are shocked to a point on the hugoniot with high pressures and temperatures. The material then releases through an isentropic release path to ambient pressure and lower temperatures. Being isentropic, the assumption is that the process is adiabatic with no heat transferred to the surroundings.

In real world experiments and phenomenon, is the heat transfer out of the shocked material sufficiently slow that the isentropic release path accurately predicts the temperature of the material upon full release to ambient pressure?

submitted by /u/Tasty_Peach5791
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Is it possible for a planet to have rings perpendicular to the planet's axis of rotation?

Posted: 20 Aug 2020 02:49 AM PDT

Just like the title is asking, is it possible for a planet or celestial body to have rings orbiting perpendicularly to its "host". Additionally is it possible for a body to have rings rotating in the opposite direction of the "host's" rotation.

submitted by /u/ActuallyZodiacHide
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Thursday, August 20, 2020

Do mosquitos hide in predictable locations?

Do mosquitos hide in predictable locations?


Do mosquitos hide in predictable locations?

Posted: 19 Aug 2020 11:18 PM PDT

I've noticed that if there's a mosquito in the room, and I swat at it but fail to kill it, it usually seems to disappear for about 30 minutes before it tries to come after me again.

I'm curious how programmed or predictable mosquito behaviors are. For example, does it actually have a behavior like "if swatted at, lay low for 30 minutes before trying again?" Or am I just imagining the correlation? Second, if they do have a "hide" behavior, do they choose predictable locations? Do they prefer corners of the room? Areas with less light (do they even use light in making their decisions)? Do they go low to the ground? High on the ceiling? Do they use air currents and calmness to choose a spot?

It seems like I usually find mosquitos hiding out in a shadowy corner near the floor of the room, which is infuriating because if it would just hang out in the open against the white, well-lit wall, it would be a lot easier to hunt them down. This correlation could definitely just be my own confirmation bias at play, though, so I'm curious if much is known on this topic.

EDIT: Thank you for the lovely replies so far! I just wanted to clarify that I'm not actually that interested in *where* mosquitos hide in a descriptive sense, I'm more interested in how and "why" they make their decisions... like which senses do they use most (vision, smell, touch), and do they actually have different phases like hunting vs. hiding, or are they just sort of always doing the same thing and flying around aimlessly until they detect prey, then go for an attack?

submitted by /u/Memeophile
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AskScience AMA Series: We're planetary scientists from NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center. We study "ocean worlds" - planets and moons in our solar system and beyond that have liquid water. These are intriguing places to study, because water is closely linked to life. Ask us anything!

Posted: 20 Aug 2020 04:00 AM PDT

Join us today as we answer questions about ocean worlds: planets and moons in our solar system, and in other star systems, that have liquid water oceans. These are intriguing places to study, because Earth has taught us to "follow the water" when searching for life in the galaxy. On our planet, water is crucial to life.

We're learning that ocean worlds could be ubiquitous in the galaxy. Just in our solar system, we have found evidence of oceans on Saturn's moons Titan and Enceladus; Jupiter's moons Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto; Neptune's moon Triton; and on Pluto. We also believe that Venus and Mars may have had oceans billions of years ago. Could they have supported life? Ask us about ocean worlds, what mysteries we're working to solve, and which ones we're going to next.

We are:

  • Carrie Andersen - planetary astronomer - research focus on the ocean worlds, Titan and Enceladus.
  • Giada Arney - planetary scientist and astrobiologist who studies habitable exoplanets and whether Venus could have been an ocean world.
  • Lucas Paganini - planetary scientist at NASA Headquarters who specializes in icy moons, comets, and planetary atmospheres.
  • Avi Mandell - exoplanetary scientist and astrobiologist who observes and models exoplanets around nearby stars.
  • Melissa Trainer - planetary scientist who is deputy principal investigator of the Dragonfly mission to Titan. Studies organic synthesis and processing on Titan.
  • Kira Olsen - geophysicist who studies icequakes and the icy shells of ocean worlds.
  • Joe Renaud - planetary scientist who studies tidal dynamics and tidal heating in solar system moons and in exoplanets.

We are available from 2pm - 4pm ET (14-16 UT), ask us anything!

Proof: https://twitter.com/NASASolarSystem/status/1295452705926848514

Username: nasa

submitted by /u/AskScienceModerator
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If everyone in the world self-isolated for a month, would we eliminate the common cold, the flu, and other communicable diseases?

Posted: 20 Aug 2020 01:29 AM PDT

Imagine if someone everyone complied with an order to have no contact with anyone else for a month. How would diseases like the cold and the flu (and probably many others I'm not aware of) persist?

submitted by /u/tyrone6789
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What is the slowest speed the human eye can observe to see its movement?

Posted: 19 Aug 2020 05:50 PM PDT

For example, a plant is always growing but in most cases we can't observe that growth with our eyes in real time. What is the speed of something before it is impossible for the human eye to recognise that it is moving?

I have tried to search this up many times but it has never answered to my liking.

Thanks. 🙂

submitted by /u/StokingFire
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Does COVID-19 have long lasting effects even on people who show no symptoms?

Posted: 20 Aug 2020 12:32 AM PDT

Basically the question, I've been seeing a lot of concern about its long lasting effects on the lungs and was wondering if this was the case

submitted by /u/ssdkek
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How do earthquakes and volcanoes prove plate movements?

Posted: 20 Aug 2020 02:26 AM PDT

Hello, this is for my science trivia (an activity at school) and I'm finding it difficult to understand and find sources. I read that earthquake locations are not just random but I can't really connect how this is evidence to plate movements, though I do know that they move. A little help would be greatly appreciated :D thank you!

submitted by /u/ChickenNoogers
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Why are silicon wafers round? Wouldn't it make more sense for them to be square so when they are cut, nothing is wasted?

Posted: 19 Aug 2020 10:07 AM PDT

How is a man made item dated to 3000 or 40,000 years ago? I understand carbon dating to a degree but that would just tell us the age of the material, not when it was fashioned into say, a crystal dagger, would it?

Posted: 19 Aug 2020 12:55 PM PDT

For any set of points on a graph, is there a polynomial that passes through each point?

Posted: 19 Aug 2020 11:08 AM PDT

I was thinking about Brithey Spears rock solid hit "Hit Me Baby (One More Time)", and if it could be described with a mathematical polynomial. It is 210 seconds long. In 16-bit, 44,1KHz audio that means 9261000 points, one at each step of the x-axis, where y would be a vaule from -216 /2 to 216 /2. Is there hypothetically a polynomial that passes through each of these points? Can we estimate how many parameters it would have?

submitted by /u/scarynut
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Ask Anything Wednesday - Physics, Astronomy, Earth and Planetary Science

Posted: 19 Aug 2020 08:09 AM PDT

Welcome to our weekly feature, Ask Anything Wednesday - this week we are focusing on Physics, Astronomy, Earth and Planetary Science

Do you have a question within these topics you weren't sure was worth submitting? Is something a bit too speculative for a typical /r/AskScience post? No question is too big or small for AAW. In this thread you can ask any science-related question! Things like: "What would happen if...", "How will the future...", "If all the rules for 'X' were different...", "Why does my...".

Asking Questions:

Please post your question as a top-level response to this, and our team of panellists will be here to answer and discuss your questions.

The other topic areas will appear in future Ask Anything Wednesdays, so if you have other questions not covered by this weeks theme please either hold on to it until those topics come around, or go and post over in our sister subreddit /r/AskScienceDiscussion , where every day is Ask Anything Wednesday! Off-theme questions in this post will be removed to try and keep the thread a manageable size for both our readers and panellists.

Answering Questions:

Please only answer a posted question if you are an expert in the field. The full guidelines for posting responses in AskScience can be found here. In short, this is a moderated subreddit, and responses which do not meet our quality guidelines will be removed. Remember, peer reviewed sources are always appreciated, and anecdotes are absolutely not appropriate. In general if your answer begins with 'I think', or 'I've heard', then it's not suitable for /r/AskScience.

If you would like to become a member of the AskScience panel, please refer to the information provided here.

Past AskAnythingWednesday posts can be found here.

Ask away!

submitted by /u/AutoModerator
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Can someone explain the informational interpretation of quantum mechanics?

Posted: 19 Aug 2020 07:11 PM PDT

I was told today that the "informational interpretation" of quantum mechanics was gaining popularity among the competing foundational theories. Can someone please explain what distinguishes this from other traditional interpretations? Thank you.

submitted by /u/StardustNY
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What are different strains of covid that everyone is talking about?

Posted: 19 Aug 2020 12:05 PM PDT

I keep reading that some country has a more infectious strain or some country has a more deadly strain. What does that mean?

submitted by /u/bezwoman
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What level of damage would the 2020 QG asteroid have done if it made impact?

Posted: 19 Aug 2020 09:17 AM PDT

A 3-6 meter object traveling 44,400 kph took scientists by surprise - flying by earth only 2,950 km away. If it made impact, what size crater and level of destruction would have resulted from such an event?

(US: 10-20 foot object traveling at 27,600 mph and missing earth by 1,830 miles.)

submitted by /u/rabbitfire
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does more exposure to a virus like COVID make a person sicker?

Posted: 19 Aug 2020 08:28 AM PDT

I always used to think of a viral infection as all-or-none, like you catch it and get sick or you don't, and maybe the degree to which you get sick depends on individual factors like immunity or where the virus started or etc.

But does it matter how much virus you were infected with to start? Like, if person A walks through 10 virus-laden sneeze clouds and inhales a few million virions, and person B has the bad luck to have a single virion land in a sweet spot in their nasal membrane, and if both people are infected from this, is person A probably going to get a lot sicker than person B?

What I'm wondering, I guess, is whether viral load is infectious?

I figure the answer is yes (I want to know if it's no, though). If so, following from that, does that mean that person A will be spreading a lot more virus (sneezing clouds that contain more virions)?

If that's a yes, does that mean you can have different intensities of viral infection spreading in a population? Like, you can have chains of low-level infections or of high-level infections?

Sorry if this is a common question, I tried to find it but could not find anything exactly to the point I'm looking for.

thanks,

submitted by /u/aggasalk
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What caused the covid outbreak on the Seattle fishing board if none of the fishermen were positive before the departure?

Posted: 19 Aug 2020 08:12 AM PDT

The news article: https://www.foxnews.com/health/coronavirus-outbreak-seattle-fishing-boat-insight-immunity

Relevant pieces:

Before the ship set sail, blood samples were collected and showed that three of the 122 people aboard had a positive antibody response, indicating they had been previously infected and recovered

The study's pre-departure testing found that none of the crewmembers were positive for the virus.

However, 18 days into its voyage, the ship returned to port after a person got sick and needed hospitalization. Testing over the next 50 days showed that 104 crew members would become infected.

after its 18-day voyage in May that would eventually see more than 85 percent of the crew infected with the virus

So, what happened? What caused the covid outbreak on the Seattle fishing board if none of the fishermen were positive before the departure?

submitted by /u/ichp
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Can T-cells with previous SARS exposure beat Covid-19 without producing antibodies?

Posted: 19 Aug 2020 08:57 AM PDT

Does everyone produce antibodies that is exposed to the virus and recover? I've read that some people were exposed to the virus and tested negative for antibodies. Were the T-cells enough to beat the virus without producing antibodies?

submitted by /u/remo74tg
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mRNA vaccine infinite translation?

Posted: 19 Aug 2020 07:45 AM PDT

Does the foreign mRNA introduced by mRNA vaccines, such as moderna's experimental COVID vaccine, remain in human cells to be translated by the ribosomes forever? Would the body ever stop producing the spike proteins?

submitted by /u/LocalOptimist7
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Why/how does Benfords law work?

Posted: 19 Aug 2020 06:41 AM PDT

Why is it that within almost any data set you can find this law at play? Is there an intuitive explanation as to why this happens?

submitted by /u/Yunochiken
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Why does the water become white whenever a ship passes by?

Posted: 18 Aug 2020 08:13 PM PDT

Wednesday, August 19, 2020

Why exactly is HIV transferred more easily through anal intercourse?

Why exactly is HIV transferred more easily through anal intercourse?


Why exactly is HIV transferred more easily through anal intercourse?

Posted: 19 Aug 2020 05:42 AM PDT

Tried to Google it up

The best thing I found was this quote " The bottom's risk of getting HIV is very high because the lining of the rectum is thin and may allow HIV to enter the body during anal sex. " https://www.cdc.gov/hiv/risk/analsex.html#:~:text=Being%20a%20receptive%20partner%20during,getting%20HIV%20during%20anal%20sex.

What is that supposed to mean though? Can someone elaborate on this?

submitted by /u/ars4l4n
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Do antibodies for any given pathogen continually circulate in your bloodstream?

Posted: 18 Aug 2020 09:13 PM PDT

My girlfriend and I were just having a spirited debate about antibodies. Specially, whether or not once one's body creates antibodies to fight a certain pathogen, say X, it is then always present in the bloodstream. This is opposed to having X-coded B-cells for a quick immunological response.

One idea is that once a body successfully fights the the pathogen, the antibodies will decrease with time to undetectable levels because they are no longer needed and the coded B-cells will be sufficient in case of emergency. Like a military base vs constant military patrols.

The other idea is that antibodies that have been created to successfully fight all pathogens they have come up against stay in the circulating in the bloodstream for quick response. Like a military patrol vs a military base.

I imagine the answer is "both," that some pathogen-specific antibodies hang out in the bloodstream while others dissipate to undetectability, but hopefully one of you guys can provide some information. What sparked this debate was a test for Hep B immunity (surface antibody). She tested negative for immunity though she had her vaccine when she was younger.

submitted by /u/2pawnf4
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Why does the dengue vaccine work best on people who've been infected with at least one strain of dengue fever before?

Posted: 18 Aug 2020 09:21 PM PDT

Why can't inoculation be used for Covid-19 instead of a vaccine?

Posted: 19 Aug 2020 02:40 AM PDT

In the old days they would powder down the disease in a less potent form and give it to people so they would become immune to it.

This used to work - If this is the case why can't this be implemented instead trying to find a vaccine?

The only apparent downfall is that this used to have a 2% death rate, but in this day and age because medical care has advanced since this then would this still be the case.

submitted by /u/question4477
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Does a herniated disc still show up on an MRI weeks or a month after the rupture?

Posted: 18 Aug 2020 04:07 PM PDT

I would think a herniated disc, after a week or so when it's healing, would start failing to show up on an MRI because the nucleus would be mostly gone.

submitted by /u/dark-copper
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How would air breathing rocket engines compare to jet engines for fighters?

Posted: 18 Aug 2020 11:05 AM PDT

I have recently discovered the existence of air breathing rocket engines that use air from the atmosphere as an oxidizer instead of storing it as a liquid with it. I know these engines aren't as powerful as the traditional rockets due to the oxygen from the atmosphere not being as dense. But how would they compare to our usual jets? Would it be a viable alternative for fighters? What would be the downsides or advantages of using one?

submitted by /u/Cryedra
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Can the owner of a website that I'm signed up with read my password somewhere in a file on their server?

Posted: 18 Aug 2020 11:46 AM PDT

I was never sure about this, and when there are stories about massive username/password leaks, it seems like it's totally possible.

submitted by /u/ta394283509
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What is the real reason that airfoils create lift?

Posted: 18 Aug 2020 02:48 PM PDT

"Equal Transit" theory is wrong.
Newton's 3rd law approach is only concerned with the interaction of the lower surface of the moving object and the air.

Is it correct that the flow over the top of a lifting airfoil does travel faster than the flow beneath the airfoil? If yes, why? And how can planes fly upside-down with the same effect?

Is it purely because of the pressure differences? Why are they there?

submitted by /u/Brudi7
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Could you use Virophages to create an antiviral medication / vaccination / immunity for a viral infection?

Posted: 18 Aug 2020 08:50 AM PDT

Did life evolve from fungi?

Posted: 18 Aug 2020 05:21 PM PDT

Did life evolve from fungi?

submitted by /u/jizzyknuckles
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Do all vaccines stop viral transmission?

Posted: 18 Aug 2020 01:28 PM PDT

I know that most intramuscular vaccines elicit a humoral immune response and reduce the disease severity. However, i am not clear as to which vaccines are capable of reducing the transmission of a disease. For example, the injectable inactivated polio vaccine (IPV) does not reduce the transmission of polio, but it does reduce the disease burden/infection and prevents the virus from infecting the nervous system. This appears to be by impacting the transit from gut to nervous tissue through humoral immunity (please correct me if this is inaccurate). The oral polio vaccine, which contains a live virus, induces robust mucosal immunity that prevents transmission.

  1. Are there any clear examples of this phenomenon in the literature? Specifically, regarding respiratory diseases.
  2. Is this a result of the site of immunization? If an inactivated virus was distributed to mucosal tissue (in conjunction with an adjuvant), would that be sufficient to convey the necessary immunity to stop transmission?
  3. By extension, which types of vaccines are capable of inducing the immune response necessary to stop transmission? Do DNA or subunit vaccines stop transmission?
  4. Topical: What COVID vaccines in development would stop transmission? All or some?
submitted by /u/BIzZzounCE
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Can the human immune system have an "infinite" number of antibodies?

Posted: 18 Aug 2020 07:24 AM PDT

Is there an upward limit of the different type of antibodies that a single person's immune system can have? If there is a limit, how do certain ones get cycled out, and at what frequency?

submitted by /u/Lebos808
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If Alternating Current changes the direction of current periodically then how do we have positive wires at our home?

Posted: 17 Aug 2020 10:34 PM PDT