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Tuesday, July 14, 2020

Do oceans get roughly homogeneous rainfall, or are parts of Earth's oceans basically deserts or rainforests?

Do oceans get roughly homogeneous rainfall, or are parts of Earth's oceans basically deserts or rainforests?


Do oceans get roughly homogeneous rainfall, or are parts of Earth's oceans basically deserts or rainforests?

Posted: 13 Jul 2020 09:35 PM PDT

AskScience AMA Series: I'm Lisa Fazio, a psychology professor who studies why people believe misinformation and how to correct it, AMA!

Posted: 14 Jul 2020 04:00 AM PDT

Hi Reddit! I'm Dr. Lisa Fazio and I'm an Assistant Professor of Psychology at Vanderbilt University in Nashville, TN. My research focuses on how people learn correct and incorrect information from the world around them and how to correct errors in people's knowledge. I'm particularly interested in human memory and the cognitive processes underlying learning.

In my Building Knowledge lab we study -

Why it's hard for us to notice errors in what we read:

The effect of repetition on belief:

And ways to help reduce the spread of misinformation:

I'll be joining at 2pm CT (3 PM ET, 19 UT). Ask me anything!

Username: cheesaf

submitted by /u/AskScienceModerator
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Do other cold/flu viruses cause permanent organ damage like COVID-19 does?

Posted: 13 Jul 2020 07:28 PM PDT

With COVID-19, permanent damage is almost a given. How does the lasting damage compare to common widespread seasonal illnesses?

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Why is the core body temperature of humans seemingly so consistent, when we vary so much in other characteristics?

Posted: 13 Jul 2020 07:11 PM PDT

To expand on the title, I'm asking why ideal core body temperature is the seemingly the same for everyone, regardless of age, sex, size, etc etc.

submitted by /u/ItsABiscuit
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With the threat of the Thwaites Glacier breaking off into the ocean, what would that look like to coastal cities?

Posted: 14 Jul 2020 05:05 AM PDT

Experts say the displacement of just the glacier would raise oceans .5 meters. Subsequent ice loss following could be up to 2 or even 3m of sea level rise. What would a .5 meter (or 2-3m) look like on coastal cities? Jus the beaches are gone or like 3 miles inland are under that much water

Article: Antarctic Glacier

submitted by /u/ASOIAFGymCoach73
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Of Sea Level - Is there a highest and lowest sea area on earth?

Posted: 14 Jul 2020 06:16 AM PDT

From a quick glance in wikipedia, I just learned that sea level is actually an average surface level of earth's bodies of water.

So I'm wondering if we know of certain seas or areas where it's particularly high or low? Perhaps on the poles or equator? Maybe a particular time of the year and with the right tides?

submitted by /u/ChildOfTheRevolution
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What makes a virus or bacteria harmful at molecular level?

Posted: 14 Jul 2020 02:38 AM PDT

How big would Earth’s inner core have to be for Earth to be habitable without a Sun?

Posted: 13 Jul 2020 10:18 AM PDT

Are plate tectonics just a theory?

Posted: 14 Jul 2020 07:00 AM PDT

I just heard plate tectonics referred to as a theory.

I always thought of it as something that was absolutely true & that earth's continents were definitely different billions of years ago (even though the exact shapes of those continents wouldn't be exact).

submitted by /u/iHateMyChode
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Why are viruses that result in a global pandemic so rare?

Posted: 13 Jul 2020 08:46 PM PDT

I might be misunderstanding how difficult it is to actually have a virus reach humans, but shouldn't pandemics happen more often given possible poor hygiene anywhere in the world? Doesn't it just take one person out of 8 billion to be incautious and start an outbreak?

submitted by /u/plzsendpuppypics
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Can a comet become a moon?

Posted: 13 Jul 2020 04:57 PM PDT

I know that a lot of small moons in the solar system are thought to be captured asteroids. Can a comet be captured by a planet in a similar fashion and become a moon of said planet? If so, would it still have a tail?

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Why do we call things theories even after they've been proven?

Posted: 13 Jul 2020 01:05 PM PDT

I was talking to a friend about evolution and he said the inevitable "it's just a theory". To which I said "yes it is just like relativity is also a theory but has been proven". Then he asked me why it's called a theory and not a law. To which I said "I actually dont know". Let me find out for you. So why dont we call proven scientific theories laws?

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In comparison to fossil fuels, how much does the body heat of all the humans on Earth affect the global temperature?

Posted: 13 Jul 2020 02:24 PM PDT

If it's not a significant amount right now, will ever become a problem?

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How does moisture affect the molecular structure of plastics like Nylon and PET specifically?

Posted: 13 Jul 2020 01:00 PM PDT

I own a 3D printer, and have to keep my filament dry in order to print objects more successfully. "Wet" filament (filament that has absorbed a lot of moisture) tends to be more brittle in my experience, and dry filament seems to have more flexibility. I looked into why this was the case, and could only find answers akin to "It affects the molecular structure of the plastic, changing its properties." This isn't enough of an answer for me. I was hypothesizing that it is potentially similar to carbon in steel, where the carbon sits inside the iron's molecular structure and makes the crystals more rigid. More carbon = more rigid and brittle, whereas less carbon leads to a softer steel. Is it a similar process in plastic, or is there something else at play here? I appreciate any help with this issue!

submitted by /u/AIRTIME6898
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Why do some (?) nebulas conform to turbulent flow if their particles are few and far apart?

Posted: 13 Jul 2020 08:07 PM PDT

Why can't we predict with reasonable certainty the stability of theoretical elements?

Posted: 13 Jul 2020 09:04 AM PDT

From what I see, there's still a degree of uncertainty surrounding the proposed stability within the island of stability. Redditors on this sub don't seem to act with the kind of certainty you'd expect scientists to have protracted from what we already know about the components of atoms and the forces acting on them, at least it doesn't seem so to the layman like me.

Is it a matter of "good-taste" and etiquette that scientists don't disregard the IoS, or is it the case that there are factors (like sub-atomic particles and forces) acting on atoms which we haven't distinguished yet - or perhaps factors of uncertainty that I'm not aware of?

submitted by /u/FanticalZappy
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Why are FPGA’s less efficient than ASICs?

Posted: 13 Jul 2020 07:18 PM PDT

Like the title, is it because they have moving parts? And do the parts move electromagnetically?

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How do scientists know where to look for fossils?

Posted: 13 Jul 2020 06:18 PM PDT

How does the body get rid off whiteheads naturally?

Posted: 13 Jul 2020 09:40 AM PDT

Monday, July 13, 2020

AskScience AMA Series: I am Jonathan Berman, author of the forthcoming "Antivaxxers: How To Challenge A Misinformed Movement" from MIT press, former co-chair of the March for Science, and a renal physiologist, AMA!

AskScience AMA Series: I am Jonathan Berman, author of the forthcoming "Antivaxxers: How To Challenge A Misinformed Movement" from MIT press, former co-chair of the March for Science, and a renal physiologist, AMA!


AskScience AMA Series: I am Jonathan Berman, author of the forthcoming "Antivaxxers: How To Challenge A Misinformed Movement" from MIT press, former co-chair of the March for Science, and a renal physiologist, AMA!

Posted: 13 Jul 2020 04:01 AM PDT

My name is Jonathan Berman and my book Antivaxxers: How to Challenge a Misinformed Movement is due out on September 8th. It is about the anti-vaccine movement and its historical antecedents, as well as what makes anti-vaxxers tick.

I hosted the unveiling of the world's largest periodic table of the elements. I've worked as a rickshaw driver, wing cook, and assistant professor. At various points I've been a stand up comic, carpet remover, and radio host, but mostly a scientist.

Verification on twitter. Ask me anything!

Out guest will be joining us at 12 ET (16 UT). Username: bermanAMA2020

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Are we born with the cells of the adaptive immune system?

Posted: 13 Jul 2020 05:35 AM PDT

I'm learning about the immune system. Most sources say that the innate immune system protects us from the moment we are born. Those same sources say that the adaptive immune system must develop over time -- learn to recognize pathogens and produce antibodies against them.

But my understanding is that we are born with all the cells of the adaptive immune system, but they are naive (they've never seen a pathogen), so while they are circulating in our bodies and tissues from birth, these cells still need be exposed to unique pathogens so that they can mount a specific defense against them.

Do I have that right? Are the cells of the adaptive immune system present in our bodies from birth, but they are a just naive? More specifically, are we born with millions of B cells, each with a membrane-bound antibody that only become activated when they encounter and bind to their cognate antigens?

(Edit: clarity of question and typos)

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How can it use less energy to fling something out of the solar system, rather than dumping it into the sun?

Posted: 13 Jul 2020 04:11 AM PDT

Wouldn't you just have to point it at the sun and let gravity do the work?

https://imgur.com/a/09uUc3D

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How moving parts are lubricated in curiosity rover on Mars over these years? If not what technology is used to ensure longer life?

Posted: 12 Jul 2020 08:52 AM PDT

Can people in the Southern Hemisphere see the Milky Way?

Posted: 12 Jul 2020 07:32 PM PDT

If photons don't have mass, why does it have momentum?

Posted: 13 Jul 2020 03:00 AM PDT

Since momentum is p=mv

submitted by /u/cadagricomiguel
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Delta-V to Earth-Moon L2 greater than Earth-Moon L1, why? Delta-Vs for travel to L3, L4, and L5?

Posted: 12 Jul 2020 02:56 PM PDT

Hi askscience!

I was looking at this lovely Delta-V figure put together b /u/CuriousMetaphor:

https://external-preview.redd.it/47Z8OHKj-8BImmr3bDRgrnponXxglbBbLvz0dy_3SV8.png?auto=webp&s=8f4f3021734794c6b841311f248c98b575494568

If you look at the Earth-Moon System conveyed in the top-center of the figure, you will notice that the Delta-V from Earth-Moon Transfer to L2 is 0.35, while the transfer to L1 is 0.58.

This seems counter-intuitive to me, since L1 is in between the earth and the moon, while L2 is on the opposite side of the moon. Why would it be a "cheaper" delta-v budget to go to L2 rather than L1?

What would be the relative delta-v values for travel to the L3, L4, and L5 points?

Thanks for the information! I look forward to hearing from you soon!

For curious folks who aren't familiar with Lagrange Points, here is the wikipedia article to explain them and show you their space-ial (ha) locations.

Thanks again everyone!

submitted by /u/NGSensibleSolutions
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Is there enough data to indicate COVID-19 transmission rates among children?

Posted: 12 Jul 2020 05:01 PM PDT

Some of the evidence supporting low transmission rates among children seem to refer to individual cases, such as a child being infected at a school, but not spreading it to other students.

Other studies seem to rely on contact tracing finding that the majority of COVID infections in children are spread adult to child. However, would these findings not be skewed by the fact that children, not currently being in school, are less likely to come into contact with other children who have COVID? In that case, would adults not be the most probable source for a child to contract COVID? The article I am referring to here is COVID-19 Transmission and Children: The Child Is Not to Blame.

All this to ask, is there enough evidence to support low COVID-19 transmission rates among children?

Sorry for my ignorance. It is very possible that I have misinterpreted the article. I am sure there are other articles that would be beneficial for me to read as well. If anyone has information on the topic, I would greatly appreciate the opportunity to learn more.

submitted by /u/eigenludecomposition
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What is the technical term for when a substance is so energetic that it emits light? An example would be fresh lava.

Posted: 13 Jul 2020 01:13 AM PDT

More specifically, what is the term for the glow itself? My google-fu was weak on this one.

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Do dogs socialize differently with other members of their own breed than with others, or is all dog socializing the same regardless of breed?

Posted: 12 Jul 2020 07:15 AM PDT

What changes when you change the intensity of visible light?

Posted: 13 Jul 2020 12:35 AM PDT

I understand that increasing the intensity increases the speed that the photons leave the surface from where the light is emitted, but what property/ies of light do you change to make the light have a higher energy while still maintaining the frequency?

submitted by /u/_Mr_Pool_
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If negative pressure (cosmological constant) expands space, does positive pressure (normal matter) contract it?

Posted: 12 Jul 2020 10:37 AM PDT

I always found this so hard to grasp. The expansion of the universe is always described just as that, an expansion of space, but I have never heard of anyone speaking of normal gravitation as a "contraction" of space.

Is it not the same thing or am I failing to grasp something more basic?

submitted by /u/taracus
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How can biological systems count time? E.g. what triggers the production of hormones to induce puberty?

Posted: 12 Jul 2020 07:05 AM PDT

Certainly the age of puberty in some sense is not highly specific. There can be years of difference for individuals. But most people don't start puberty at say age 6 or age 20. But even in such extreme cases I wonder what was the step from "don't induce it now" to "induce it now".

submitted by /u/Tuuktuu
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Can someone explain to me how the type-5 and type-26 adenovirus vaccines work to fight covid?

Posted: 13 Jul 2020 03:06 AM PDT

We know that in higher altitudes boiling point decreases, we also know that it takes more time to boil at higher altitudes. but wouldn't reaching a lower temperature require lower energy and therefore less time to boil?

Posted: 12 Jul 2020 07:20 PM PDT

How does the cell separate exons from introns, and what enzime does the splicing?

Posted: 12 Jul 2020 08:30 AM PDT

What is the evidence for wearing face masks to lower COVID-19 transmission?

Posted: 12 Jul 2020 07:48 AM PDT

I hear a lot of people saying "oh this is fine because everyone was wearing masks" or "they weren't wearing masks, that's why X happened". I understand the mechanistic evidence for decreased transmission, but is there actual scientific evidence? I worry that masks are being cited as major factor in transmission and I'm just unsure of the evidence, especially distinguishing mask wearing versus other social distancing behaviors

submitted by /u/academicgirl
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How do handheld police radar guns work while the operator is driving?

Posted: 12 Jul 2020 09:13 AM PDT

I'm assuming they need to be synced with sensors on the patrol car and add the relative velocity between the patrol car and the target car to compute the actual speed of the target car?

Also, some guy on Youtube was saying that you could aim a standalone radar gun at the interior of your own car and somehow measure your own speed using the Doppler effect. There's no way you could do this without directly measuring your relative velocity with the road, right?

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How does streaming DRM work? (e.g. Netflix)

Posted: 12 Jul 2020 08:33 AM PDT

I'm wondering how Netflix (and others) protect their content, from an academic standpoint. I understand that the video stream is encrypted (AES, IIUC), but the client must have the key to decrypt it and play the video, and it's not clear to me how this can be done securely. If the OS has access to the key, then it surely can be extracted, right? Even if the code is obfuscated, decrypting AES follows some pretty recognizable CPU instructions, and one could theoretically add breakpoints on these and get the key. How is this prevented in practice? Presumably, I could also capture the HDMI output and keep the video content that way, right?

submitted by /u/drmthrowaway2
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What's the difference between chelation and precipitation?

Posted: 12 Jul 2020 05:24 AM PDT

I've recently learned about chelation, and while going through the definition it seems awfully similar to precipitation (both take solute out of solution). From what I've seen, the difference is mainly in how it's taken out - chelation seems to be something about multiple bonding sites and metals, but it's not super clear to me since precipitation at the core seems to be the same thing, at least in result. Is classification the only difference? Is there some difference in terms of the actual bonds being formed?

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Do spiders use other spiders webs?

Posted: 11 Jul 2020 10:13 PM PDT

What happens to all the spider webs left behind by now deceased spiders? Do new fresh spiders use those webs as highways?

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Do your ears push earwax out naturally? If so how?

Posted: 12 Jul 2020 12:17 AM PDT

Sunday, July 12, 2020

The Human Genome Project cost $2.7 billion. 20 years later, it costs <$1000 to sequence the genome. Was the cost of the project fundamentally necessary for subsequent progress, or could we have "waited" for the technology to become cheaper?

The Human Genome Project cost $2.7 billion. 20 years later, it costs <$1000 to sequence the genome. Was the cost of the project fundamentally necessary for subsequent progress, or could we have "waited" for the technology to become cheaper?


The Human Genome Project cost $2.7 billion. 20 years later, it costs <$1000 to sequence the genome. Was the cost of the project fundamentally necessary for subsequent progress, or could we have "waited" for the technology to become cheaper?

Posted: 12 Jul 2020 04:51 AM PDT

I'm very much a clueless layman, but I'm learning about genetics for the first time. I don't mean this in any sort of combative way–the Human Genome Project had countless benefits that we can't possibly track, and I'd imagine $2.7 billion is a trifle compared to its broader impact.

My question is just narrowly about the way that genome sequencing has dropped rapidly in cost. Was it fundamentally necessary to first use these exorbitantly pricey methods, which provided the foundation for the future research which would make it affordable? Or are the two questions inherently separate: the Human Genome Project gave us a first, initial glimpse at our mapped out genome, and then a decade later separate technological developments would make that same task much cheaper (as is commonly the case in science and technology).

The "could we have waited" in the title is probably misleading–I really don't mean any sort of value judgment (the project sounds enormously important), I purely mean "could" in a narrow hypothetical (not, "would it have been a good idea to wait", which I highly doubt).

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Does a recently administered vaccine increase your immune response overall?

Posted: 11 Jul 2020 12:28 PM PDT

So if I received a vaccine (not an immunoglobulin one) does my immune system become more active for a short time and more likely to destroy any kind of pathogen?

EDIT: I mean a very short term response. I don't suggest developing antibodies. Also, I don't imply any practical application.

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Is there a limit for how fast a solid, liquid, or gas can change temperature?

Posted: 11 Jul 2020 04:54 PM PDT

Will the Sahara ever turn green again?

Posted: 11 Jul 2020 07:30 PM PDT

Thousands of years ago the Sahara was Savannah. And to my understanding due to Earth's tilt shifting the Sahara began to become hotter and turn to desert.

submitted by /u/historicalcylon
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How are tectonic fault lines locations deduced and to what accuracy are they known?

Posted: 11 Jul 2020 02:29 PM PDT

I was looking at maps of the San Andreas fault line and I don't understand what the line on maps represent.

Is it meant to estimate the tectonic plate boundaries and if so what does it mean, is the place where one plate submerges under the other?

What's the process from earthquake data to creating this line?

submitted by /u/imjustaspec
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Is the percentage of precipitation given by meteorologists a probability or coverage area?

Posted: 11 Jul 2020 11:39 AM PDT

I had a coworker not long ago who said she once dated a meteorologist (or meteorology major) who told her that when you see the percentage given in a weather broadcast (ie, 30% rain), that that actually means that 30% of the coverage/broadcast area is getting rain. This runs contrary to everything I've been told wherein it's just a probability of whether or not it'll rain. The only reason I am asking here, and didn't just disregard it instantly, was that the source was (supposedly) trained in the area.

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Does your brain absorb information while asleep?

Posted: 11 Jul 2020 11:15 AM PDT

Does your brain absorb information while asleep

Through listening does your brain feed that information into the subconscious?

Has anyone tried this? Playing a lecture or a podcast but you fall asleep

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Is it possible for gene expression to change during your lifetime?

Posted: 11 Jul 2020 12:12 PM PDT

For context, as a kid I loved asparagus and thought the "makes your piss stink" was an unfounded myth. Then when I was about 23 I started smelling it, and it was awful.

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What annihilates particles when Quantum Fluctuations occur in a Perfect Vacuum?

Posted: 11 Jul 2020 08:09 AM PDT

From what I understand, even in a perfect vacuum, Quantum Fluctuations can still occur. So if a particle was created in a perfect vacuum by Quantum Fluctuation, what annihilates it? From my searches online, as far as I can understand, its antiparticles? But if I remember correctly, when particles and antiparticles annihilate one another, it discharges energy.
So what really is it that annihilates the particles in a perfect vaccum?
...or am I just misunderstanding something about antiparticles or Quantum fluctuation?

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What are the characteristics of a fluid at supersonic speed?

Posted: 11 Jul 2020 05:32 PM PDT

I get how Bernoulli's principle works for subsonic fluid flow, but why once it becomes sonic does it reverse. Like for a rocket engine in throat speed goes up and pressure goes down until it reaches the speed of sound, but then once it goes through the nozzle, the speed keeps going up and pressure keeps going down.

submitted by /u/SkillSaga
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How Eurozone controls the value of Euro given the existance of national central banks with their own policies?

Posted: 11 Jul 2020 03:21 AM PDT

In a country it's monetary policy is determined by its Central bank which changes the amount of currency in circulation and thus modifies and controls the value of its currency. How does this work in european monetary zone (eurozone)? I know there is a central european bank, but there are also national banks in each country. Given that eurozone covers wildly different countries in terms of size and economic situation, how is joint monetary policy determined? How much control does a certain country have? For example if one country would profit from devaluation, can it do anything or did they de facto give up their control over monetary politics?

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