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Thursday, June 18, 2020

How do almost extinct species revive without the damaging effects of inbreeding?

How do almost extinct species revive without the damaging effects of inbreeding?


How do almost extinct species revive without the damaging effects of inbreeding?

Posted: 17 Jun 2020 12:40 PM PDT

I've heard a few stories about how some species have been brought back to vibrancy despite the population of the species being very low, sometimes down to the double digits. If the number of remaining animals in a species decreases to these dramatically low numbers, how do scientists prevent the very small remaining gene pool from being damaged by inbreeding when revitalizing the population?

submitted by /u/Bac2Zac
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Crows are all over the world, but where are crows naturally from and what kind of effect did they have as an invasive species?

Posted: 18 Jun 2020 07:44 AM PDT

A short time ago I saw an eagle flying around and I was in awe of it's beauty because it's such a rare sight here, but then a murder of crows started chasing after him and eventually wore him out and got him.

Then I started to wonder how eagles even exist if 6 crowd can so easily take one down, and there are so many crows around.

I think I heard once that ravens are originally from Northern America and that they've been spiritual animals for some Native American cultures, but I could be wrong about that.

So could it be that crows have only been in Europe and Asia for a couple hundreds of years? If so, how devastating was their arrival to the local bird population and other animals?

submitted by /u/DuploJamaal
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How fast does electricity travel via USB?

Posted: 18 Jun 2020 05:38 AM PDT

For example you have a gaming controller connected via wire to a console or PC. How fast is the electricity traveling? Would it still be close to speed of light?

Does changing the wiring in such short cable matter? For example if you switch to fiber.

submitted by /u/MrBlooregardQKazoo
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Why exactly do we ever need to assume the Axiom of Choice, if it doesn't even tell us how to construct the relevant sets? What practical results need this axiom?

Posted: 18 Jun 2020 03:57 AM PDT

How quickly does a person infected with a virus become infectious themselves?

Posted: 17 Jun 2020 03:33 PM PDT

Current times got me thinking... If there were a stadium with 50,000 people in attendance for 2 hours and one of them had a virus and was infectious, presumably that person would infect a number of people around them. But how quickly would those newly infected people become infectious themselves? By the end of the 2 hours, how many of the 50,000 would we expect to be infected?

submitted by /u/koftechameleon
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Is there any way to know what the Earth's rotational speed might have been prior to the collision with Theia that is theorized to have formed the Moon? And is there any chance the Earth ever experienced tidal locking/synchronous rotation with the Sun?

Posted: 17 Jun 2020 03:34 PM PDT

I've seen writing that suggests that the Theia may have significantly increased the speed of the earth's rotation. Is there any chance that the Earth was ever tidally locked to the Sun before that collision? Do models of the collision include an ability to estimate the earth's angular velocity prior to impact?

submitted by /u/gibbous_waning
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Alright here me out, a theoretical balloon that will never pop and just keep stretching, what happens if you fill it with air and take it into space?

Posted: 18 Jun 2020 01:02 AM PDT

Earth’s escape velocity is 11 km/s. What happens if we are slower than that?

Posted: 17 Jun 2020 08:45 PM PDT

Why can't a craft slower than that escape earth's gravity. What happens if we try?

submitted by /u/kashewnut
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How long (in distance) is twilight?

Posted: 17 Jun 2020 11:37 AM PDT

How far from east to west does twilight stretch at any one time? Let's say, at the equator.

Thanks in advance for your answers.

Praxis

submitted by /u/Praxisinsidejob
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Did the nuclear bomb (testing) and the subsequent increase in background radiation levels lead to an increase in cancer?

Posted: 17 Jun 2020 11:36 AM PDT

I found out today that some experiments require low-background steel, i.e. steel forged before the nuclear bomb, as steel forged after this period is contaminated with airborne radionuclides. This led me to wonder whether the increase in background radiation had an appreciable effect on cancer rates in the global population, but I couldn't find any information on this.

submitted by /u/KingOfTheAlpacas
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How does sonar work?

Posted: 17 Jun 2020 03:21 PM PDT

I get that sonar is a device that emits sound waves and then collects their reflection and records the time taken in order to calculate the distance an object is from the source, but how does the device ensure that it will collect the sound wave upon reflection. For example if there was a smooth plane in front of the emitter, only a couple sound waves would return to the emitter upon reflection. Also how does a sonar distinguish one emitted wave from another?

submitted by /u/Shadowmancer1
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When ice is melting on thin water why does it rotate slowly?

Posted: 17 Jun 2020 09:47 AM PDT

Example is here: link

For some reason, it just doesn't sit still while melting, and something causes it to spin ever so slowly.

submitted by /u/oi_peiD
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When was the concept of "zero gravity" in space discovered, and was it immediately related to mass?

Posted: 17 Jun 2020 10:02 AM PDT

Perhaps this is a melding of r/askscience and r/askhistory, but I was curious when the concept of Zero-G, or microgravity, came to be discovered or understood, and whether it was immediately correlated with the presence of mass.

submitted by /u/The--Strike
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How does a polarizing light microscope work?

Posted: 17 Jun 2020 12:01 PM PDT

I understand how the polarization works. I'm more confused on the ordinary/extraordinary waves that are produced after the plane polarized light passes through the material. (Side question: I still can't wrap my head around isotropy/anisotropy if someone could also explain that.) I don't understand how the second polar causes the extra/ordinary waves to create the vibrant colors in PLM or how rotating the stage causes the visible wavelength to cycle. Thank you in advance.

submitted by /u/ngogos77
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Why is random noise incompressible?

Posted: 17 Jun 2020 07:42 AM PDT

I was looking up whether it is possible to have an incompressible sequence. I came across this post in which people are saying that random noise is incompressible: https://stackoverflow.com/questions/9185289/uncompressable-data-sequence

 

However, if I came up with a random sequence of numbers I would be able to encode the data in fewer bits by recognising patterns in the data, say multiple 1s or 0s in a row. My compression algorithm could record this section of data as 'n' number of zeros, instead of writing them all out.

submitted by /u/AchillesFirstStand
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Does severity of infection affect a person’s ability to donate convalescent plasma?

Posted: 17 Jun 2020 10:04 AM PDT

I've just had a serological antibody test performed by my workplace for SARS-COV-2, despite never having shown symptoms for the illness. I had hoped to be able to donate plasma if I came up as positive, however in reading the donation guidelines for convalescent plasma however the criteria specifically state they require the donor to 'have fully recovered from the infection and have a confirmed diagnosis of COVID-19.'

I think I'm mostly getting hung up on the verbiage used but wanted to confirm: Does presence of antibodies in plasma itself act as confirmation that a person has experienced an infection? If so, does the severity of that infection somehow affect the efficacy of donor plasma?

submitted by /u/zytz
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What's the Difference Between Receptors and Transporters?

Posted: 17 Jun 2020 09:51 AM PDT

I've been looking into the mechanism of actions of psychiatric medication and have found they primarily affect neurotransmitter transporters such as DAT, NET, and SERT. I've also found some psychiatric medication affect serotonin receptors like 5-HT1, adrenergic receptors, and dopamine receptors like D2 and D3.

What's the difference between monoamine transporters and receptors? How do some medications only affect receptors and not transporters? What functions do receptors fulfill that transporters do not?

submitted by /u/scr00ge_
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Is there a minimum or maximum limit to the wavelength of gravitational waves? What kind of gravitational interactions could these correspond to?

Posted: 17 Jun 2020 12:41 PM PDT

How do we determine the "handedness" of a race track?

Posted: 17 Jun 2020 06:18 AM PDT

When going out for a bike ride on the roads, it's usually better to pick a clockwise loop to minimize the number of left-hand turns. However, riding my bike on the local F1 track (Circuit Gilles-Villeneuve) got me wondering how we would determine the handedness of a closed loop like a racetrack. Is it about the number of turns? About how long you go in a given direction? I would assume that this is greatly affected if the race track crosses itself too?

submitted by /u/Kerguidou
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After recovery from COVID-19, does repeated exposure continue to build and prolong resistance?

Posted: 17 Jun 2020 10:40 AM PDT

Wednesday, June 17, 2020

Why does a web browser require 4 gigabytes of RAM to run?

Why does a web browser require 4 gigabytes of RAM to run?


Why does a web browser require 4 gigabytes of RAM to run?

Posted: 16 Jun 2020 08:41 PM PDT

Back in the mid 90s when the WWW started, a 16 MB machine was sufficient to run Netscape or Mosaic. Now, it seems that even 2 GB is not enough. What is taking all of that space?

submitted by /u/profdc9
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Ask Anything Wednesday - Economics, Political Science, Linguistics, Anthropology

Posted: 17 Jun 2020 08:08 AM PDT

Welcome to our weekly feature, Ask Anything Wednesday - this week we are focusing on Economics, Political Science, Linguistics, Anthropology

Do you have a question within these topics you weren't sure was worth submitting? Is something a bit too speculative for a typical /r/AskScience post? No question is too big or small for AAW. In this thread you can ask any science-related question! Things like: "What would happen if...", "How will the future...", "If all the rules for 'X' were different...", "Why does my...".

Asking Questions:

Please post your question as a top-level response to this, and our team of panellists will be here to answer and discuss your questions.

The other topic areas will appear in future Ask Anything Wednesdays, so if you have other questions not covered by this weeks theme please either hold on to it until those topics come around, or go and post over in our sister subreddit /r/AskScienceDiscussion , where every day is Ask Anything Wednesday! Off-theme questions in this post will be removed to try and keep the thread a manageable size for both our readers and panellists.

Answering Questions:

Please only answer a posted question if you are an expert in the field. The full guidelines for posting responses in AskScience can be found here. In short, this is a moderated subreddit, and responses which do not meet our quality guidelines will be removed. Remember, peer reviewed sources are always appreciated, and anecdotes are absolutely not appropriate. In general if your answer begins with 'I think', or 'I've heard', then it's not suitable for /r/AskScience.

If you would like to become a member of the AskScience panel, please refer to the information provided here.

Past AskAnythingWednesday posts can be found here.

Ask away!

submitted by /u/AutoModerator
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Why doesn't the Banach-Tarski theorem work in the physical world?

Posted: 17 Jun 2020 12:07 AM PDT

The theorem would have you believe you can violate conservation of mass with an Exacto knife. Why is this untrue, what's different about the physical world that doesn't apply to the Banach-Tarski theorem?

submitted by /u/corgocracy
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How are nerve agents such as Novichok so lethal? How does such a small amount of vapour spread in the body?

Posted: 16 Jun 2020 01:50 PM PDT

In beta decay, how does a neutron turn into a proton, accompanied by an electron and a positron? In addition, why does having extra neutrons make the atom unstable?

Posted: 17 Jun 2020 07:33 AM PDT

I have 2 main problems/questions I'm struggling to understand.

  1. Why is the positron necessary? Why would you need a positron when charges of proton + electron = neutron ? Is it because of the spin, or something that I need to balance out?
  2. Why does the decay happen in the first place? Why is having 2 extra neutrons (in carbon 14) be a such a big deal?

+ Additional Question: What makes the C14 atom go, "Let's change one of our neutron instead of getting rid of 2 neutrons and turning into C12"?

To sum it all up, what's a beta decay?

Thanks in advance!

submitted by /u/-TheRightTree-
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It doesn't mention in the article, but would we have an understanding of what triggers the change in the spike to emerge from under the stealth glycan coating? Would it be opportunistic, with only spikes in proximity to a target cell emerging or a global reaction on the virus surface?

Posted: 17 Jun 2020 06:10 AM PDT

https://phys.org/news/2020-06-sugar-coating-coronavirus-infection.html

It doesn't mention in the article, but would we have an understanding of what triggers the change in the spike to emerge from under the stealth glycan coating? Would it be opportunistic, with only spikes in proximity to a target cell emerging or a global reaction on the virus surface?

"Amaro is a corresponding author of a study published June 12, 2020 on bioRxiv.org—an open-access repository of electronic preprints—that discovered a potential structural role of the shielding glycans that cover the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. "You can see very clearly that from the open conformation, the spike protein has to undergo a large structural change to actually get into the human cell," Amaro said.

But even to make an initial connection, she said that one of the pieces of the spike protein in its receptor binding domain has to lift up. "When that receptor binding domain lifts up into the open conformation, it actually lifts the important bits of the protein up over the glycan shield," Amaro explained."

submitted by /u/Self-Existent_X
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Why does the bone density of astronauts drop when they spend the better part of the year in space? How is the bone density recovered once on earth? I saw Col. Chris Hadfield mention it in an interview.

Posted: 16 Jun 2020 09:05 PM PDT

How is CPU or GPU usage calculated and reported? How does a piece of hardware "know" how much of its maximum processing capacity is being utilized?

Posted: 16 Jun 2020 04:23 PM PDT

Why is it that protons, neutrons, electrons, atoms, and quarks are all depicted as spherical? Are they actually spherical in real life or are they just drawn that way? If they are actually spherical in real life why is that the case?

Posted: 16 Jun 2020 06:54 PM PDT

How accurate are Punnett Squares from high school biology in describing genetics?

Posted: 16 Jun 2020 06:16 PM PDT

Can someone recover from an asymptomatic case of COVID-19?

Posted: 16 Jun 2020 11:04 PM PDT

Could convalescent plasma be used as a vaccine instead of a treatment?

Posted: 16 Jun 2020 09:18 AM PDT

Say I got covid, could I just give my Grandparents (or yours) plasma before they get it? Could they then give plasma to their friends and so on?

submitted by /u/localhelic0pter7
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Why do planetary gears rations not seem to follow the normal rear reduction rules?

Posted: 16 Jun 2020 08:03 PM PDT

No idea if this is the correct sub for this but I figure it cant hurt to ask. I'm pretty good with physics and science IMO and I figured for fun I'd try to teach myself about planetary gearboxes because they're pretty cool and a bit more complicated than regular gears.

So I 3D printed a little gear I made with a 60 tooth ring gear, with a 30 tooth sun gear and two 15 tooth planet gears. When you do the math for this particular gearbox (using equations I found online), it says for one full rotation of the sun gear, the planets should move about 1/3 of the way around the circle, essentially a 3:1 reduction, and this is how it works with the model I printed; but I'm having trouble wrapping my head around where the 3 comes from.

I would think that if I spin the sun gear one full rotation (30 teeth) it would force the planets to also spin a distance of 30 teeth, or half way around the circle. But when you look up close you can see that with one full rotation of the sun gear, 20 teeth mesh between the sun and the planet, getting us the 20/60 or 1/3 rotation that the equations predict. So obviously the math is right and I am just visualizing it wrong. I can see if I instead twist the ring and watch the center gear it will twist twice to the outer gears one turn, which makes sense in my head for the two to one. So really what still doesn't make sense is where the 3 to 1 comes from when you hold the ring gear stationary and drive the sun. Can anyone explain why its not working the way my head seems to think it should work? Or is this there a better sub to ask?

Here are some pictures if necessary

submitted by /u/millerp513
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How do we know the layers of the earth?

Posted: 16 Jun 2020 07:37 PM PDT

How? I know we haven't drilled down to the core. I know we have volcanos so that would tell us that at least the next layer is molten, but how do we know the rest? Also the temperature? How do we know the composition of the different layers?

submitted by /u/Ever-Wandering
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Why do estimations of how much sea level will rise after all the ice melts vary so widely?

Posted: 16 Jun 2020 01:25 PM PDT

Is COVID still considered a respiratory disease?

Posted: 16 Jun 2020 07:26 AM PDT

I read somewhere that COVID is not actually a respiratory disease, but a virus that attacks blood vessels. Also, that when transferred through the air the virus attacks the lungs cause lungs have blood vessels. Not sure about how true this is, I wanted confirmation.

submitted by /u/TurquiseBird
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What happens when a lightning strikes the sea?

Posted: 16 Jun 2020 01:26 AM PDT

Oldest evidence for freshwater life?

Posted: 16 Jun 2020 09:58 AM PDT

I've been trying to get a handle on when life began to move from the oceans to freshwater, as opposed to land, but can't seem to find more than the oldest evidence for a specific type of life in a particular location, for example crayfish in Australia.

It seems to me that the transition to freshwater would have been easier than that to land, and likely earlier, but it may be that fossils are less easily preserved in rivers, lakes and streams. Does anyone know or have any pointers to the evidence for the earliest colonisation of freshwater environments?

submitted by /u/Perspicacia_Tick
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What is the latency of the eye?

Posted: 16 Jun 2020 02:50 AM PDT

When the eye sees an image, how long does it take to reach the brain? It might take longer or shorter for some people to perceive the stimulus (based on the speed of their reflexes), but how long does it take for the information to reach the brain from the eye?

submitted by /u/MetricSystemAdvocate
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If sound travels faster through denser materials and slower through less dense materials, than how come helium, which is less dense than air, makes the voice higher, while sulfur hexaflouride, which is denser than air, makes the voice lower?

Posted: 16 Jun 2020 11:52 AM PDT

What happens with rearranged intestines? Does it change anything afterwards?

Posted: 15 Jun 2020 10:57 PM PDT

After surgeries where they have to move around the intestines/take them out temporarily, are they just shlopped back in? Is there a way to put them back like they were? Would this later affect digestion or anything?

submitted by /u/Tolfvinc
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Tuesday, June 16, 2020

If I donate plasma for covid 19 trial therapy could I reduce my own immunity to the virus or will my immune system just make more antibodies?

If I donate plasma for covid 19 trial therapy could I reduce my own immunity to the virus or will my immune system just make more antibodies?


If I donate plasma for covid 19 trial therapy could I reduce my own immunity to the virus or will my immune system just make more antibodies?

Posted: 16 Jun 2020 02:38 AM PDT

Is the smell of disgusting odor (sewage/manure/human or animal feces) actually damaging to your health? Does disease transmit through smell?

Posted: 15 Jun 2020 07:42 PM PDT

Basically, if I work at a sewage treatment plant, is the smell of human waste actually harming my health, beyond the discomfort?

submitted by /u/10z20Luka
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What do we mean when we say stuff like, "The End-Permian Mass Extinctiom wiped out 96% of all life on earth"?

Posted: 16 Jun 2020 07:01 AM PDT

Digging further into this specific expression as an example I've found that the numbers vary greatly between 96% of "marine species", to 70% of all terrestrial vertebrates. However when we say, "marine species" or, "life" are scientists referring exclusively to macroscopic or even multicellular life, or does this include microscopic life, bacteria, protozoans, etc.?

I have always assumed that this is was scientific communication shorthand. Surely, I figured, not 96% of all living organisms from all branches of the tree of life, could have been wiped out. For starters the archaeological evidence of bacterium must be inadequate to assign a significant mapping of genera (let alone species), and thus deduce a rate of extinction for most microscopic life...

Or am I wrong, and these types of expressions should be taken at face value?

Please help! This has been eating me for almost 2 decades now, and I honestly can't take it any more!

submitted by /u/Mad_Man_Mao
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How are barrier islands formed?

Posted: 15 Jun 2020 09:01 AM PDT

How long would a virus be able to survive in space? Can a virus be “frozen”? Why wouldn’t it freeze in space?

Posted: 15 Jun 2020 07:34 PM PDT

mAbs production: Do hybridomas contain twice the amount of DNA?

Posted: 15 Jun 2020 10:17 PM PDT

In the making of monoclonal antibodies, myeloma cells are merged with spleen cells using PEG. I understand that the cells are 'merged'. Will this mean that the resulting hybridomas have 2 nucleus?

submitted by /u/SnowyArctic
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The Mid-Atlantic ridge ends in the middle of the Arctic ocean. Is this a coincidence of current continental alignments or are there other factors in play related to its polar location?

Posted: 15 Jun 2020 10:44 PM PDT

Why can frequencies be measured more precisely than other physical quantities?

Posted: 15 Jun 2020 06:55 AM PDT

I've been reading about mass spectrometry in a text book. It was described that FT-ICR mass spectrometers deliver the best resolution of any mass spectrometer because frequencies can be measured more precisely than anything else.

Why is that? How much better can it be measured than other things? Are there any quantities that can be only be measured very unprecisely?

Also, can someone recommend literate about this topic? I'm not a physicist and find it hard to search for specific physics related things.

submitted by /u/nalk1710
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Why do we get depressed without even knowing the cause?

Posted: 15 Jun 2020 02:45 AM PDT

So I just got to thinking. With all the amazing things our body can handle on its own, and signal to our brain. Ie. If you hurt yourself, you will be able to tell where it hurts, and you make out the when and where. So how come mental health is so tricky for the body to mediate? How is it some people can go around for a bigger part of their lives feeling depressed without knowing why. Why is it the brain "neglects" why you are feeling bad ?

submitted by /u/ratchetnotclank
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Why do we talk about 4 fundamental forces, when electroweak combines 2 of them?

Posted: 15 Jun 2020 05:30 PM PDT

Conventionally we talk about four fundamental forces: Electromagnetism, Strong and Weak Nuclear and Gravity.

But we've known since the '70s that Electromagnetism and the Weak Nuclear are the same Electroweak Interaction, just at different energy levels.

So should we not say there's 3 fundamental forces?

submitted by /u/pm-me-nudes-2020
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Can ants run, or do they always move at the same speed?

Posted: 15 Jun 2020 06:55 AM PDT

Roughly how long did it take for the solar system to form after the molecular cloud fragment began to collapse?

Posted: 15 Jun 2020 12:27 PM PDT

I understand that the age of the solar system is tied to the oldest solid material it is thought to have formed. But how long was the time between when the molecular cloud fragment of the pre-solar nebula which formed our solar system began to collapse and the formation of this oldest known material from the solar system?

submitted by /u/ssfctid
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Of we were to send mirrors into space in all directions, would we be able to look back in time once the mirrors have travelled far enough?

Posted: 14 Jun 2020 11:47 PM PDT

Metallurgy: When melting metals to produce parts or beams for things, what stops the metal pot/cauldron from getting to melting point and just combining with the melted?

Posted: 15 Jun 2020 06:42 AM PDT

If it is just a metal with a higher melting point, then what about when you want to melt that and make parts out of that?

submitted by /u/ctudirector
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Why does doxycycline (and related antibiotics) cause nausea?

Posted: 15 Jun 2020 09:28 AM PDT

I've attempted to google this, but it's all just lists of side-effects. My question is, what is the specific mechanism that causes the nausea? My best guess is that it kills good bacteria in your stomach, and the stomach interprets this as a disease of some kind, but I'm not sure if that's true.

Thanks!

submitted by /u/qwerty-_-qwerty
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