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Friday, July 17, 2020

How come the majority of people in the world are right-handed?

How come the majority of people in the world are right-handed?

How come the majority of people in the world are right-handed?

Posted: 17 Jul 2020 12:57 AM PDT

Was there an evolutionary advantage to having your right hand as your dominant?

submitted by /u/KnotALun
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We have nuclear powered submarines and aircraft carriers. Why are there not nuclear powered spacecraft?

Posted: 16 Jul 2020 08:01 AM PDT

Edit: I'm most curious about propulsion. Thanks for the great answers everyone!

submitted by /u/FutureRenaissanceMan
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For one in five people who reported a rash and were confirmed as being infected with coronavirus, the rash was their only symptom, so does this suggest that deliberately introducing the virus to the skin might be a way of (relatively safely) stimulating an immune response?

Posted: 17 Jul 2020 03:21 AM PDT

If retroviruses insert their DNA into our genome, is there a chance that retrovirus DNA could be inserted in the middle of a vital gene and cut it off, causing birth defects?

Posted: 17 Jul 2020 01:27 AM PDT

If the Oxford Trial for a potential Covid virus is going to phase 3 around the end of the year, how can Astra Zenica be producing 400 million units of it by October?

Posted: 16 Jul 2020 11:51 PM PDT

According to the Guardian newspaper, "AstraZeneca has agreed to supply 100m doses of the Oxford vaccine to Britain, with manufacturing plans already begun and delivery scheduled for September or October. The AstraZeneca deal will provide the US with 300m doses."

If they don't know if it is going to work effectively or not are they just producing vials of a vaccine that will end up being destroyed? I'm assuming it's to get a head start on production if the vaccine proves efficient enough. Is this what normally happens? Thanks for your help.

submitted by /u/grubbymitts
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How flat could an exoplanet get?

Posted: 17 Jul 2020 04:44 AM PDT

As in the terrain being similar to a salt flat. If a planet had high gravity and was not tectonically active would that result in extremely flat terrain? Are there other mechanisms that could result in similar terrain?

submitted by /u/getyaowndamnmuffin
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Would getting a COVID-19 vaccine be advisable after you have already contracted and recovered from it?

Posted: 16 Jul 2020 03:51 PM PDT

I know this is a fairly hypothetical question at this point as we don't know yet what vaccine will be most effective but is there any evidence to support the question one way or the other from other similar diseases? The leading literature on the front runner vaccines shows better immune response than those that contract the virus itself but will it's response still be muted if you got a vaccine after the fact?

submitted by /u/skorfab
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How much energy is used by the data center vs. home computer/internet use when streaming a video?

Posted: 16 Jul 2020 10:05 PM PDT

There are many articles about the vast energy use of data centers due to increases in Netflix/Zoom etc. during Covid. But if the data center is powered renewably, what, if any, is the energy use increase from a viewer level? Does it change based on bitrate (480 vs 720 vs 1080)?

submitted by /u/Santaconartist
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How did the Spanish flu pandemic end? I've read about humans obtaining 'collective immunity' but not sure how that was achieved. Does the end to that pandemic give us any idea of how the current covid19 pandemic may end?

Posted: 16 Jul 2020 09:46 PM PDT

Nuclear Explosion in Space?

Posted: 16 Jul 2020 01:20 PM PDT

What would a nuclear detonation look like in space? Would the lack of matter affect the chain reaction? Would the vacuum limit shockwave?

I understand this has most likely never been tested, but I am looking for a generally accepted hypothesis of what it would look like, effects of the detonation, etc.

Edit: Well I guess I learned there have been tests at high altitude/near vacuum altitude.

So as a follow up question, would a detonation be less "catastrophic" to the surrounding matter at that altitude? Would the lack of a shockwave and matter inhibit the ability to deliver such force across a large distance as it does on the surface?

submitted by /u/suckmybit
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Is there a generally accepted scientific definition for brainwashing in the psychology field?

Posted: 16 Jul 2020 02:25 PM PDT

You see a lot of people talking about brainwashing on reddit- particularly when talking about politics. Is brainwashing generally accepted as being a real and measurable phenomenon, or just a loose concept?

submitted by /u/lilybirdgk
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Do people with allergies still get allergic responses if they acquire AIDS?

Posted: 16 Jul 2020 09:48 PM PDT

Any more details about how long COVID-19 lives on surfaces?

Posted: 16 Jul 2020 09:04 PM PDT

I'd like to find more clarity about how long the virus can live on live on surfaces of things and be transmitted. Can anyone please try to answer these questions or correct me if I'm wrong in what I believe:

  1. The virus can live on the surface of paper or cardboard objects for up to one day. It maybe good to wash your hands after handling a day's mail or to let the mail wait for a day or so.

  2. The virus can live on smooth surfaces for up to three days. It maybe good to wash your hands after handling newly purchased groceries and magazines and other things with plastic for smooth surfaces.

  3. The virus can live on murky moist surfaces for up to 10 days. Meat packing plants and fresh meats and produce may harbor the virus for up to ten days. This is probably why many meat packing plants have infections among the workers. It's good to wash hands after handling fresh meats and vegetables.

I also want to know what environment the virus lives in.

  1. Do things in the freezer harbor the virus longer or less than things at room temperature?

  2. Does the virus live longer or less on things in the refrigerator?

  3. Does the virus live longer in oily surfaces or wet surfaces?

submitted by /u/DiamondSnowOnPluto
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What causes the curve in the tail of the comets?

Posted: 16 Jul 2020 03:05 PM PDT

Is it because the comet is going in an elliptical orbit, our perspective changes, or is it because of something else?

submitted by /u/Kafshak
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Where do the majority of neanderthal finds come from?

Posted: 16 Jul 2020 02:15 PM PDT

From what I understand the first Neanderthal finds were discovered in Germany. However since then what part of the world has the majority of neanderthal finds come?

Kind regards.

submitted by /u/-speedKillz
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How well do coins carry germs/viruses?

Posted: 16 Jul 2020 06:29 PM PDT

It seems to me that a lot of coins are made of copper/copper-nickel/copper-zinc, and I've heard that some of these metals can kill germs or viruses, I've seen copper used in hospitals so it must be a sterile material right? How well can microbes travel on coins?

submitted by /u/AccurateSection
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Do neurons have special proteins to achieve further precise control of alternative splicing?

Posted: 16 Jul 2020 06:04 PM PDT

Theoretically, could a tool like CRISPR be used to knockout specific genes within the SARS-COV-2 Virus, intentionally making it less deadly? Has any genuine work been put into such a project with this virus or any others?

Posted: 16 Jul 2020 11:11 AM PDT

In layman’s terms, what are the differences between various units of “brightness”?

Posted: 16 Jul 2020 08:46 AM PDT

I'm a fanatic of flashlights. I have a few powerful flashlights that are often described as being "brighter than the sun" by my friends when I show them off.

What measurement could I utilize to compare the "brightness" of my flashlights to that of the "brightness" of the sun?

I'm still a noob to the flashlight subreddit, though I have heard of various units such as lumens, lux, and candela; I have also heard of apparent magnitude, regarding the local differences of "brightness" between stars in the sky.

submitted by /u/AubbleCSGO
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Thursday, July 16, 2020

COVID-19 started with one person getting infected and spread globally: doesn't that mean that as long as there's at least one person infected, there is always the risk of it spiking again? Even if only one person in America is infected, can't that person be the catalyst for another epidemic?

COVID-19 started with one person getting infected and spread globally: doesn't that mean that as long as there's at least one person infected, there is always the risk of it spiking again? Even if only one person in America is infected, can't that person be the catalyst for another epidemic?

COVID-19 started with one person getting infected and spread globally: doesn't that mean that as long as there's at least one person infected, there is always the risk of it spiking again? Even if only one person in America is infected, can't that person be the catalyst for another epidemic?

Posted: 15 Jul 2020 10:50 AM PDT

Are we learning about other viruses besides COVID while learning about COVID? If so, what

Posted: 15 Jul 2020 05:05 PM PDT

If we were to completely overhaul the SI units to be based on fundamental measurements in the universe, what kind of units could we expect? Would it be any useful?

Posted: 16 Jul 2020 04:40 AM PDT

Instead of relying on arbitrary measurements, what if we set fundamental constants as a base unit (1 Planck length = 1 unit, 1 elementary charge = 1 unit) instead of what we have now (1 metre or 1 Coulomb as defined by the Ampere)? Would all the SI quantities have available elementary values? Is it of any use to us as humans (perhaps in the far future as an interstellar civilisation)?

submitted by /u/BoyMcBoyo
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Why don't new mountain ranges form?

Posted: 16 Jul 2020 01:55 AM PDT

Only certain places in the world have mountain ranges and others don't and never will, why not?

submitted by /u/Human_Tier
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What are the determinants of immunoglobulin glycosylation patterns?

Posted: 15 Jul 2020 08:20 PM PDT

Or more specifically, what immunological or metabolic signals (or stressors) cause decreased fucosylation of antibodies? This question was inspired by this recent preprint showing that IgG antibodies from the serum of patients who recovered from severe COVID-19, but not recombinant antibodies, may have a causal role in severe illness due to differences in inflammatory signaling depending on the presence of fucosylation in the Fc region. This research follows from other research finding decreased fucosylation among patients with severe COVID-19. This latter finding has been replicated in other studies.

I'm wondering whether this is permanent and related to the IgG isotype/subclass or other stable characteristics of B-cell biology, or whether these "de-fucosylated" antibodies may be replaced over time.

submitted by /u/ZoneNervous
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Results of recently published vaccine trial: what can I take away from the results? What does this mean for the next clinical trial?

Posted: 15 Jul 2020 06:21 PM PDT

Biology undergrad student here! I live in an area where they are recruiting people for a phase 3 vaccine clinical trial (mRNA-1273 vaccine, Moderna) for COVID-19. This trial has been in the news, but as a biology student, I definitely want to know the science behind it (and not just the sensational media rhetoric). The research group published the results from the phase 1 trial, and I've been reading the paper and had a few questions about it, and wanted to hear thoughts from other experts in the field.

Link to paper: https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa2022483

  1. Does a greater antibody response necessarily mean improved immunity? Doesn't the trial ultimately have to involve some viral-exposure component (ie. subjects that received vaccine are then exposed to virus, and then measure immune response) to prove effectiveness?
  2. How does an mRNA vaccine work? My understanding is that the mRNA of the spike protein is injected, which creates antibodies...but how?
  3. What is a pseudovirus neutralization assay? Does it use a nonactive virus to see if it infects the subject? Is it an invivo or invitro thing?

And this last question comes close to rule 1 (I can remove it if needed): the phase 3 trial will involve 30,000 subjects. The fact that the trial is at phase 3, I'm assuming, means that there's a greater chance that the vaccine is effective rather than not, and is safe rather than not. Is this a fair assumption? Would you feel comfortable signing up for this clinical trial?

Any insight is appreciated, and stay safe!

submitted by /u/PowerOfMitochondria
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What does the term “Covid19 long-hauler” imply?

Posted: 15 Jul 2020 09:56 PM PDT

I have seen this term in the news many times and know of people that still have symptoms months after recovering. Does this means that the virus was never eliminated 100% from the body? Or is that a result of permanent damage? Any answer to this phenomenon is appreciated.

submitted by /u/trust_me_on-this_one
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Why does cough syrup make you feel sleepy?

Posted: 15 Jul 2020 09:35 PM PDT

Is it possible for a comet to have an orbital period greater than the age of the star it orbits?

Posted: 15 Jul 2020 11:41 AM PDT

The answer feels like yes, however I am suspicious that such an orbit would require a perigee velocity greater than the escape velocity, making it implicitly impossible.

The age of the star would certainly matter of course, so maybe this is a 'yes', but only for very young stars?

submitted by /u/Yen1969
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The Holocene Epoch - What will the next one be?

Posted: 15 Jul 2020 07:10 PM PDT

How are eras, periods, epochs, etc. defined and how are they named? Will current events stimulate the birth of the next epoch?

submitted by /u/Gasoline_Dion
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About coming up with a vaccine for SARS-CoV-2; how does it compare in difficulty against creating one for the common cold?

Posted: 15 Jul 2020 08:01 AM PDT

How long after being exposed to Covid are you able to transmit the disease to to others?

Posted: 15 Jul 2020 12:36 PM PDT

If I come in contact with someone with Covid, how long after the initial interaction, if I have it, will having contact with others spread the disease? Is it instantly passed or is there an amount of time before it becomes contagious? (This is not medical advice, it is purely hypothetical)

submitted by /u/nickfrank11
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If a person has herpes are they immune-compromised?

Posted: 15 Jul 2020 12:57 PM PDT

Are there any instances of vaccines that provide a better immune response than if you had been infected?

Posted: 15 Jul 2020 11:47 AM PDT
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Wednesday, July 15, 2020

AskScience AMA Series: We are statistics professors with the American Statistical Association, and we're here to answer your questions about data literacy in an age of disinformation. Ask us anything!

AskScience AMA Series: We are statistics professors with the American Statistical Association, and we're here to answer your questions about data literacy in an age of disinformation. Ask us anything!

AskScience AMA Series: We are statistics professors with the American Statistical Association, and we're here to answer your questions about data literacy in an age of disinformation. Ask us anything!

Posted: 15 Jul 2020 04:00 AM PDT

We're Dr. Karen Kafadar, Dr. Richard De Veaux and Dr. Regina Nuzzo, all statistics professors with the world's largest community of statisticians, the American Statistical Association.

We are excited to discuss how statistical education is crucial for minimizing the public's susceptibility to disinformation. That includes journalists, who play a pivotal role in improving data literacy.

I'm Karen, and I'm a statistics professor, Chair of the University of Virginia's Department of Statistics, and 2019 President of the ASA. Ask me anything about how the statistical community and the media can help the public understand and be less influenced by fake news.

Last year, I helped champion ASA's "Disinformation Initiative" for statisticians and computer scientists to collaborate and address the challenges associated with this deception. I've served on several National Academy of Sciences' Committees, including those that led to the reports Strengthening Forensic Science in the United States: A Path Forward (2009), Review of the Scientific Approaches Used During the FBI's Investigation of the Anthrax Letters (2011), and Identifying the Culprit: Assessing Eyewitness Identification (2014).

I'm Dick, and I'm a statistics professor at Williams College and the current Vice President of ASA. Ask me anything about how to communicate important statistical ideas in ways that everyone can use, especially during this time of disinformation and confusion.

I've written six high school and college statistics textbooks that have been read by literally millions of students. They've even appeared on Reddit a few times. I give keynote addresses and workshops around the world and have appeared on radio (WAMC and Marketplace) and TV (NOVA and PBS). In my spare time I sing with the Choeur Regional de l'Ile de France in Paris (when I'm there) and have appeared with them on both CDs and French radio and TV. I'm also known as the "Official Statistician for the Grateful Dead." Yes, you can ask about that.

I'm Regina, and I'm ASA's Senior Advisor for Statistics Communication and Media Innovation. Ask me anything about non-traditional ways to showcase statistics and how to communicate statistics to the public in an age of disinformation.

I'm also a professor at Gallaudet University and an adjunct professor at Virginia Tech. My work has been published in The New York Times, Scientific American and ESPN Magazine, among other outlets. My feature article on p-values for Nature, which won ASA's 2014 Excellence in Statistical Reporting Award, remains in the top 5% of all research outputs scored by Altmetric. I was also featured in PBS's "NOVA: Prediction by the Numbers," I'm particularly interested in how easy it is for us to fool ourselves and others with statistics during data analysis and the scientific process, and how we should be communicating quantitative information in a way that our brains can "get it" more easily.

We will be on at noon ET (16 UT), ask us anything!

Username: Am_Stat

submitted by /u/AskScienceModerator
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Do you accelerate when moving north/south?

Posted: 15 Jul 2020 05:04 AM PDT

I might come off as a bit stupid for asking this question, but intuitively I can't help but tell myself that it makes sense.

For instance: I live in the northern hemisphere. When moving southward, shouldn't I technically be accelerating eastward? As I move closer towards earths axis of rotation (equator), my perpendicular velocity would increase, right?

I'm aware that this correlates to the coriolis force, but I'm simply unsure of how an object moving towards the equator would be affected? I'm sure the force would be incredibly insignificant (when it comes to actually 'feeling' it), although I wonder whether it would be relevant at much higher velocities?

submitted by /u/SinnyJ
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Neowise has just recently been discovered. What are the chances of discovering an asteroid that will come dangerously close to earth shortly after discovery?

Posted: 15 Jul 2020 04:33 AM PDT

After the large comets in the 90s, astronomers said it will take a while before we see the next one. Yet here we are, 4 months after neowise was initially discovered.
I know that neowise is a comet and not an asteroid, but I suspect methods of discovering are the same? I'm just wondering what the chances are that we discover an object in space that will come dangerously close to earth within a short period of time.

submitted by /u/destiny84
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Does color blindness affect a person's ability to see in darkness/dim light?

Posted: 15 Jul 2020 03:35 AM PDT

I've heard people who only rod can see well in dim light than a normal person, but I've also heard the opposite. I've also heard night vision is based on the different wavelengths of colors. So does a person who have some kind of color blindness would have better/worse night time vision than a normal person?

submitted by /u/TommyDi7
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Ask Anything Wednesday - Economics, Political Science, Linguistics, Anthropology

Posted: 15 Jul 2020 08:09 AM PDT

Welcome to our weekly feature, Ask Anything Wednesday - this week we are focusing on Economics, Political Science, Linguistics, Anthropology

Do you have a question within these topics you weren't sure was worth submitting? Is something a bit too speculative for a typical /r/AskScience post? No question is too big or small for AAW. In this thread you can ask any science-related question! Things like: "What would happen if...", "How will the future...", "If all the rules for 'X' were different...", "Why does my...".

Asking Questions:

Please post your question as a top-level response to this, and our team of panellists will be here to answer and discuss your questions.

The other topic areas will appear in future Ask Anything Wednesdays, so if you have other questions not covered by this weeks theme please either hold on to it until those topics come around, or go and post over in our sister subreddit /r/AskScienceDiscussion , where every day is Ask Anything Wednesday! Off-theme questions in this post will be removed to try and keep the thread a manageable size for both our readers and panellists.

Answering Questions:

Please only answer a posted question if you are an expert in the field. The full guidelines for posting responses in AskScience can be found here. In short, this is a moderated subreddit, and responses which do not meet our quality guidelines will be removed. Remember, peer reviewed sources are always appreciated, and anecdotes are absolutely not appropriate. In general if your answer begins with 'I think', or 'I've heard', then it's not suitable for /r/AskScience.

If you would like to become a member of the AskScience panel, please refer to the information provided here.

Past AskAnythingWednesday posts can be found here.

Ask away!

submitted by /u/AutoModerator
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When it says stress causes obesity, does it mean it directly causes it, or stress leads to it?

Posted: 15 Jul 2020 04:09 AM PDT

To clarify; does this mean if I am stressed and otherwise normal would one become overweight, or does it cause worse decisions, like overeating?

submitted by /u/Some-MCFC-Fan
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Can already having a fever make you less susceptible to other viruses?

Posted: 15 Jul 2020 06:06 AM PDT

For example if you have the flu with a high fever and then you're exposed to coronavirus does that high body temperature in any way hinder the replication of the coronavirus inside you?

submitted by /u/Satlih
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Would Moderna’s mRNA new coronavirus vaccine incite a T-cell response in the body?

Posted: 14 Jul 2020 03:09 PM PDT

If someone is asymptomatic to the novel corona virus, if they get infected again, will they show symptoms?

Posted: 14 Jul 2020 12:52 PM PDT

Am I missing a point somewhere?

submitted by /u/JesseOAK
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There have been suggestions that there might be a resurgence of Covid-19 in the winter, how likely is this?

Posted: 15 Jul 2020 01:52 AM PDT

And if it is likely, then are countries in the Southern hemisphere already experiencing this?

submitted by /u/Jezzazza
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What is long lasting immunity contingent on, and why are some antibodies “better quality” than others if they all undergo affinity maturation?

Posted: 14 Jul 2020 09:17 AM PDT

Current Biological sciences student here. From my immunology module, I understand the processes of affinity maturation and memory B and T cell production. However, I wanted to gain more insight into what determines the quality of the high affinity antibodies, if they all undergo hyper mutation in the dark regions, is quality of antibody just down to chance?

additionally why is it some viruses like measles confer life long immunity but some common coronaviruses produce short lived immunity? If antibodies are gradually replenished then why is it for some diseases this replenishment continues for longer?

If you have any sources which explain this please do leave links!

submitted by /u/mt101__
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Would it be possible to handpick from a lab, or even cause, a mutation in the corona virus making it much less lethal and severe?

Posted: 14 Jul 2020 01:02 PM PDT

And, would there be any benefit to doing so?

submitted by /u/JesseOAK
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Moderna is starting phase 3 of the covid-19 vaccine trial July 27, how long until we see the results?

Posted: 14 Jul 2020 04:47 PM PDT

Is it possible to develop vaccines for future pandemics?

Posted: 15 Jul 2020 12:16 AM PDT

Obviously we have no idea when and where the next pandemic will come from. However, in the case of COVID-19, we've been able to identify its relationship with the broader coronavirus family and its shared characteristics with other zoonotic strains that have appeared multiple times in the recent past. As such, I would assume the likelihood of another variation of the coronavirus appearing in the not so distant future is high.

So, since we can identify the shared characteristics of the like strains and (probably more importantly) how they differ, can we "predict" how future strains of the virus are likely to manifest? If we were to identify a set of say the 10k most likely strain variations (or however much will be a representative sample size), could we then simulate how different vaccine candidates would work against these potential future strains in order to preemptively find vaccines (or at least the components for vaccines)?

submitted by /u/BASSLJ
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What would happen if all the micro-organisms on and in your body suddenly disappeared?

Posted: 14 Jul 2020 08:40 AM PDT

Things like gut flora, helpful (and harmful) bacteria, mites, basically everything that isn't an actual part of your body like cells. What would happen if they all disappeared at once? Would you die?

submitted by /u/Greyrust
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How would a charged black hole work?

Posted: 14 Jul 2020 03:37 PM PDT

So (stationary) black holes have 3 parameters that describe everything about it. These are mass, angular momentum, and electric charge.

Obviously this would never happen in real life, but what would happen if a black hole was made purely of protons, and thus became extremely positive?

Since no information can escape from a black hole, would electrons not be attracted to the black hole beyond the normal attraction through gravity?

Would a proton placed inside the event horizon be launched out, since magnetism is unfathomably more powerful than gravity?

If electrons aren't attracted to the black hole, wouldn't conservation of charge be broken?

For reference, I've learned all about the normal college level stuff, but not the level where there's 13 symbols, and only 1 is actually in the normal alphabet.

submitted by /u/BobACanOfKoosh
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How jet engines adjust their speed?

Posted: 14 Jul 2020 11:26 AM PDT

I think we can seperate a jet engine into four sections: Intake, Compression, Combustion and Exhaust.

I've read that in order to start the engine, an electric motors spins the main turbine shaft and then igniter sparks the fuel.

Bu how these engines adjust their speed? Is it only dependent on the amount of fuel burned in combustion chamber?

submitted by /u/Fallacyfall
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Why do people make definitive statements about the R0 of a virus? Is it not a relative term?

Posted: 14 Jul 2020 12:11 PM PDT

I see people say that covid's R0 is 'x', or the flu has an R0 of 'y', but is the R0 not a variable that can change depending on how people, governments, etc treat the spread of a virus?

submitted by /u/Ploka812
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Could you create a 'dent' in the event horizon of a black hole by placing a large mass next to it?

Posted: 14 Jul 2020 08:52 AM PDT

The event horizon of a black hole, to my understanding, is the boundary where you would need to be going away from the black hole above the speed of light in order to escape, an impossible task. This event horizon is caused by the gravitational pull of the singularity inside the black hole pulling 'in'.

Now let's say I put another mass near the event horizon. This mass would have its own gravity, and since it's next to the black hole, from our perspective it's pulling 'out'.

If you were to somehow measure the net pull at the original event horizon under the second mass, would it be possible that the second mass may have counteracted some of the pull 'inwards'? Could this push the event horizon inwards, putting a dent-like depression into the previously almost spherical event horizon?

This is all putting aside the nuances of accretion discs, rotation, and how you actually get this second dense mass in the first place - it might even be a second black hole.

submitted by /u/Alephbetae
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