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Monday, June 15, 2020

We're told flu viruses mutate to multiple new strains every year where we have no existing immunity, why then is it relatively rare to catch the flu multiple times in the same season?

We're told flu viruses mutate to multiple new strains every year where we have no existing immunity, why then is it relatively rare to catch the flu multiple times in the same season?


We're told flu viruses mutate to multiple new strains every year where we have no existing immunity, why then is it relatively rare to catch the flu multiple times in the same season?

Posted: 15 Jun 2020 04:54 AM PDT

How do passive amplifiers work?

Posted: 15 Jun 2020 02:43 AM PDT

Passive amplifiers, like the ones you can get for phones, make the sound louder without power. Similar to the horn on an old gramophone. If the sound is louder doesn't that mean it has more energy? Where does the extra energy come from?

submitted by /u/tebla
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Has the classification of mental disorders ultimately led to more people getting them through the placebo effect?

Posted: 15 Jun 2020 05:05 AM PDT

How do satellites get power at night?

Posted: 14 Jun 2020 02:32 PM PDT

Satellites get plenty of power from the sun during the day, but those in a low earth orbit have to spend half their time in Earth's shadow. How are they powered during this period? They certainly can't afford to bring a ton of Li-ion battery on board. Is it some form of hydrogen fuel cell that recharges by electrolysis? Do they have to enter a "low-power mode" due to limited energy?

submitted by /u/Huge-Coffee
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Did the universe transition from a plasma to a gas when the CMBR was released?

Posted: 15 Jun 2020 06:43 AM PDT

When the universe cooled enough in the very early universe (~ 380,000 years after the big bang) electrons were able to fall into stable orbits around the hydrogen and helium (and trace amounts of lithium) nuclei, allowing radiation to travel freely (the surface of last scattering).

Would it be appropriate to call this a phase shift, analogous to steam (gas) condensing into water (solid), except instead of gas cooling into a solid, it would be the universe transitioning from a plasma state to a gaseous state?

submitted by /u/cellsuicide
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Can the herd immunity threshold for Covid-19 be reduced if everyone wore masks and social distanced (instead of simply slowing the spread)?

Posted: 15 Jun 2020 03:55 AM PDT

Microwave ovens work by exciting water molecules in food. What other substances can be excited by a microwave oven?

Posted: 14 Jun 2020 09:40 AM PDT

What would happen if you got sneezed on by someone with the flu the exact second you were injected with a flu vaccine?

Posted: 14 Jun 2020 03:52 PM PDT

How do we know that COVID-19 doesn't have a dormant phase like HIV-1?

Posted: 14 Jun 2020 10:14 AM PDT

What percentage of the United States is estimated to have had Covid-19?

Posted: 14 Jun 2020 10:23 AM PDT

Why is it difficult to retrieve the source of a compiled program?

Posted: 14 Jun 2020 12:29 AM PDT

Sunday, June 14, 2020

You can’t dig a tunnel trough earth, but can you dig a tunnel trough mars?

You can’t dig a tunnel trough earth, but can you dig a tunnel trough mars?


You can’t dig a tunnel trough earth, but can you dig a tunnel trough mars?

Posted: 14 Jun 2020 02:59 AM PDT

I know mars's core is solid and lost most of its magnetic field after it cooled. But how „cold" is it inside mars? And could you theoretically build a tunnel straight through the core? What would it take to build this tunnel?

Edit: typos. through mars. I'm an idiot!

submitted by /u/LukXD99
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Do vaccines improve your immune system in general?

Posted: 14 Jun 2020 07:30 AM PDT

I saw an article that said that their is evidence that some vaccines can improve the effectiveness of your immune response to all diseases, not just the one vaccinated for. It was specifically referring to an incident in Africa where children who were given the measles vaccine seemed to become less susceptible to disease in general. Is this true?

submitted by /u/MorEkEroSiNE
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Was Pangaea the only land mass at the time and how do we know that?

Posted: 14 Jun 2020 08:11 AM PDT

I guess this question is about how we know what we know about ancient continents. We know some modern above water landmasses were once sea floors so I assume this must have happened in reverse right? Could there have been continents separate from Pangaea that sunk and are too difficult to find/research today or are we on top of that?

submitted by /u/SirChris314
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Has the invention of shoes changed the anatomy of human feet?

Posted: 13 Jun 2020 08:33 AM PDT

How do we distinguish words in a spoken sentence?

Posted: 14 Jun 2020 07:15 AM PDT

When we speak we can produce words in a sentence and even in languages I don't understand I can make out where one word ends and the next begins even though it is just a mix of sounds. How does this work and what is this phenomenon called? Is it taught or is it an intrinsic property of people?

submitted by /u/MrSnugglePants
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How are electric motors separated from water within an electric water pump? Surely the water can travel into the motor between the motor shaft and housing ?

Posted: 14 Jun 2020 05:46 AM PDT

How do food preservatives work at a high pH?

Posted: 14 Jun 2020 05:10 AM PDT

How do some tastes linger for long periods even with the briefest exposure?

Posted: 13 Jun 2020 11:47 PM PDT

I understand things like an oil-based capsaicin hanging around your mouth. But I've had medications where even a split-second touch to your tongue will generate a horrific taste that doesn't go away. No amount of rinsing or scrubbing or even brushing with toothpaste can get rid of it for an extremely long period of time. No other food I've encountered has that kind of staying power. If we could generate good flavors like that and have them sit in our mouths with such brief contact, I think we would find a use for it. Is it merely a stubborn chemical hanging around or is there something going on that makes us think that disgusting medicine is still there long after our exposure to it?

submitted by /u/dukerustfield
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Does Heat Capacity affect the insulating ability of a material?

Posted: 13 Jun 2020 11:16 PM PDT

I've been trying to find a website which answers this and some say yes and some say no. hypothetically, if i have 2 materials with the exact same thermal conductivity but material 1 has a higher heat capacity than the other will that make material 1 a better insulator?

submitted by /u/IzzzyT
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With so much effort being put into 'cleansing' modern day TV shows from the slightest amount of death, violence and sex, are there any studies that show evidence of psychological damage in kids exposed to such concepts?

Posted: 13 Jun 2020 10:59 PM PDT

I understand watching violent shows as a child can be impressionable. We all have seen a child body slam another after watching a wrestling match. But I have never seen this behaviour continue past child hood.

The long standing and agressive movement by TV Networks to completely censor all aspects of shows that hint at the unpleasant reality of life makes it seem as though serious psychological damage can occur if exposed to such things

This article by the AAFP cites video games and TV shows as reasons for school shootings and increase violence in the United States. However it does so without referencing any psychological studies that show evidence of this.

https://www.aafp.org/about/policies/all/violence-media.html

TLDR: Is there actual evidence, obtained by test and psychological studies to back up the aggressive censorship of TV shows and the blames on video games as the cause of the increase in violence

submitted by /u/JS_019
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Why do we still dont have vaccine or medicines for herpeis?

Posted: 14 Jun 2020 02:21 AM PDT

Why don't we have vaccines for fungi?

Posted: 13 Jun 2020 03:19 PM PDT

We have vaccines for viruses and bacteria, but why not for fungal infections, like athlete's foot? The end goal is the same (teach the immune system to fight a certain intruder), so how come the methods can't be the same? e.g. Couldn't we use inactive (don't know if I'm using that word correctly) pieces of fungal dna used as a type of vaccine, in the same way we do to develop vaccines for other viruses and bacteria? Athletes and cooks could then get a shot for athlete's foot, for example.

submitted by /u/Jonnny
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Is a fan’s blade size or spinning speed more important in determining the strength of the gust it produces?

Posted: 13 Jun 2020 09:19 AM PDT

I hope I worded that well.

submitted by /u/KelpyG
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Has the average lifespan for domestic dogs increased just as it has for humans over the past several centuries?

Posted: 13 Jun 2020 06:38 PM PDT

When/how did we learn that the North Pole was an ocean and the South Pole was a continent? Considering they were both covered in ice.

Posted: 13 Jun 2020 02:27 PM PDT

Why do AC current transformers offset by 90 degrees?

Posted: 13 Jun 2020 10:41 AM PDT

More specifically, why is the current on the secondary coil just the derivative of the current on the primary coil?

submitted by /u/Pneumaniac01
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Is it true hummingbirds have the highest encephalization quotient in all species?

Posted: 13 Jun 2020 03:55 PM PDT

I have tried searching the web but no conclusive answer. This is a link where I found some information: http://www.birdminds.com/Hummingbird.php

submitted by /u/kker
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How do moles (“true moles”) navigate?

Posted: 13 Jun 2020 07:34 AM PDT

As a child, i always heard that moles are mostly blind, subterranean creatures and a large part of their navigation underground was a sensory related thing, in a similar way to echolocation or something. But a quick look at wikipedia was fruitless. So, how exactly do moles move around with extremely limited vision?

submitted by /u/Androvaxx
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Saturday, June 13, 2020

There are many fossil finds documenting human evolution and hominin subspecies since our split from chimpanzees. What evidence do we have for chimpanzee evolution during this timeframe?

There are many fossil finds documenting human evolution and hominin subspecies since our split from chimpanzees. What evidence do we have for chimpanzee evolution during this timeframe?


There are many fossil finds documenting human evolution and hominin subspecies since our split from chimpanzees. What evidence do we have for chimpanzee evolution during this timeframe?

Posted: 12 Jun 2020 04:57 PM PDT

Are there diseases which can transfer from plants to animals?

Posted: 13 Jun 2020 04:43 AM PDT

There are quite a few diseases which can transfer from one type of animal to another. COVID-19 being one of them. This got me wondering, are there diseases which can transfer from plants to animals?

submitted by /u/7Hielke
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Why are cleft palates, which seems like a really specific condition, so common?

Posted: 12 Jun 2020 04:26 PM PDT

From what I can tell, many genetic and developmental disorders result in cleft palates. Considering that they are often caused by very different genetic problems, this seems like too specific a symptom. For instance, mutations that affect epigenetic marker adders and epigenetic marker erasers, respectively, both cause cleft palates. The problems are almost opposites, but the symptoms are the same? I can understand mental impairments being a symptom for many different diseases, because that's such a broad term and issue, with severity spread out on a large spectrum. Cleft palates and lips, however just seem so oddly specific. Is there a good explanation for this?

submitted by /u/Liverstonium
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Why arent't airplanes coating shaped as a golf ball since this expedient improve their aerodinamic?

Posted: 12 Jun 2020 09:56 PM PDT

Does the brain use more energy when thinking about something difficult, or is it doing the same amount of activity, just more coordinated?

Posted: 12 Jun 2020 02:41 PM PDT

Has there been a super-eruption (VEI 8) that did not result in a complete collapse of the volcano ?

Posted: 12 Jun 2020 03:35 PM PDT

Of all the super-eruptions I've read about, it caused the entire volcano to collapse into the caldera. Has there been a super-eruption that left some of the volcano standing ? If not, what was the largest eruption that did ?

submitted by /u/Bluetriton5500
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Can a linear dynamical system undergo a Hopf bifurcation?

Posted: 12 Jun 2020 12:55 PM PDT

Another way to state the question: Can Hopf bifurcations exist without limit cycles?

Conceptually I always see a Hopf bifurcation as having two main features: loss of stability of a fixed point and either the generation or loss of a limit cycle (stable/unstable for the sub/supercritical cases respectively).

However, I usually see the Hopf bifurcation formally defined as a pair of complex conjugate eigenvalues crossing the imaginary axis.

This formal definition suggests a linear system such as z'=(a+i)z (where z is complex) undergoes a Hopf bifurcation at a=0.

However, linear systems cannot have limit cycles. Is the existence of a limit cycle required for a Hopf bifurcation? And if not, is the process of complex conjugate eigenvalues crossing the imaginary axis a sufficient condition to guarantee the presence of a limit cycle in a nonlinear system (i.e. can you have nonlinear systems which undergo a Hopf without the presence of a limit cycle, and if so why do we almost always see Hopf bifurcations alongside limit cycles)?

My go to book for this type of thing is Kuznetsov's Elements of Applied Bifurcation Theory, which does address this linear case (Remark 4 in section 3.4), but I struggled to get a straight answer as to whether or not the linear case can actually be defined to undergo a Hopf bifurcation.

Thanks for the help

submitted by /u/R2Dude2
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Why is that HSV is never truly eliminated by the body (compared to like flu and other viral illnesses)?

Posted: 12 Jun 2020 09:40 PM PDT

Why can’t rockets take off from runways?

Posted: 12 Jun 2020 06:57 AM PDT

Can a space craft abort re entry and then put itself back into orbit?

Posted: 12 Jun 2020 02:07 PM PDT

When space craft need to land, they do a de orbit burn. But is it possible for them to do another burn to place them back into orbit if need be, before they reach the point of no return on re entry? Is it possible on the shuttle / Soyuz?

submitted by /u/BeardlessJesusSwag
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Why is there a straight plume before the smoke of an extinguished candle expands and spreads out into the air?

Posted: 12 Jun 2020 09:15 AM PDT

When extinguishing a candle, you can see there's a straight plume of sorts before the smoke dissipates higher up in the air. Why doesn't it dissipate/start whirling in the air straight away, instead of swirling a good bit higher than the flame?

submitted by /u/thawhidk
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Why is Earth's core specifically high in radioactive elements? Shouldn't it mostly be iron, nickel, carbon, etc?

Posted: 12 Jun 2020 02:52 AM PDT

In addition to the first question, why isn't there as much radioactive material on thew surface as there is in the core?

submitted by /u/questions4science
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Can anyone expand on aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases proofreading mechanisms?

Posted: 11 Jun 2020 11:19 PM PDT

I read that isoleucyl-tRNA synthetase has a second active site that performs an editing reaction if the wrong amino acid is to bind; like valine that is similar in size and differs only by a methyl group. I want to know how proofreading is done by aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases for other amino acids? Do larger ones like methionine and phenylalanine also have two active sites?

Thanks !!

submitted by /u/mandysworldxxx
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Friday, June 12, 2020

AskScience AMA Series: We are the NASA New Horizons team, here to answer your questions about the New Horizons spacecraft, parallax imaging, deep space exploration and what we learned at Pluto. Ask us anything!

AskScience AMA Series: We are the NASA New Horizons team, here to answer your questions about the New Horizons spacecraft, parallax imaging, deep space exploration and what we learned at Pluto. Ask us anything!


AskScience AMA Series: We are the NASA New Horizons team, here to answer your questions about the New Horizons spacecraft, parallax imaging, deep space exploration and what we learned at Pluto. Ask us anything!

Posted: 12 Jun 2020 04:00 AM PDT

Join us at today at 1 p.m. ET (17 UT) to ask anything about NASA's New Horizons mission! In July 2015, New Horizons became the first spacecraft to explore Pluto and its moons. Recently, the spacecraft - which is more than four billion miles from home and speeding toward interstellar space - took images of the stars Proxima Centauri and Wolf 359 from its unique vantage point in deep space. Scientists combined these images with pictures of the same stars taken near the same time from Earth, creating stereo images that instantly demonstrate the parallax effect astronomers have long used to measure distances to stars. New Horizons is humankind's farthest photographer, imaging an alien sky. Why does New Horizons "see" these stars in a different place in the sky than on Earth? How are these images sent back from New Horizons? How long does it take the team on the ground to send commands to the spacecraft? Where is New Horizons headed next?

Proof!

Participants:

  • Alan Stern, New Horizons principal investigator, Southwest Research Institute
  • Helene Winters, New Horizons project scientist, Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory
  • Tod Lauer, New Horizons science team member, National Science Foundation's National Optical-Infrared Astronomy Research Laboratory
  • Anne Verbiscer, New Horizons science team member, University of Virginia
  • Brian May, New Horizons contributing scientist, astrophysicist, Queen guitarist

Username: NASA

submitted by /u/AskScienceModerator
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What exactly is Voltage?

Posted: 11 Jun 2020 07:21 PM PDT

Everytime I ask this question or see it asked, I always see people comparing Voltage to a ball on a hill or water flowing down stream but those are just analogies.

I haven't really gotten an answer as to why that happens.

Like, do electrons flow from one point to another by some unexplainable law/rule of the universe or fundamental property? Like how gravity "just is" or how electrons have some sort of charge/energy because "that's just how it is".

Why is it that when there is a potential difference, electrons move from one point to another? What is the technical/scientific answer to this phenomenon?

submitted by /u/TotalBuzzard727
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How "thick" are lagrangian points?

Posted: 12 Jun 2020 04:25 AM PDT

How come vaccines don’t pass from mother to child?

Posted: 11 Jun 2020 08:02 PM PDT

If they share the same blood before birth, which I'm 90% sure they do, wouldn't their immune system keep information from when the mother got vaccinated?

submitted by /u/BlueMarinez
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Why and how do we get moles?

Posted: 11 Jun 2020 11:09 PM PDT

Is it possible to catch more that one virus in the same time?

Posted: 12 Jun 2020 06:40 AM PDT

Is it true that most seasonal flu start from Eastern countries and moves first to Europe and then to America? If yes, why?

Posted: 11 Jun 2020 10:49 PM PDT

Lighting a fire on jupiter?

Posted: 11 Jun 2020 02:09 PM PDT

So in past forums of this question, "if you lit a flame on Jupiter, would it cause a massive fire/would Jupiter ignite or would there be a large fire at least", the responses have always been that nothing would happen because jupiter doesn't have oxygen to support a flame.

However, from what I can see reading around, it seems like there is oxygen on Jupiter. Albeit a lot less than hydrogen, but in similar amounts to a lot of the other gasses ( https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0032063302001447?via%3Dihub ). Is there just not enough oxygen to really cause a big fire?

submitted by /u/Starossi
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Does animals trick other animals with fake cries?

Posted: 12 Jun 2020 06:02 AM PDT

Many species use special cries to alert about danger. Are there animals that 'cry wolf', that give false alarms? If so, why? Does the other animals develop disbelief?

submitted by /u/Lokipath
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As an enveloped virus, why can COVID-19 survive on surfaces for so long? From my understanding enveloped viruses must stay wet to remain infectious and are sensitive to environmental changes

Posted: 12 Jun 2020 05:43 AM PDT

Why are bubbles perfectly round?

Posted: 11 Jun 2020 09:56 PM PDT

What Causes Distortion to the Shape of Stars?

Posted: 11 Jun 2020 11:17 PM PDT

Source

Given their proximity, the red dwarf star's gravitational pull actually distorts the pulsations of the larger star. This causes the larger star to be distorted into more of a teardrop shape, rather than the usual sphere.

The excerpt from the article that intrigued me. Shouldn't the shape of the Red Dwarf be distorted too, considering the "larger" star has more mass than the Red Dwarf?

I initially thought it was a question of "density" but later read that if the Sun were replaced by a Black Hole of the same mass, then nothing would change in the Solar System, in terms of orbit and otherwise. So if density is out of the equation, considering the Black Hole example, and the larger star is more massive, shouldn't the distortion also occur in the shape of the Red Dwarf?

submitted by /u/thehariharan
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What is the current, up-to-date recommendations regarding wearing face masks? Do they protect the wearer against catching COVID-19?

Posted: 11 Jun 2020 11:27 AM PDT

There has been a lot of conflicting information in the media and literature regarding face masks protecting against COVID-19. I live in Canada for reference and our Chief Medical Officer at first actually advised against face masks because they were not effective against the virus. Then they said to wear them if it gives you some psychological comfort. Then they started explicitly recommending them in cases where physical distancing is not possible. Now they're making them mandatory on public transit.

What gives? I've heard that masks apparently protect you from spreading the virus but does not protect you from catching it. But I've also read that it gives you some, but not full protection. But some is better than nothing, right?

So what is the true answer?

submitted by /u/FeelThisMoment
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Are mini nukes possible?

Posted: 11 Jun 2020 09:01 PM PDT

What would tiny nukes look like? Are they feasible? How much damage would they do?

submitted by /u/Majestic_Unicorn_86
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Does past exposure to viruses impact the ability to fight a new virus?

Posted: 11 Jun 2020 07:15 PM PDT

Does the body's prior immunity and history of fighting previously encountered viruses have an affect on a person's ability to fight a newly encountered virus? Or is viral immunity built on an independent, one to one basis?

In other words, can past exposure and immunity increase a person's ability to fight other viral infections?

Does the answer hold true for other pathogens?

submitted by /u/StandingBuffalo
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I’m a chemist so I should know the answer to this question but I don’t. Why is Technicium a synthetic radioactive while the two elements above it on the periodic table (Manganese and Rhenium) are naturally occurring elements?

Posted: 11 Jun 2020 10:21 AM PDT