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Sunday, July 5, 2020

Does immunity from a virus get remembered for longer if a recovered person is exposed continually to it?

Does immunity from a virus get remembered for longer if a recovered person is exposed continually to it?


Does immunity from a virus get remembered for longer if a recovered person is exposed continually to it?

Posted: 04 Jul 2020 05:05 PM PDT

I read somewhere else that after recovery, immunity from covid19 lasts around three months. Which is the amount of time our immune system spends resources on creating antibodies specific to that virus.

However, does that take in account if the person is continually exposed to infected people? Is it possible for her/his immune system to get a "memory refresh"? Something like a signal in the body that says "hey, I know you can't remember coronaviruses well but you still need immunity for this"?

submitted by /u/frostwarrior
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Noob Question about virus, Why there is no vaccine for HIV or any sexually transmitted disease?

Posted: 05 Jul 2020 12:54 AM PDT

How do we know that the universe is 14 billion years old?

Posted: 04 Jul 2020 05:52 PM PDT

Edit: So, if we can "look back"(I know I'm drastically oversimplifying) using all of the techniques listed, can we determine WHERE the big bang happened?

submitted by /u/dk_jr
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Are there any viruses/parasites out there that have evolved to benefit their host?

Posted: 05 Jul 2020 12:02 AM PDT

viruses/parasites typically cause harm and even death to their hosts while feeding off them but in doing so they weaken the host to a point where they are not working at full capacity and consequently limit it's own lifespan . I understand that in doing so it hinders the immune system of the host and allows it'self more of a fighting chance to spread throughout the body - but what if the effects of the virus were beneficial instead of harmful in order to allow itself a longer lifespan on a higher-functioning host?

What if a virus boosted muscle growth or acted as a sort of secondary immune system by targeting other parasites/viruses that attempt to infect the host ? I'm not talking full-on superhuman strength or an extra 4 inches where they're needed , just a little extra bump on the stats .

Is there anything out there that does something similar or could evolve to do so?

submitted by /u/Rochester_II
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If the ice caps melt, how much land will still be above the water?

Posted: 04 Jul 2020 10:01 PM PDT

How to find the most common oxidation states of transition elements?

Posted: 05 Jul 2020 03:43 AM PDT

In order to find the conductivity ( p - type or n - type ) in semiconductors such as V2O5 or CuBr i have to know if the oxidation state of the element is maximum or minimum. The d block elements have multiple oxidation states eg: Cr from +2 up to +6 but I should be able to find the most common ones which are +2 (minimum) +3 (maximum). Is there any general rule ?

submitted by /u/knulakethrowawaki
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What’s the difference in the terms, pandemic, plague and outbreak?

Posted: 05 Jul 2020 06:02 AM PDT

Is there COVID-19 statistics controversy ?

Posted: 05 Jul 2020 01:55 AM PDT

Has anyone an explanation how it is possible that COVID-19 cases worldwide are growing daily, but less people die of it ? Is the virus less deadly today then in the beginning or are we better equipped by now ? https://imgur.com/QwbfCww

submitted by /u/oroost
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Are positive cases and positive tests results the same thing?

Posted: 05 Jul 2020 03:41 AM PDT

I see different reporting adjectives regarding positive test results. Right now cnn is reporting 2,795,163 total cases, but my understanding of that number is that those are positive tests. Is it true that people would be tested numerous times once they test positive? It seems that In order to be considered recovered, a patient would have to have a negative test result. This would presume that they may have several positive tests along the way. In short, my question is: are the numbers reported people with the virus or total numbers of positive tests. If it is positive tests, therefore fewer actual people, the death toll would be higher, no?

submitted by /u/lisadee1
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Ongoing health issues after Coronavirus recovery?

Posted: 04 Jul 2020 11:10 PM PDT

It seems so many people have recovered which is great news. Although the government's keep saying it can also be deadly for young healthy people, is this still considered rare?

Does everyone who recovers have some sort of ongoing health issue after they recover from Coronavirus? (Damaged lungs, heart, pancreas etc.). This scares me and I hope that most make a full recovery without ongoing health issues?

submitted by /u/staystrong355
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Does covid-19 really give permanent lung damage?

Posted: 04 Jul 2020 02:24 PM PDT

I know that it can give you pneumonia and pneumonia can leave permanent damage in your lungs. Even though that is serious, calling it permenant is a bit of a scare tactic. Studies show that generally any healthy person's lungs would heal any damage within a year or so.

However I have now seen a few articles (not scientific studies) that seem to imply that covid may leave permanent damage and there is no mention of it being related to pneumonia. Unfortunately with all the propaganda going both ways, I am having trouble sorting the riff from the raff.

Is there any evidence that Covid-19 possibly leaves permanent lung damage that is not from the possible pneumonia?

submitted by /u/realityinhd
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How long do vaccine testing phases last?

Posted: 05 Jul 2020 01:28 AM PDT

I recently read that there are two potential vaccines in the third phase of testing. From my understanding, it's the final phase of testing.

I was just wondering how long does each phase of vaccine testing usually take?

submitted by /u/maqalmulla
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Would a more powerful explosion always have a bigger blast radius?

Posted: 05 Jul 2020 12:28 AM PDT

Just going with regular non-nuclear explosion, would an explosion always have bigger blast radius if its more powerful than the other? Or are there explosives which deal more damage at the point of explosion but don't have as big a blast radius as some other lesser powerful explosion?

submitted by /u/RBT__
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How does the military safely get rid of unexploded bombs?

Posted: 04 Jul 2020 10:19 PM PDT

In movies, they always show the weapons exploding in the air/space or underwater; I don't think that would be good for the environment or marine life, but it's definitely better than something accidentally going off near civilization. Is this an accurate portrayal how bombs are dealt with in real life?

submitted by /u/IndependentPositive8
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Why do people test negative after a few weeks of testing positive for COVID-19?

Posted: 04 Jul 2020 02:07 PM PDT

Sorry if this is a stupid question, but I have HSV-1 and I get seasonal blisters every winter or during times of stress. I will always have it, and the only thing I can do is take care of myself to reduce the frequency of blisters. That being said, I don't know if during dormancy I would test negative for HSV-1. The bare bones that I know about a virus is that it's not likely to go away, it doesn't cycle out like bacterial infections.

So why do COVID-19 patients who survive test negative? Has the virus entered a state of dormancy? Has it cycled out of the host?

submitted by /u/beelzebeaut
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When you look farther in the distance, does the universe look closer together?

Posted: 04 Jul 2020 07:51 AM PDT

How would observing 2 light sources 13 billion light years away work?

submitted by /u/Batgate
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Saturday, July 4, 2020

Influenza vaccines are updated every year. How often are other vaccines updated?

Influenza vaccines are updated every year. How often are other vaccines updated?


Influenza vaccines are updated every year. How often are other vaccines updated?

Posted: 04 Jul 2020 05:19 AM PDT

The influenza vaccine is different from year to year, to match the predicted circulating strains. Is that unique to influenza or are any other vaccines updated in a similar way? For example if I get a tetanus booster this year, is the toxoid different than the one in the booster shot I had ten years ago?

If vaccines do get updated, how often does it happen? If not, how high is the risk that a pathogen will mutate to evade the acquired immunity?

submitted by /u/auraseer
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After a couple months of the pandemic, can we know which epidemiological models have performed 'well'?

Posted: 03 Jul 2020 04:11 PM PDT

Fivethirtyeight currently aggregates 15(!) different COVID models for the U.S., which often give pretty different projections. I understand that just judging the numbers is mostly pointless due to sudden changes in lockdowns and societal behaviors and tweaks to the models themselves, but at this point can we conclude anything about the quality of different models?

submitted by /u/xenneract
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Are HIV patients high risk for COVID19? Or do antiretrovirals have a protective effect?

Posted: 04 Jul 2020 10:36 AM PDT

Why are cloth masks seen as effective considering most cloth masks have micrometer size porosity and viral particles are nanometer in size?

Posted: 04 Jul 2020 12:14 AM PDT

Are hypothermal vents present on the bottom of rivers?

Posted: 04 Jul 2020 10:09 AM PDT

I know hypothermal vents are located on seafloors in volcanically active areas, but is it possible for them to be located on the bottom of rivers?

submitted by /u/iicuriosityii
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Does a shallow continental shelf reduce the power of a tsunami?

Posted: 04 Jul 2020 01:47 AM PDT

I kind of know how tsunamis work, but I'm curious if a wide and shallow continental shelf would have a noticeable impact on the size/strength of a tsunami. From what I understand, a tsunami can travel so far because there's much less resistance in the deep sea, and that when it hits the shelf it starts to rise and slow down, so would a tsunami lose a noticeable amount of energy if it had to travel in shallow waters for a while before hitting a coast?

submitted by /u/Cherry_Winter
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What is the evolutionary or biological benefit of the oesophagus and trachea being right next to each other?

Posted: 04 Jul 2020 12:44 PM PDT

It seems, structurally speaking, that putting a water pipe next to a wind pipe is just asking for disaster - suck water or food down the wrong tube, and you could die. Why are both of these pipes right next to each other? Is there a benefit?

submitted by /u/kuuzo
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According to Maxwell's theory of Electromagnetism, visible light is a combination of fluctuating Electric and Magnetic fields. So why don't we see a compass needle being deflected in the presence of, say, a light bulb?

Posted: 03 Jul 2020 10:43 PM PDT

What is the most difficult part in creating a vaccine for this pandemic at the moment?

Posted: 04 Jul 2020 10:29 AM PDT

How did the Ice Age support huge animals such as Mammoths and other giant versions of today's animals?

Posted: 04 Jul 2020 07:57 AM PDT

The cold would likely hinder plant growth and thus limit food resources available to herbivore species, which carnivores also need to survive.

How were such animals anle to live in that time?

submitted by /u/QuitBSing
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Is particle decay instantaneous?

Posted: 03 Jul 2020 11:21 PM PDT

When a particle decays (say the beta decay of a free neutron) into one or more other particles (and/or energy) does that processes happen instantaneously or is some amount of time required for the process to complete?

Relatedly, if it is not instantaneous is there any metaphor for what is going on that makes sense?

If it is instantaneous are particles vanishing exactly at the moment that other particles instantiate?

Beyond just an answer, can you point me to resources for further reading?

Thank you.

submitted by /u/Revolutionary_Ad_788
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Is there an estimate for number of infections required for the COVID19 virus to mutate enough to start infecting people with immunity again?

Posted: 03 Jul 2020 11:57 AM PDT

From what I understand, if the virus multiplies/mutates long enough - it will eventually become a "different" virus from the perspective of immune system. For flu - this happens pretty much every year. I know that covid is less flexible than flu, so the chance of this happening is much much lower.

Still, has anyone done any research on how many infections would the virus need to reach to have a large enough chance of causing a new wave of infections? Is this even possible to estimate?

submitted by /u/amakai
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What makes SARS-CoV-2 so contagious apart from long incubation period?

Posted: 04 Jul 2020 04:25 AM PDT

Are there any physical properties that make the virus different and more contagious than other Coronavirus es? Or is it just long incubation period and not much else?

submitted by /u/LokiBalboa
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Could a purely analog video signal hold enough data to transmit a 1080 high res video?

Posted: 03 Jul 2020 03:09 PM PDT

I've been watching a bunch of videos on how old tv works and it got me wondering. If we hadn't developed digital signals, could analog signals be pushed to HD levels or is there a physical limit?

Also, wasn't sure if this fit the physics flair, sorry ahead of time.

submitted by /u/boodelwoodel
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When did birds begin to sing?

Posted: 03 Jul 2020 08:38 AM PDT

I know archaeopteryx was the first bird, but did it sing? What is the first birdsong?

submitted by /u/RisingWaterline
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Why are toilets designed to swirl around as they flush?

Posted: 04 Jul 2020 02:09 AM PDT

Why don't they just flush directly down into the center of the bowl?

submitted by /u/QuasarMaster
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With regard to muscular atrophy due to physical inactivity, how does the body select the specific muscle cells to cannibalize?

Posted: 03 Jul 2020 09:23 AM PDT

  • Is it random?
  • Does it select damaged cells?
  • Does it select muscle cells that are rarely utilized?
  • Does it select muscle cells in an area of abundance (large muscle groups)?
submitted by /u/kevshp
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Is the problem with current global warming only that it's happening too fast or that it is happening, regardless of it's speed?

Posted: 03 Jul 2020 04:18 PM PDT

Given that we have experienced large climate variations (ice ages followed by warm periods) over the past millennia, even if we didn't contribute to climate change we would eventually have an earth that is warm enough to cause many problems for us. Is the problem with current global warming only that it happening so fast such that we cannot adjust like we might be able to if it was just natural global warming? or would we not even have global warming during this current period (lets say past 1000 years to next 1000 years) if we didn't put so many greenhouse gases in the atmosphere?

submitted by /u/_honestquestions_
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why doesnt the ISS melt in the thermosphere?

Posted: 03 Jul 2020 03:16 PM PDT

i know there is an answer im just wondering why it doesnt melt in the thermosphere.

submitted by /u/SavageTruths74
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Would it be theoretically possible to eradicate the flu?

Posted: 03 Jul 2020 11:12 AM PDT

I'm aware it mutates a lot and we get new vaccines each year for it.

But if humanity as a whole really tried - if all existing infrastructure was somehow used, could we develop a vaccine or vaccines fast enough, and let's just say this all got funded and that distribution was worked out and every single person in the world who was medically able to be vaccinated actually was - could we eradicate the flu like we did smallpox? And let's say all people also, for the duration, did whatever they could to prevent the spread of it while this world wide vaccination was happening.

Obviously Covid is inspiring this question, as it's just a thing we all have to deal with now, year after year.

submitted by /u/Yggdris
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Friday, July 3, 2020

AskScience AMA Series: I'm Samantha Vanderslott. I research all things about vaccines and society - public attitudes/views/beliefs, developing new vaccines, government policies, and misinformation. Ask me anything!

AskScience AMA Series: I'm Samantha Vanderslott. I research all things about vaccines and society - public attitudes/views/beliefs, developing new vaccines, government policies, and misinformation. Ask me anything!


AskScience AMA Series: I'm Samantha Vanderslott. I research all things about vaccines and society - public attitudes/views/beliefs, developing new vaccines, government policies, and misinformation. Ask me anything!

Posted: 03 Jul 2020 04:00 AM PDT

I am a researcher at the Oxford Martin School and Oxford Vaccine Group at the University of Oxford working on health, society, and policy topics www.samanthavanderslott.com. I draw on perspectives from sociology, history, global public health, and science and technology studies (STS). I am passionate about public engagement and science communication. I have spoken on radio/TV, written media articles and am currently curating a physical and digital exhibition about the past and present of typhoid fever: www.typhoidland.org. I tweet with @SJVanders and @typhoidland.

I will be on in the evening (CET; afternoon ET), ask me anything!

Username: sjvanders

submitted by /u/AskScienceModerator
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What would happen to hitchhiking ants?

Posted: 02 Jul 2020 09:35 PM PDT

What would happen to ants who goes up to a car and leaves someplace else? Would they die or would they join another colony?

submitted by /u/Earendil___
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Why does an ion engine ionise the fuel?

Posted: 03 Jul 2020 03:36 AM PDT

I know what it does but if you don't ionise it you can save a lot of power, right?

submitted by /u/loveforkerbals
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Can raccoons contract tetanus?

Posted: 02 Jul 2020 09:07 PM PDT

I work with wildlife, and I am aware that after being bitten or scratched by a raccoon a tetanus shot is recommended. I recently came across a raccoon that was stiff as a board but obviously still mentally present. I was thinking it may have had paralytic rabies, but also wondering about tetanus. Google could not give me even one resource that answers this question.

submitted by /u/a_haden_
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Why do bees fly inside the gaps between the decoration on the exterior wall of a building and the wall?

Posted: 02 Jul 2020 09:23 PM PDT

My house has block-like plastic decorations around the windows on the exterior wall. And there are gaps between those decorations and the bricks of the building.

During the summer, there are always bees looking for those gaps so they could fly into them while I rarely caught them flying out. I wonder why do they do that? What do they do inside? Is there anything I should do about this situation?

I guess that maybe they want to stay in a cooler place since it's quite hot outside? However, it's also worth noting that they seem to be interested in only one particular side of one particular window since I have never seen this happening to other windows of my house.

Thank you in advance for anyone trying to help!!!!

submitted by /u/jennagjr
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Why is the black hole photo so big?

Posted: 02 Jul 2020 10:55 PM PDT

I know this is old news but i never understood why they need petabytes of data for a blurry picture of what i can only imagine to be the aura around the black hole. Whats the deal with this thing?

submitted by /u/tototeto
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Can the amount of SARS-CoV-2 in the air be tested?

Posted: 03 Jul 2020 07:41 AM PDT

I am so tired of the maskers vs. anti-maskers and how the issue has become politicized. So many people say masks don't work and to require them is asinine. The CDC currently recommends wearing them but then people point to studies like this oneon the CDC website to say that masks are ineffective.

Is there a way to put someone with COVID-19 in a sterile room wearing a mask and then move that same person into an identical sterile room without a mask on to test how much the viral load in the air is in both situations?

If so could thing be done with surfaces in the room such as counters?

I was intrigued by Dr. Rich Davis's experiment with the agar plates but know that only showed bacteria and would like something that specifically shows that masks help with the small SARS-CoV-2 particles.

submitted by /u/onetimelurk3r3
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Are kilograms relative to Earth's gravitation? Would scales work on other planets?

Posted: 03 Jul 2020 06:17 AM PDT

Is kilogram defined relative to Earth's gravity? Would a ~60kg object only weight ~10kg on the moon or ~20kg on Mars?

If we took scales from Earth to Mars, would it still reliably measure the weight of a person (or object) in kilogram, or does it rely on Earth's gravitation? Is it even possible to make scales that work interplanetary?

submitted by /u/Linnun
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Are we related to all other life or did some of it pop up independently?

Posted: 02 Jul 2020 06:55 PM PDT

I'm pretty sure I'm related to all other humans if you go far back enough, but if we went back further am I related to every duck? And even further, am I related to every oak tree?

submitted by /u/The_smell_of_shite
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Why do black holes spiral into each other and get picked up by LIGO, instead of just orbiting each other like everything else in the universe?

Posted: 02 Jul 2020 06:27 PM PDT

How do people find out the maximum load of bridges?

Posted: 02 Jul 2020 06:59 PM PDT

Does water have different boiling points depending on height?

Posted: 02 Jul 2020 11:07 PM PDT

I know there are some factors that contribute to this, like purity of water. E.g: throwing salt into water so it boils later due to the ions of the salt restricting the movement on the molecules and therefore impeding it to boil by 1 °C. Also pressure. But only considering the atmospheric pressure and impliying the water is completely pure, what would be some boiling points at heights way above or below sea level? The height you choose.

submitted by /u/M-I-G-A-T-T-E
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Can a vaccine against a pathogen provide immunity if the disease created by the pathogen doesn't provide it?

Posted: 02 Jul 2020 04:42 PM PDT

If a disease cannot provide immunity, can a vaccine against the pathogen creating this disease provide it and, if yes, how?

submitted by /u/GJJP
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How do vaccines against Bacteria work? Such is the case with the Diptheria vaccine.

Posted: 02 Jul 2020 06:42 PM PDT

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diphtheria_vaccine

Don't vaccines only work against viruses?

submitted by /u/cheese_wizard
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How are stars and planets named? And why are only the planets in our solar system named after more “simple” things like gods and goddesses?

Posted: 02 Jul 2020 04:37 PM PDT

Are there illnesses for which bloodletting actually improves a person's condition?

Posted: 02 Jul 2020 11:33 AM PDT

In the modern practice of medicine, are there genuine applications in which bloodletting is still regarded an effective treatment or even the most effective method of treatment?

submitted by /u/8hu5rust
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Will ice fail to melt if there's no room for the water to expand?

Posted: 02 Jul 2020 06:29 AM PDT

Let's say I fill a metal water bottle half way with ice and the other half with water. If I leave it alone sitting on my kitchen counter at room temperature, will the ice melt or will it remain solid because there's no more space for the water to go?

submitted by /u/leftwing_rightist
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Could a pandemic originate in the US? Why always China?

Posted: 02 Jul 2020 09:30 PM PDT

NY and LA are very densely populated, why don't we see more pandemics starting in the US? Why do so many pandemics originate in Asia?

submitted by /u/manchaca_manzanita
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