AskScience AMA Series: I'm Samantha Vanderslott. I research all things about vaccines and society - public attitudes/views/beliefs, developing new vaccines, government policies, and misinformation. Ask me anything!

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• AskScience AMA Series: I'm Samantha Vanderslott. I research all things about vaccines and society - public attitudes/views/beliefs, developing new vaccines, government policies, and misinformation. Ask me anything!
• What would happen to hitchhiking ants?
• Why does an ion engine ionise the fuel?
• Can raccoons contract tetanus?
• Why do bees fly inside the gaps between the decoration on the exterior wall of a building and the wall?
• Why is the black hole photo so big?
• Can the amount of SARS-CoV-2 in the air be tested?
• Are kilograms relative to Earth's gravitation? Would scales work on other planets?
• Are we related to all other life or did some of it pop up independently?
• Why do black holes spiral into each other and get picked up by LIGO, instead of just orbiting each other like everything else in the universe?
• How do people find out the maximum load of bridges?
• Does water have different boiling points depending on height?
• Can a vaccine against a pathogen provide immunity if the disease created by the pathogen doesn't provide it?
• How do vaccines against Bacteria work? Such is the case with the Diptheria vaccine.
• How are stars and planets named? And why are only the planets in our solar system named after more “simple” things like gods and goddesses?
• Are there illnesses for which bloodletting actually improves a person's condition?
• Will ice fail to melt if there's no room for the water to expand?
• Could a pandemic originate in the US? Why always China?

AskScience AMA Series: I'm Samantha Vanderslott. I research all things about vaccines and society - public attitudes/views/beliefs, developing new vaccines, government policies, and misinformation. Ask me anything! Posted: 03 Jul 2020 04:00 AM PDT I am a researcher at the Oxford Martin School and Oxford Vaccine Group at the University of Oxford working on health, society, and policy topics www.samanthavanderslott.com. I draw on perspectives from sociology, history, global public health, and science and technology studies (STS). I am passionate about public engagement and science communication. I have spoken on radio/TV, written media articles and am currently curating a physical and digital exhibition about the past and present of typhoid fever: www.typhoidland.org. I tweet with @SJVanders and @typhoidland. I will be on in the evening (CET; afternoon ET), ask me anything! Username: sjvanders submitted by /u/AskScienceModerator [link] [comments]

What would happen to hitchhiking ants? Posted: 02 Jul 2020 09:35 PM PDT What would happen to ants who goes up to a car and leaves someplace else? Would they die or would they join another colony? submitted by /u/Earendil___ [link] [comments]

Why does an ion engine ionise the fuel? Posted: 03 Jul 2020 03:36 AM PDT I know what it does but if you don't ionise it you can save a lot of power, right? submitted by /u/loveforkerbals [link] [comments]

Can raccoons contract tetanus? Posted: 02 Jul 2020 09:07 PM PDT I work with wildlife, and I am aware that after being bitten or scratched by a raccoon a tetanus shot is recommended. I recently came across a raccoon that was stiff as a board but obviously still mentally present. I was thinking it may have had paralytic rabies, but also wondering about tetanus. Google could not give me even one resource that answers this question. submitted by /u/a_haden_ [link] [comments]

Why do bees fly inside the gaps between the decoration on the exterior wall of a building and the wall? Posted: 02 Jul 2020 09:23 PM PDT My house has block-like plastic decorations around the windows on the exterior wall. And there are gaps between those decorations and the bricks of the building. During the summer, there are always bees looking for those gaps so they could fly into them while I rarely caught them flying out. I wonder why do they do that? What do they do inside? Is there anything I should do about this situation? I guess that maybe they want to stay in a cooler place since it's quite hot outside? However, it's also worth noting that they seem to be interested in only one particular side of one particular window since I have never seen this happening to other windows of my house. Thank you in advance for anyone trying to help!!!! submitted by /u/jennagjr [link] [comments]

Why is the black hole photo so big? Posted: 02 Jul 2020 10:55 PM PDT I know this is old news but i never understood why they need petabytes of data for a blurry picture of what i can only imagine to be the aura around the black hole. Whats the deal with this thing? submitted by /u/tototeto [link] [comments]

Can the amount of SARS-CoV-2 in the air be tested? Posted: 03 Jul 2020 07:41 AM PDT I am so tired of the maskers vs. anti-maskers and how the issue has become politicized. So many people say masks don't work and to require them is asinine. The CDC currently recommends wearing them but then people point to studies like this oneon the CDC website to say that masks are ineffective. Is there a way to put someone with COVID-19 in a sterile room wearing a mask and then move that same person into an identical sterile room without a mask on to test how much the viral load in the air is in both situations? If so could thing be done with surfaces in the room such as counters? I was intrigued by Dr. Rich Davis's experiment with the agar plates but know that only showed bacteria and would like something that specifically shows that masks help with the small SARS-CoV-2 particles. submitted by /u/onetimelurk3r3 [link] [comments]

Are kilograms relative to Earth's gravitation? Would scales work on other planets? Posted: 03 Jul 2020 06:17 AM PDT Is kilogram defined relative to Earth's gravity? Would a ~60kg object only weight ~10kg on the moon or ~20kg on Mars? If we took scales from Earth to Mars, would it still reliably measure the weight of a person (or object) in kilogram, or does it rely on Earth's gravitation? Is it even possible to make scales that work interplanetary? submitted by /u/Linnun [link] [comments]

Are we related to all other life or did some of it pop up independently? Posted: 02 Jul 2020 06:55 PM PDT I'm pretty sure I'm related to all other humans if you go far back enough, but if we went back further am I related to every duck? And even further, am I related to every oak tree? submitted by /u/The_smell_of_shite [link] [comments]

Why do black holes spiral into each other and get picked up by LIGO, instead of just orbiting each other like everything else in the universe? Posted: 02 Jul 2020 06:27 PM PDT submitted by /u/Kinesquared [link] [comments]

How do people find out the maximum load of bridges? Posted: 02 Jul 2020 06:59 PM PDT submitted by /u/Rikako_Asakura [link] [comments]

Does water have different boiling points depending on height? Posted: 02 Jul 2020 11:07 PM PDT I know there are some factors that contribute to this, like purity of water. E.g: throwing salt into water so it boils later due to the ions of the salt restricting the movement on the molecules and therefore impeding it to boil by 1 °C. Also pressure. But only considering the atmospheric pressure and impliying the water is completely pure, what would be some boiling points at heights way above or below sea level? The height you choose. submitted by /u/M-I-G-A-T-T-E [link] [comments]

Can a vaccine against a pathogen provide immunity if the disease created by the pathogen doesn't provide it? Posted: 02 Jul 2020 04:42 PM PDT If a disease cannot provide immunity, can a vaccine against the pathogen creating this disease provide it and, if yes, how? submitted by /u/GJJP [link] [comments]

How do vaccines against Bacteria work? Such is the case with the Diptheria vaccine. Posted: 02 Jul 2020 06:42 PM PDT https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diphtheria_vaccine Don't vaccines only work against viruses? submitted by /u/cheese_wizard [link] [comments]

How are stars and planets named? And why are only the planets in our solar system named after more “simple” things like gods and goddesses? Posted: 02 Jul 2020 04:37 PM PDT submitted by /u/whyhasthisnametaken [link] [comments]

Are there illnesses for which bloodletting actually improves a person's condition? Posted: 02 Jul 2020 11:33 AM PDT In the modern practice of medicine, are there genuine applications in which bloodletting is still regarded an effective treatment or even the most effective method of treatment? submitted by /u/8hu5rust [link] [comments]

Will ice fail to melt if there's no room for the water to expand? Posted: 02 Jul 2020 06:29 AM PDT Let's say I fill a metal water bottle half way with ice and the other half with water. If I leave it alone sitting on my kitchen counter at room temperature, will the ice melt or will it remain solid because there's no more space for the water to go? submitted by /u/leftwing_rightist [link] [comments]

Could a pandemic originate in the US? Why always China? Posted: 02 Jul 2020 09:30 PM PDT NY and LA are very densely populated, why don't we see more pandemics starting in the US? Why do so many pandemics originate in Asia? submitted by /u/manchaca_manzanita [link] [comments]

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Regarding COVID-19 testing, if the virus is transmissible by breathing or coughing, why can’t the tests be performed by coughing into a bag or something instead of the “brain-tickling” swab?

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• Regarding COVID-19 testing, if the virus is transmissible by breathing or coughing, why can’t the tests be performed by coughing into a bag or something instead of the “brain-tickling” swab?
• What are the possible consequences to a baby's immune system who was born into quarantine?
• NASA is sending a mini helicopter to Mars. How are they certain a propeller will generate lift in that atmosphere?
• When scientists say that the brain isn’t fully developed until you reach 25, what does that entail?
• How do ice core researchers keep their samples from subliming?
• Is the air velocity for blower systems in series additive?
• Given a constant rate of fluid discharge through a fixed diameter pipe against a consistent point on a fixed flat surface, is it possible to roughly calculate the rate of erosion at that specific point given that consistent rate of discharge?
• Does the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle describe a literal or figurative effect?
• How do black holes have stronger gravity than the stars they are born from?
• Variable ND Photographic Filters: with wide angle lenses, they cast a cross pattern. Why does this happen?
• What the difference between beta-coronavirus and covid 19? If reports say beta coronavirus rna is detected, is it means new virus covid-19 is detected?
• What is the energy source for a virus?
• Whenever a vaccine is approved, what's stopping us from manufacturing it in multiple places at the same time?
• Is spring fatigue a real thing?
• How will SARS-Cov-2 adapt next given the D614G mutation? Also what is the main benefit of the G mutation, does it specifically relate to the Spike proteins’ binding ability with the ACE2 site?
• Can whales, dolphins, and other marine mammals smell underwater?
• Has there ever been an instance of a vaccine being released and then stopped being used because it had harmful effects that were later discovered?
• How do we know the temperature of earth back when we didn’t record it l?
• Is it possible for humans to obtain immunity against coronaviruses after a long evolutionary processes?
• Would it be theoretically possible to become infected with SARS-Cov-2 and Influenza at the same time?
• Why is tests per million an acceptable way to gauge how well a country is doing its testing?

Regarding COVID-19 testing, if the virus is transmissible by breathing or coughing, why can’t the tests be performed by coughing into a bag or something instead of the “brain-tickling” swab? Posted: 02 Jul 2020 05:34 AM PDT submitted by /u/Ric_ooooo [link] [comments]

What are the possible consequences to a baby's immune system who was born into quarantine? Posted: 02 Jul 2020 04:42 AM PDT Let's say that the baby was born at the hospital, went home the same day and has had contact only with their parents since then. Is it possible (or probable) that this baby will have a compromised immune system compared to babies who go out and see other people if they stay in quarantine for, say, 6 months? One year? submitted by /u/table_tennis [link] [comments]

NASA is sending a mini helicopter to Mars. How are they certain a propeller will generate lift in that atmosphere? Posted: 02 Jul 2020 05:43 AM PDT submitted by /u/veggiepilot [link] [comments]

When scientists say that the brain isn’t fully developed until you reach 25, what does that entail? Posted: 02 Jul 2020 04:37 AM PDT To add to the title, how could for example a 20 y/os brain differ from a 25 y/o submitted by /u/Zzenux [link] [comments]

How do ice core researchers keep their samples from subliming? Posted: 02 Jul 2020 12:29 AM PDT submitted by /u/TheDesertSnowman [link] [comments]

Is the air velocity for blower systems in series additive? Posted: 02 Jul 2020 09:06 AM PDT If I have two fans (blowers) in series that both have positive air flow, will the air velocity always be additive? Say the surrounding room has a flow rate of 20,000 CFM. And I have a fan in that room that can provide 1000 CFM. Assuming the output side of the fan is not exposed to the room. Is the velocity of effluent air of that fan going to always be greater than the room's air velocity? submitted by /u/zlibby1998 [link] [comments]

Given a constant rate of fluid discharge through a fixed diameter pipe against a consistent point on a fixed flat surface, is it possible to roughly calculate the rate of erosion at that specific point given that consistent rate of discharge? Posted: 02 Jul 2020 08:43 AM PDT Hey all, I'm not sure how well I phrased my question in the title, so I will attempt to expand on that a little more down here with a practical explanation: So let us imagine we had a sheet of plywood roughly 2.5cm thick width a density of 600 kg/m3, the other dimensions don't matter such that there is sufficient room for the flow of liquid to hit the surface, eg 30cm x 30cm x 2.5cm. Now let's imagine we had a garden hose width a diameter of 1.6cm, this garden hose outputs a flow of water at a consistent rate of 3.25m/s. Finally let us imagine we live in a perfect world, and I could aim this hose at a fixed point on the sheet of plywood for an infinite amount of time - for the purposes of simplicity this is occurring in a vacuum on earth and the water is hitting the point at a 45º angle (The angle it hit's isn't necessarily relevant to my need of such an equation). I'm wondering if there is a calculation which would give an estimate at the amount of time it will take for that flow of water to erode through that fixed point on the plywood board. I have attempted to Google but all I seem to be able to find is a general equation to find erosion along the length of pipe which the liquid is flowing through - and i'm not sure if this equation would be suitable for my purposes, so any help pointing me in the right direction for a suitable equation would be greatly appreciated, thank you all in advance! submitted by /u/EA317 [link] [comments]

Does the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle describe a literal or figurative effect? Posted: 02 Jul 2020 08:25 AM PDT At the most basic level, the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle is usually described as observing something changes it. Is this literal, as in the instrument you use to observe it bumps it and changes its velocity/location etc? Or is this a more woo woo particle physics effect where something resolves or happens by the simple act of observation? If you blindfold a person next to a pool table, give them a pool cue, and have them locate the balls on the table with the cue (with the balls moving or not), they will locate them by hitting them, but in the act of "observing" (hitting them), their location is then changed. Is this a representative example of the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle? There is a lot of weirdness and woo woo around how people understand what the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle actually is, so a basic and descriptive science answer would be great. submitted by /u/kuuzo [link] [comments]

How do black holes have stronger gravity than the stars they are born from? Posted: 01 Jul 2020 12:35 PM PDT Black holes can stop light from escaping, but the stars that they are created from obviously give off light, so what happens to make that change? submitted by /u/KillerKaiju04 [link] [comments]

Variable ND Photographic Filters: with wide angle lenses, they cast a cross pattern. Why does this happen? Posted: 01 Jul 2020 11:23 PM PDT Hi, so I'm an electrical engineer with an interest in photography and I am wondering why "variable ND filters" cast a cross pattern when they are pushed close to its maximum attenuation setting with a wide angle lens. https://photo.stackexchange.com/questions/34696/why-are-my-results-with-a-variable-neutral-density-filter-poor Here are some sample photos. AFAIK from what I understand variable ND filters are just two linear polarization filters that can be rotated with respect to one another, followed by a quarter wave waveplate to turn it into circular polarization because linearly polarized light might cause issues with camera autofocus systems. I had an initial guess that when light enters obliquely (since it is wide angle), this might cause suboptimal effects like the axial ratio becoming worse. I don't think this is the case because if that were the case we'd see a radius-dependent effect, not a cross pattern. edit: this also happens on a random wall, so it can't be due to Rayleigh scattering causing light to become polarized. Also, I don't have one of these on hand so I can't really do experiments :( Anyways, I'm curious what you guys think about this. I have a decent idea about RF propagation from my education, and I'm very much interested in the hardcore details so please don't hesitate to go all the way. submitted by /u/hatsune_aru [link] [comments]

What the difference between beta-coronavirus and covid 19? If reports say beta coronavirus rna is detected, is it means new virus covid-19 is detected? Posted: 01 Jul 2020 11:59 PM PDT submitted by /u/Dead-Shot1 [link] [comments]

What is the energy source for a virus? Posted: 01 Jul 2020 02:07 PM PDT They are not alive, yet they mutate. Where do they get energy? submitted by /u/xerxes_montalban [link] [comments]

Whenever a vaccine is approved, what's stopping us from manufacturing it in multiple places at the same time? Posted: 01 Jul 2020 05:48 PM PDT So I've been reading about the Oxford vaccine for the Covid-19 and how it could be the first one to get approved. Once (or if) it is approved and proven effective, can the "recipe" be passed around so it can be manufactured by several capable labs at once? Does it actually work that way already? submitted by /u/pepitors [link] [comments]

Is spring fatigue a real thing? Posted: 02 Jul 2020 12:31 AM PDT So I've read a about people saying that common springs get worse if left compressed a long time. As an example, springs in weapons magazines if they are left loaded. Surely a spring (or any metal part) can loose its properties or shape if bent too much, or exposed to high heat, but this surely won't be the case in the example unless you forcefully overload a magazine? I mean, I've never seen a BIC pen with a non working spring, and springs are ubiquitous. The same springs have been in service for decades if not hundreds of years in some applications. Is there any metallurgists(?) here that can shed some light on this? submitted by /u/Mr_mobility [link] [comments]

How will SARS-Cov-2 adapt next given the D614G mutation? Also what is the main benefit of the G mutation, does it specifically relate to the Spike proteins’ binding ability with the ACE2 site? Posted: 01 Jul 2020 08:13 PM PDT submitted by /u/jessehowardb [link] [comments]

Can whales, dolphins, and other marine mammals smell underwater? Posted: 01 Jul 2020 12:23 PM PDT submitted by /u/griningatgrimm [link] [comments]

Has there ever been an instance of a vaccine being released and then stopped being used because it had harmful effects that were later discovered? Posted: 01 Jul 2020 07:50 PM PDT submitted by /u/kaganey [link] [comments]

How do we know the temperature of earth back when we didn’t record it l? Posted: 01 Jul 2020 02:40 PM PDT submitted by /u/Dudedudealot [link] [comments]

Is it possible for humans to obtain immunity against coronaviruses after a long evolutionary processes? Posted: 01 Jul 2020 09:58 PM PDT Bacterias are known for its adaptability to its environment and build resistance against harmful elements. Just like also the cockroaches which obtain immunity from poison, toxic elements, radioactive environment and pesticides, I'm wondering if humans can possess some immunity trait from our genes for thousands of years of evolution. submitted by /u/doomknight012 [link] [comments]

Would it be theoretically possible to become infected with SARS-Cov-2 and Influenza at the same time? Posted: 01 Jul 2020 09:27 AM PDT submitted by /u/Yeahimo [link] [comments]

Why is tests per million an acceptable way to gauge how well a country is doing its testing? Posted: 01 Jul 2020 08:38 PM PDT I've tried to understand this multiple times but it doesn't make sense to me. Can someone explain how this works? submitted by /u/sangytheWinner [link] [comments]

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Are albino animals ever shunned for looking different from the rest of their group?

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• Are albino animals ever shunned for looking different from the rest of their group?
• How did all the salt in the ocean get there?
• Why neuroimaging is not used for mental disorder diagnosis?
• How deadly would the Sars-Cov-2 be if we exclude the cytokine storm and what other serious symptoms appear ?
• Are there non-threatening pandemics?
• How many percent of planets in milky way are terrestrial, gas planets and water worlds (ocean covered planets)?
• Does the new virus found in China really have the potential to become a pandemic on par with the coronavirus?
• Do viruses have any means of exchanging genetic material with one another?
• When did they first discover or speculate space? That we're suspended in an endless void?
• How is it possible for a virus that can pass from animals to humans to not be able to pass between humans?
• If you had swine flu in 2009 how immune would you potentially be to the new G4 swine flu emerging in China?
• Couldn't we teach the immunity system how to deal with different types of cancer cells?
• Did Noah's biblical flood occur? And if so could it have been in the Black Sea?
• What state of matter are clouds?
• How stable are populations of 'memory' (ie CD27+) B- and T-cells during the convalescent phase and thereafter?
• If someone is immune towards the virus, can't they help in research, like what actually did their body produced to fight the virus ?

Are albino animals ever shunned for looking different from the rest of their group? Posted: 01 Jul 2020 06:51 AM PDT This was meant to be concerning wild animals, but it'd also be interesting to know if it happens in captivity as well. submitted by /u/6K6L [link] [comments]

How did all the salt in the ocean get there? Posted: 30 Jun 2020 02:43 PM PDT submitted by /u/benjm22 [link] [comments]

Why neuroimaging is not used for mental disorder diagnosis? Posted: 01 Jul 2020 04:47 AM PDT Why do we still use questionnaires rather than brain imaging to detect mental disorders? Questionnaires seem likely to be affected by biases one has, whereas brain imaging would be more objective measure of the disorder, as I understand. For example in ADHD, as I understand, there are well-documentated differences in the prefrontal cortex, for which diagnosis could be made. I imagine that with neuroimaging we could help people before their life starts to fall apart before they have to come to the realization that something is truly wrong. We could also decrease misdiagnosis. Whenever I have filled a questionnaire, often recent events would create a huge variety in how I would respond to a question. Sometimes I would have extremely positive outlook, sometimes not. Sometimes the question can be interpreted in multiple ways, and then you have to figure which answer to answer. It seems to me that undiagnosed or misdiagnosed mental disorders impact one's life much more than likely costs of the better precision of diagnosis. So why neuroimaging is not the first step in disorder diagnosis? Is it less reliable than I believe it is? Is it expensive, if so, how much more expensive is it? Is it still unproven? submitted by /u/ThatGuyBench [link] [comments]

How deadly would the Sars-Cov-2 be if we exclude the cytokine storm and what other serious symptoms appear ? Posted: 30 Jun 2020 11:09 PM PDT I hope people can understand my question (english is not my native language). I was curious to find out about how the virus would look like if cytokine storms wouldn't happen. How deadly would it be for the elderly ? Are there other causes for tissue damage ? submitted by /u/mehigh95 [link] [comments]

Are there non-threatening pandemics? Posted: 30 Jun 2020 09:55 PM PDT Are there viruses/bacteria/any infections that spread widely through the population without posing concerning or damaging symptoms? submitted by /u/SpasmFingers [link] [comments]

How many percent of planets in milky way are terrestrial, gas planets and water worlds (ocean covered planets)? Posted: 01 Jul 2020 07:23 AM PDT We know how many percent of stars in milky way are yellow dwarfs, red dwarfs and red giants. But do we know many percent of planets in milky way are terrestrial, gas planets and water worlds (ocean covered planets)? submitted by /u/Carljohnson09 [link] [comments]

Does the new virus found in China really have the potential to become a pandemic on par with the coronavirus? Posted: 30 Jun 2020 10:48 AM PDT Recently came across this article: https://www.cnn.com/2020/06/30/asia/china-swine-flu-pandemic-intl-hnk-scli-scn/index.html submitted by /u/thatgirltag [link] [comments]

Do viruses have any means of exchanging genetic material with one another? Posted: 30 Jun 2020 01:00 PM PDT My understanding of viruses is that they do not reproduce sexually or asexually, rather they reproduce parasitically. Through any part of their lifespan can they do something along the lines of infecting another virus or hijacking the same cell where the result is a new virus with traits of both? Or is all viral evolution the result of random mutations making future offspring more or less likely to survive? submitted by /u/MDS_Student [link] [comments]

When did they first discover or speculate space? That we're suspended in an endless void? Posted: 01 Jul 2020 12:18 AM PDT It seems to me to be a pretty big jump from the physical reality a human is presented with on earth to come up with the idea that you're actually on a sphere suspended in a black endless void. Who was the first to do this? What did they think? Did they think space was blue? Did they think stars were small? submitted by /u/FlatCap7 [link] [comments]

How is it possible for a virus that can pass from animals to humans to not be able to pass between humans? Posted: 30 Jun 2020 03:36 PM PDT submitted by /u/ShinHayato [link] [comments]

If you had swine flu in 2009 how immune would you potentially be to the new G4 swine flu emerging in China? Posted: 30 Jun 2020 08:43 PM PDT submitted by /u/itsjustpeachy [link] [comments]

Couldn't we teach the immunity system how to deal with different types of cancer cells? Posted: 30 Jun 2020 09:49 AM PDT My understanding of the immunity system is that it can learn and remember what new and different types of unwanted organism or cells are in the body and as such can deal with them and in the future keep dealing with them, and my understanding of cancer cells is that they manage to hide from the immunity system, so why wouldn't it be possible to take cancer cells and teach a healthy immunity system how to deal with them, similarly as to how AI (machine learning/deep learning) learns with either getting a reward or a punishment, couldn't we use this method of teaching to force the immunity system to learn that there unwanted cells present, basically if the immunity system doesn't do anything it gets punished for not doing anything, but it also gets punished if it attacks non-cancer cells and only gets rewarded for attacking cancer type cells? Edit: Thank you all for your answers. submitted by /u/torkoks [link] [comments]

Did Noah's biblical flood occur? And if so could it have been in the Black Sea? Posted: 01 Jul 2020 04:40 AM PDT I was scrolling threw facebook and suddenly l saw someone talk about the Black Sea and how there was a huge flood a long time ago. Could it be the Noah's flood? I think it can be because one of the first civilizations started around the Balkans! It is such a random topic but l though it was interesting to discuss. submitted by /u/SuccessIsPower [link] [comments]

What state of matter are clouds? Posted: 30 Jun 2020 12:57 PM PDT My senior asked me this because their biology teacher asked them what clouds are. Are they gas, solid, or liquid? submitted by /u/lifelessmomo [link] [comments]

How stable are populations of 'memory' (ie CD27+) B- and T-cells during the convalescent phase and thereafter? Posted: 30 Jun 2020 09:11 AM PDT Media frequently employ fear-mongering to drive page visits, sharing, and ultimately acquire ad revenue. Additionally, public health officials frequently give extremely conservative statements about the scientific understanding of a disease. By this point, a few large studies from multiple groups have identified stable humoral immunity throughout the convalescent period (e.g. 1, 2, as well as several smaller studies) with perhaps one recent smaller study contradicting this using distinct methodology that as far as I know is not commonplace in immunology in the context of measuring humoral immune responses. In these discussions concerns about the presence of 'memory' lymphocytes are raised, and it seems these claims are made on the basis of very small cohorts of recovered SARS patients lacking memory B cells. However, multiple studies have by now identified CD27+ B cells (3, 4, 5) and T-cells(6) in those recovering from SARS-CoV-2 infection. The latter finding is consistent with previous studies on SARS and MERS, although little has been done to investigate memory B cells in MERS and as far as I can tell only one study investigated memory B cells in a small cohort SARS patients, finding none. It seems to me that the current discussions regarding the long-term stability of SARS-CoV-2 immunity is essentially just media and a few bad actor research groups feeding on fear for publicity, as well as public health officials doing what they do and getting the public to drink the Kool-Aid as with the mask effectiveness stuff. Am I wrong to have this impression? Is there precedence for CD27+ B- and T-cells disappearing after the convalescent phase in any other viral infections? References: Wajnberg et al., 2020. Humoral immune response and prolonged PCR positivity in a cohort of 1343 SARS-CoV 2 patients in the New York City region Wang et al., 2020. Neutralizing Antibodies Responses to SARS-CoV-2 in COVID-19 Inpatients and Convalescent Patients Zhang et al., 2020. Protective humoral immunity in SARS-CoV-2 infected pediatric patients Wen et al., 2020. Immune cell profiling of COVID-19 patients in the recovery stage by single-cell sequencing Cao et al., 2020. Potent Neutralizing Antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 Identified by High-Throughput Single-Cell Sequencing of Convalescent Patients' B Cells Oja et al., 2020. Divergent SARS-CoV-2-specific T and B cell responses in severe but not mild COVID-19 submitted by /u/yajitap409 [link] [comments]

If someone is immune towards the virus, can't they help in research, like what actually did their body produced to fight the virus ? Posted: 30 Jun 2020 10:25 AM PDT submitted by /u/Goofykern [link] [comments]

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