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Thursday, July 30, 2020

AskScience AMA Series: We are building the national quantum network. Ask Us Anything about the #QuantumBlueprint

AskScience AMA Series: We are building the national quantum network. Ask Us Anything about the #QuantumBlueprint


AskScience AMA Series: We are building the national quantum network. Ask Us Anything about the #QuantumBlueprint

Posted: 30 Jul 2020 04:00 AM PDT

Last Thursday the U.S. Department of Energy laid out the strategy to build a national quantum internet. This #QuantumBlueprint is meant to accelerate the United States to the forefront of the global quantum race and usher in a new era of communications.

In February of this year, DOE National Laboratories, universities, and industry experts met to develop the blueprint strategy, laying out the essential research to be accomplished, describing the engineering and design barriers, and setting near-term goals.

DOE's 17 National Laboratories, including Argonne National Laboratory and Fermilab will serve as the backbone of the coming quantum internet, which will rely on the laws of quantum mechanics to control and transmit information more securely than ever before. The quantum internet could become a secure communications network and have a profound impact on areas critical to science, industry and national security.

Dr. Wenji Wu (Fermilab's Core Computing Division) and Gary Wolfowicz (Argonne National Lab's Center for Molecular Engineering) will be answering questions about Quantum Computing and the Quantum Internet Today at 2 PM CST (3 PM ET, 19 UT). AUA!

Usernames: ChicagoQuantum

submitted by /u/AskScienceModerator
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When I lift something is my brain continously sending signals to the muscle to contract or does it send one signal to contract and one to relax?

Posted: 29 Jul 2020 03:57 PM PDT

How is it determined which way conditioning works?

Posted: 29 Jul 2020 08:37 PM PDT

If you try conditioning a negative response with a positive reward, how is it determined by the brain which of the two is affected? For example, one may try to make their morning more pleasurable by playing a song they like as their alarm, but instead end up hating the song. Why is it that the latter occurs instead of the first?

submitted by /u/nicktheenderman
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Despite living in the US, it seems like I hear more about volcanic/seismic activity on the Asia/Oceania side of the Ring of Fire. Is this actually the case and if so, why?

Posted: 30 Jul 2020 05:18 AM PDT

When digging wells, how did historical settlements locate aquifers?

Posted: 30 Jul 2020 05:01 AM PDT

Did they just guestimate the flow of groundwater based on their surroundings or were their ways of actually checking BEFORE taking the effort to dig a deep hole?

submitted by /u/HuronDorado
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How do scientists safely determining how potentially lethal pathogens spread?

Posted: 29 Jul 2020 11:56 PM PDT

*determine... damnit

submitted by /u/TylerJ86
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Why does food taste different when it's cold?

Posted: 29 Jul 2020 12:25 PM PDT

Why does our immune system are not such effective against fungal infections while they are much against bacterial and viral infections?

Posted: 30 Jul 2020 12:26 AM PDT

Why are there inconsistent numbers of joints in human body? Some say 250-350, 360, 300-400, more, less,... what is the real number?

Posted: 29 Jul 2020 01:10 PM PDT

Are there any uncontacted or mostly-isolated communities in North America, Europe, mainland Asia, or Australia?

Posted: 29 Jul 2020 02:05 PM PDT

The Wikipedia page only mentions tribes in the Amazon rainforest, New Guinea, and the Andaman islands. Is that an exhaustive list? I've read about isolated family groups in the Siberian wilderness but I wasn't sure if those are a fluke or if there are actual tribes / communities that aren't a part of any recognized nation.

submitted by /u/WhoopingWillow
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Are galaxies old or just moving really far away? How does redshift work?

Posted: 29 Jul 2020 12:23 PM PDT

Consider two very distant galaxies (think Hubble deep field) and both the same true distance from Earth.

If one was really old and full of red giants, travelling away from Earth very slowly. The other was a new kid on the block with it's bright blue first generation stars, but was travelling away from Earth at a truly significant rate, such that the blue light was red-shifted to a similar hue of the older, slower mover.

How would these galaxies appear from our observation post on Earth, would they look similar or is there a test that can say categorically that one is old and the other moving really far away?

submitted by /u/kassinopious
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What are the chances the Voyager 1 Probe ends up in a black hole?

Posted: 29 Jul 2020 08:31 PM PDT

Is there any way to measure the intensity of an emotional experience?

Posted: 29 Jul 2020 12:40 PM PDT

I can compare two experiences, say looking at a painting and eating a meal, and say that I enjoyed both but preferred one over the other. Is there a way to measure this enjoyment? Furthermore, are there some emotions that we are able to better measure than others?

submitted by /u/octopises
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How does SARS-CoV-2 testing work?

Posted: 29 Jul 2020 10:52 AM PDT

How does the testing work?

When a sample is collected, can it only be used for testing SARS-CoV-2 or could the sample be used to screen/test/collect data for other things?

Interested in learning more about the testing as employers and local governments roll out mandatory testing. (Yes, scratching my conspiracy theory itch - reaching out for a logical explanation of how the process works so that I can confirm I'm being unnecessarily conspiratorial)

submitted by /u/throw_away_holiday
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What makes the 8' site of guanine so easily oxidized such that 8-oxo-guanine is more common than other nitrogen sites on the guanine?

Posted: 29 Jul 2020 04:10 PM PDT

actually other "nitrogen or carbon sites"

submitted by /u/inquilinekea
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Why does espresso foam up when you add tonic?

Posted: 29 Jul 2020 10:32 AM PDT

It gets this really big, frothy head. Curious as to why this happens.

submitted by /u/catgirl_fondler
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Wednesday, July 29, 2020

When we visit other moons or planets in the search of life, how do avoid bringing bacteria or other microorganisms with us?

When we visit other moons or planets in the search of life, how do avoid bringing bacteria or other microorganisms with us?


When we visit other moons or planets in the search of life, how do avoid bringing bacteria or other microorganisms with us?

Posted: 28 Jul 2020 01:54 PM PDT

What if we do, and the microorganisms essentially become invasive species?

If thats the case, then how would we tell the difference between an organism from Earth and an organism that had its origins on the celestial body we're studying?

submitted by /u/Si_Ra_Pi
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What is the ISS minimal crew?

Posted: 29 Jul 2020 06:08 AM PDT

Can we keep the ISS in orbit without anyone in it? Does it need a minimum member of people on board in order to maintain it?

submitted by /u/Tartiflesh
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When alcohol evaporates, does it leave any residue?

Posted: 29 Jul 2020 04:28 AM PDT

If i make 96% edible alcohol evaporate from an herbal extract, will the remaining dry residue be free from alcohol, or does alcohol leave something behind when it evaporates?

submitted by /u/Teriose
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AskScience AMA Series: Happy Global Tiger Day! We are big cat conservation experts - ask us anything!

Posted: 29 Jul 2020 04:00 AM PDT

The tiger is one of the most iconic animals on earth, but the largest of the big cats is on the brink of extinction. There are only about 3,900 tigers left in the wild, compared to the nearly 100,000 that roamed a century ago. This catastrophic population decline is driven by a variety of threats, including the illegal wildlife trade, overhunting of tiger prey, conflict with people and habitat loss and fragmentation.

In a new short film by PBS Nature, you can learn about the state of tigers and conservation efforts on the species' behalf by the Wildlife Conservation Society and Panthera. Watch "Tigers: Clawing Back" here: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_lxlYo4MEXM&t

Today's AMA participants:

We'll be here at 1 pm ET (17 UT) to answer anything you want to know about tigers and tiger conservation!

Usernames: AlexandraTVarga, luketbhunter

submitted by /u/AskScienceModerator
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Why does fission produce harmful radiation but fusion does not?

Posted: 28 Jul 2020 08:32 PM PDT

I read about the possibility of a "clean" nuclear weapon that uses only fusion (and not a two-stage reaction with fission and fusion), but I was left wondering why fission releases long-term radiation, but fusion doesn't.

Cheers!

submitted by /u/MadeasKingdom
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What physically enables USB’s speed increase between generations?

Posted: 28 Jul 2020 11:18 PM PDT

Each new standard seams to double the theoretical maximum transfer speed, yet they aren't adding new lanes each time. What enables this increase?

submitted by /u/orsikbattlehammer
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Ask Anything Wednesday - Engineering, Mathematics, Computer Science

Posted: 29 Jul 2020 08:09 AM PDT

Welcome to our weekly feature, Ask Anything Wednesday - this week we are focusing on Engineering, Mathematics, Computer Science

Do you have a question within these topics you weren't sure was worth submitting? Is something a bit too speculative for a typical /r/AskScience post? No question is too big or small for AAW. In this thread you can ask any science-related question! Things like: "What would happen if...", "How will the future...", "If all the rules for 'X' were different...", "Why does my...".

Asking Questions:

Please post your question as a top-level response to this, and our team of panellists will be here to answer and discuss your questions.

The other topic areas will appear in future Ask Anything Wednesdays, so if you have other questions not covered by this weeks theme please either hold on to it until those topics come around, or go and post over in our sister subreddit /r/AskScienceDiscussion , where every day is Ask Anything Wednesday! Off-theme questions in this post will be removed to try and keep the thread a manageable size for both our readers and panellists.

Answering Questions:

Please only answer a posted question if you are an expert in the field. The full guidelines for posting responses in AskScience can be found here. In short, this is a moderated subreddit, and responses which do not meet our quality guidelines will be removed. Remember, peer reviewed sources are always appreciated, and anecdotes are absolutely not appropriate. In general if your answer begins with 'I think', or 'I've heard', then it's not suitable for /r/AskScience.

If you would like to become a member of the AskScience panel, please refer to the information provided here.

Past AskAnythingWednesday posts can be found here.

Ask away!

submitted by /u/AutoModerator
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How Likely is it that COVID could have disastrous long term health effects?

Posted: 28 Jul 2020 11:35 PM PDT

I've been browsing Reddit lately and it seems there is a lot of doom and gloom surrounding the virus and with so much unknown it's hard to get a concrete answer, and I know we won't get one for a while. However, from looking at profiles of the first recovered patients (virus has been around for almost 9 months now) and from it's related family of coronaviruses, how likely is it that this virus would have permanent damage to one's body in the case of mild or asymptomatic cases?

There are a lot of people on Reddit preaching that this virus will leave you disabled or significantly lower your quality and life expectancy even if you get a mild case.

From the available evidence, how is it looking so far?

submitted by /u/REVERSEZOOM2
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Have any viruses evolved to self-replicate?

Posted: 29 Jul 2020 02:26 AM PDT

I know a lot of people suggest viruses evolved from bacterial cells that lost certain functions. Has the reverse ever been noted?

submitted by /u/Spaceman9800
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Do viruses stay in the human body forever after symptoms stop?

Posted: 29 Jul 2020 01:42 AM PDT

I don't remember where I had heard it from but I thought that it was impossible to get rid of all individual viruses from a body even after symptoms have stopped and the person has recovered. Is it true that all viruses stick around in the body for the rest of our lives after we've contracted it, just in very small, undetectable quantities?

submitted by /u/ifimnotdrowning
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How does moisture/liquid detection works in phones?

Posted: 29 Jul 2020 05:21 AM PDT

Most moisture detection devices are pretty huge, How does phone knows there is moisture or water in usb port with such form factor?

submitted by /u/MrDuckRocks
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What is the current deal with hydroxychloroquine around the world? Should it still be used or do the negatives overweight the positives?

Posted: 29 Jul 2020 02:26 AM PDT

What is the time difference between apparent sunset and actual sunset (at the equator)?

Posted: 28 Jul 2020 09:55 PM PDT

Apparent sunset vs. actual sunset:

Apparent sunset: When the sun goes down the horizon for an observer.

Actual sunset: When the sun actually goes down below the horizon.

I know that sun light takes around 8 and a half minutes to reach the earth. Recently I learnt from watching a video by Dr. Tyson in StarTalk episode that there is also the effect of refraction. I never realized that the refraction would huge impact. Now he casually mentions that the sun has already set 5 minutes back and that is due to refraction. Now this is what confuses me is the time difference 8 1/2 + 5 minutes or is it just 5 minutes? It seems to me that it should at least be 8 and 1/2 minutes because refraction is adding to the delay.

Searching the web has me even more confused. When I search for difference between apparent and actual sunset it's only the refraction that they talk about and not the speed of light. In several websites it's mentioned that we say the sunset after about 2 minutes after the sun has actually sunset.

Now I understand that the effect of refraction can vary at different latitudes, and with varying atmospheric conditions. But I am very confused about the net time difference. I am surprised that a web search didn't give me concrete answers, or maybe I am not looking at right resources, or having difficulty in understanding basic concepts. This seems to be like a basic science question not sure how I am getting it all messed up.

submitted by /u/GoluDholu
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Do tetrachromats like birds see more non-specral colors? Does it take more than a 2D shape to model their color vision?

Posted: 28 Jul 2020 03:06 PM PDT

This is a question about color perception in animals that have more than three types of cone.

I'm a bit of a geek about color perception and color theory. So, if you study this, you are more than familiar with how Magenta is a non-spectral color. It's not fundamentally different from how our brains perceive colors between red and green, and between green and blue. It's just a weird artifact of the way our biology and neurology are wired, that we perceive this color that doesn't key to a specific wavelength of light.

As a result of our brains making these interpolations between three points of data, the list of perceivable hues can be modeled as a closed two-dimensional shape.

So I got to thinking about tetrachromats, like many species of bird. Using the example of a creature that has cones for red, green, blue, and ultraviolet light. There are a lot more possible non-spectral combinations of cones than in a trichromat! I think I count five (RB, GU, RU, RBU, RGU), and this suggests to me that a tetrachromat could see a whole host of non-spectral colors, leading to a much more complex color space that you couldn't model with a 2D shape.

We obviously can't read a creature's mind to know what colors it sees that our brains can't comprehend, but has any research been done to determine if tetrachromat animals can actually perceive and distinguish these extra non-spectral colors?

submitted by /u/Krail
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From my five year old, what do bomber worms eat?

Posted: 28 Jul 2020 11:03 AM PDT

Brought to you by Octonauts and their episode on bomber worms. Google tells me they were relatively recently identified (2010) so maybe we don't know exactly what they eat but what do other similar types of worms that live in the sea eat?

submitted by /u/beedleblorp
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How does yeast survive inside the packet?

Posted: 28 Jul 2020 10:35 AM PDT

Yesterday I was making bagels and realized the yeast I was using was easily a couple years old (not expired, don't worry). That led to me wondering how it lives in that little paper packet for so long. Presumably it needs to eat, and then it makes carbon dioxide as waste too, so do the manufacturers put a food source in there or something?

submitted by /u/comeonvirginia
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Tuesday, July 28, 2020

What does the other side of my belly button look like?

What does the other side of my belly button look like?


What does the other side of my belly button look like?

Posted: 28 Jul 2020 12:25 AM PDT

I'm not even sure this is a meaningful question to ask. Is this just a divit in my belly, and the other side is just flat flesh?

submitted by /u/Aimuari_
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Do all non-plant life forms have pleasure responses to induce them to eat/mate? Is this true for bacteria/microbes?

Posted: 28 Jul 2020 05:56 AM PDT

People and animals like eating. Are smaller and more simple life forms motivated the same way?

submitted by /u/wirelesstoaster
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Can rocky planets have rings?

Posted: 28 Jul 2020 07:51 AM PDT

All of the ringed planets in our system are gas giants. Is that just a coincidence, or do rings depend on a certain size or gravity in order to form and remain stable?

submitted by /u/JasnahKholin87
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If you don’t cover your nose while wearing a mask, how much benefit reduction is there?

Posted: 28 Jul 2020 06:29 AM PDT

When we see people not wearing face masks over their nose, there's a lot of people saying, "Why bother?" But there has to be some benefit to covering the mouth alone, right? Just wondering what sorts reduction in benefit is happening here.

submitted by /u/TowerRock
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Does ethylene break down? I know it ripens fruit, but does ethylene itself get broken down by microbes or fungi?

Posted: 28 Jul 2020 07:52 AM PDT

Why is it that during kidney transplants the recipients kidney is often left in place if it's not causing any issues such as high blood pressure or infection. Would it do any harm to remove it?

Posted: 28 Jul 2020 07:50 AM PDT

Are blind people better or worse at spatial reasoning?

Posted: 28 Jul 2020 08:42 AM PDT

Given enough time for it to play out, is it more likely our immune system would evolve to eventually be impervious to a particular virus, or the virus would evolve to be impervious to our immune system?

Posted: 28 Jul 2020 07:57 AM PDT

We’ve seen population density play a role in COVID-19 transmission. How big a role does population density play for other viruses? Do kids in NYC schools, for instance, get sick more often than kids going to school in other states? Is the common cold more prevalent in NYC? If not, why not?

Posted: 28 Jul 2020 03:31 AM PDT

When meteorologists tell you what temperature it feels like, what instrument to they use to measure that? And if they measured it, why isn't that just the temperature?

Posted: 28 Jul 2020 04:52 AM PDT

Is there a difference between haemoglobin-deficiency and erythrocytes-deficiency? Are they the same?

Posted: 28 Jul 2020 03:39 AM PDT

I have trouble finding a precise answer for this... this is what I know so far:

The cause (for both?) is lack of iron. Which results in lack of red blood cells/haemoglobin = anaemia.
So if that's the case, it seems like you can use them interchangeably... but at the same time I'm thinking why use separate words then?

If this is false please let me know! Any help is greatly appreciated.

submitted by /u/g6won
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How does the SARS-CoV-2 replicative machinery differentiate viral RNA from host RNA?

Posted: 28 Jul 2020 08:23 AM PDT

How do the nonstructural proteins of SARS-CoV-2 avoid replicating human RNA while they are replicating the SARS-CoV-2 genome?

submitted by /u/dusty_pebble
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Can insects detect when it's about to rain? If so, how, and where do they go to avoid being drowned out of this is so?

Posted: 27 Jul 2020 12:56 PM PDT

How does kinetic force translate to an electric signal in nerves?

Posted: 28 Jul 2020 04:13 AM PDT

For example, when i hit my ulnar nerve at the elbow with an object, how does the kinetic stimulation produce the characterstic tingling sensation in the rest of my arm ?

submitted by /u/Darthfamous
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Why and how crystallization of silver and gold happen?

Posted: 28 Jul 2020 06:55 AM PDT

I learnt that this can happen to ancient coins, and they become very brittle.

submitted by /u/autogenerated1
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When paleontologists find an incomplete skeleton (such as a single bone), how do they determine whether what they have is a new species as opposed to being something within the normal range of variation of a known species?

Posted: 27 Jul 2020 09:10 PM PDT

Is there a notable difference in how different types of burns (temperature, chemical, sun) actually burn the skin? If so, what?

Posted: 27 Jul 2020 07:11 PM PDT

Are aerodynamics and hydrodynamics more or less the same bar the medium ?

Posted: 27 Jul 2020 09:37 PM PDT

For example, take a Formula 1 car and run it along the sea floor. Assuming the sea floor was flat, would the same principles of downforce apply ? Would you still get a Venturi effect underneath the car ? If the undertray suddenly lost that effect, would the front end rise up and flip the car backwards ? Would a plane wing still exhibit lift ?

submitted by /u/PeteUKinUSA
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Is The 10,000 Hour Rule Myth or Reality?

Posted: 27 Jul 2020 11:43 PM PDT

Was Pangea mostly flat?

Posted: 27 Jul 2020 10:01 AM PDT

I was driving across the US Midwest last night reflecting on how flat it is. As I understand it, hills and mountains form when the earth's tectonic plates shift. Since Pangea existed before plates shifted, does this mean that Pangea was mostly flat compared to today's geography?

submitted by /u/aloe-ha
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When does the heart start pumping?

Posted: 27 Jul 2020 12:17 PM PDT

The heart pumps blood which is the basis for other functioning organs. But when does the heart start pumping and what starts the heart in the first place? I assume theres much facilitation from the mother, but what are the requirements for a self sustaining heart and when is the heart actively doing its job?

In other words what is developmentally necessary for the fetus to begin pumping blood?

submitted by /u/Gbayne18
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What dictates a hurricane's path? How accurately can we actually predict it?

Posted: 27 Jul 2020 05:35 PM PDT

Hurricane Douglas came knocking on Hawaii's doors but very graciously went northwest and just said hello to all the islands.

submitted by /u/alohabrohah
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What kind of rocks are there on Mars? Are they any similar to what we see on Earth?

Posted: 27 Jul 2020 01:25 PM PDT