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Monday, June 8, 2020

AskScience AMA Series: We are statisticians in cancer research, sports analytics, data journalism, and more, here to answer your questions about how statistics opens doors for exciting careers. Ask us anything!

AskScience AMA Series: We are statisticians in cancer research, sports analytics, data journalism, and more, here to answer your questions about how statistics opens doors for exciting careers. Ask us anything!


AskScience AMA Series: We are statisticians in cancer research, sports analytics, data journalism, and more, here to answer your questions about how statistics opens doors for exciting careers. Ask us anything!

Posted: 08 Jun 2020 04:00 AM PDT

Statistics isn't what you think it is! With a career in statistics, the science of learning from data, you can change the world, have fun, satisfy curiosity and make a good salary. Demand for statisticians is on the rise, and careers in statistics are consistently on best jobs lists. Best of all, statistics applies to just about any field, so you can apply it to a wide range of personal passions. Just ask our real-life statisticians to learn more about the opportunities!

The panelists include:

  • Olivia Angiuli - Research scientist at SignalFire; former Ph.D. student in statistics at UC Berkeley; former data scientist at Quora
  • Rafael Irizarry - Applied statistician performing cancer research as professor and chair of the Department of Data Science at Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, professor at Harvard University, and co-founder of SimplyStatistics.org
  • Sheldon Jacobson - Founder professor of computer science, founding director of the Institute for Computational Redistricting, founding director of the Bed Time Research Institute, and founder of Bracket Odds at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Research Institute, and founder of Bracket Odds at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
  • Liberty Vittert - TV, radio and print news contributor (including BBC, Fox News Channel, Newsweek and more), professor of the practice of data science at the Olin Business School at the Washington University; associate editor for the Harvard Data Science Review, board member of board of USA for the UN Refugee Agency (UNHCR) and the HIVE.
  • Nathan Yau - Author of Visualize This and Data Points, and founder of FlowingData.com.

We will be available at noot ET (16 UT), ask us anything!

Username: ThisIsStatisticsASA

submitted by /u/AskScienceModerator
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How does the energy of a nuclear fusion reactor scale according to its size?

Posted: 07 Jun 2020 11:19 PM PDT

Does it scale according to volume? For example, if you have a reactor that fits a volume X of hydrogen, and another that fits 10X, would the energy generated by the second be 10 times the energy produced by the first one? Or does it scale exponentially or by some other factor? (assuming the reactors have the same efficiency)

submitted by /u/Deleizera
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Do our body recycle "dead" viruses?

Posted: 08 Jun 2020 03:46 AM PDT

What actually happens to a virus when our immune system kills it?
Does our body just flush it or does it "recycle" the amino acids and proteins of it?

submitted by /u/zombycatoutofpocket
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What are the implications of neutrons having a magnetic moment? Can they be magnetically confined/guided? How do they interact with external magnetic fields? Can they have their own magnetic fields, and how would that field look? Would it be able to induce currents in nearby conductors?

Posted: 07 Jun 2020 05:56 PM PDT

How successful is social work and assistance in reducing poverty in the long term?

Posted: 08 Jun 2020 04:12 AM PDT

What is the effectiveness of social workers and assistance in reducing poverty rates

Hi everyone i want to ask social sciences what the effectiveness of reducing poverty is.

Is this a dream or is there evidence to back it up

submitted by /u/dramasutra2020
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Blasius Boundary Layer approximations still apply if turbulent at trailing edge?

Posted: 08 Jun 2020 07:45 AM PDT

I was looking up the blasius solutions, but I can't think of how to generalise the Blasius approximations if the fluid boundary layer only transitions to turbulence(approximately) at the trailing edge. As someone with little knowledge on this subject, what I think is blasius approximations for skin friction coefficient should still apply, as past the trailing edge where turbulence occurs does not have "skin" to apply friction. However, I do not know how to show this rigorously.

submitted by /u/FaerNC
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What's the difference between Electron Microscopy and Cryo-Electron Microscopy?

Posted: 08 Jun 2020 06:47 AM PDT

Are there planet systems that orbit other objects?

Posted: 08 Jun 2020 06:14 AM PDT

I was wondering if there are systems that have planets which orbit other objects.

For example if there is a system where other planets display similar behaviour to a solar system where there are a few planets somewhat close to each other that orbit an object, but instead of having a star as the centre it's something else? Maybe a bigger planet with enough gravitational pull (would that make the other planets its moons and the main planet just a rogue planet?) to be considered its own system.

If there are, what are they called?

submitted by /u/ninboja
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Do animals need physical touch the same way humans do? Can animals be 'touch starved'?

Posted: 07 Jun 2020 11:58 PM PDT

Do all breathing animals yawn? What determines whether species yawn?

Posted: 08 Jun 2020 05:45 AM PDT

A dumb question about roundabouts and rods. What would happen?

Posted: 08 Jun 2020 05:43 AM PDT

Lets say someone had a really long rod and a roundabout and they made the roundabout spin at a speed close to the speed of light. Then they held the rod out away from the roundabout whilst on the roundabout. The other end of the rod would be moving around the roundabout at a faster speed than the speed at which the roundabout is spinning. Since the roundabout is spinning at a speed close to the speed of light one would think that the other end of the rod would be moving faster than the speed of light but this is not possible. So what would happen to the rod and the roundabout assuming that there is no atmosphere, the rod is indestructible and the person holding the rod is incredibly strong and and is stuck to the roundabout?

submitted by /u/OliTheOK
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Is there any significance that water has a density near the round number of 1000 kg/m ^3?

Posted: 07 Jun 2020 10:05 PM PDT

How do surgical lasers for cutting tissue differ in penetration depth/delivery from lasers meant for over the skin radiation procedures?

Posted: 08 Jun 2020 05:04 AM PDT

I am thinking for example dental lasers for cutting gums, or lasers used in surgery for cutting. Does their radiation and the temperature change only reach the nearby area they scorch? Do their effects reach any surrounding tissue other than the area they "sear"?

And on the other side lasers used in dermatology that don't directly cut the skin, but somehow work on the deeper layers.

One example are the YAG lasers which seem to be used for both things, some sear the tissue directly and some don't...

submitted by /u/AlienUtterings
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What skin flies (or insencts similar to flies as an anatomy) have ?

Posted: 08 Jun 2020 03:43 AM PDT

For instance, ants,cockroachs etc. have chitin. So what is it for flies ?

submitted by /u/Rhibboleth
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Why do you see a sort of “motion blur” in real life?

Posted: 08 Jun 2020 03:28 AM PDT

Sounds kinda stupid but I couldn't find an answer on google as "motion blur" will always turn up something about photography. Basically, what I'm curious about is the phenomenon when there's a dim source of light in a dark setting (like using a phone in a dark room), any fast movement always translates to a weird trail of light behind the source. Is the light being momentarily burnt into your retina or is something else happening?

submitted by /u/throwaway47307482
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How much of the payload in a nuclear device is actually fissioned/fusioned upon detonation?

Posted: 07 Jun 2020 09:12 PM PDT

I assume that the few nanoseconds after detonation of a nuclear device would instantly spill the payload out into a larger volume (I could definitely be wrong here). For how long is the payload still fissioning/fusioning after detonation? I'm curious to know how much mass is released as energy.

submitted by /u/Cacophonously
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Why does yelling damage your larynx?

Posted: 07 Jun 2020 08:44 PM PDT

I tried to find a more specific answer with a search, but instead of telling me why... all of the results simply talked about the fact that it does.

submitted by /u/nacmar
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Why are galaxy arms stable?

Posted: 07 Jun 2020 08:16 PM PDT

I know that galaxy arms are essentially density waves with stars moving in and out of the wave as they orbit around the galaxy centre. This part makes sense to me. The arms are brighter than the areas between them, and arms being brighter means that there are more stars and is therefore more dense. However, I don't understand how this density wave is stable.

A common analogy to explain galaxy arms is cars slowing down to look at an accident on the side of the road. There is always a clump of cars near the accident, but cars constantly move into and out of the clump. I don't like this analogy because I would think that stars would speed up, not slow down, as they approach the density wave because of the gravitational attraction between that star and the density wave. Similarly, I would think that a star moving out of the density wave would slow down for the same reason. If this were the case, I would expect galaxy arms to quickly fade into a more uniform disc, but we know this to not be the case. What am I missing here?

submitted by /u/JamesonLKJ
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Are there different varieties of viruses under the COVID-19 virus?

Posted: 07 Jun 2020 04:48 PM PDT

When I see the statistics, in some regions, the mortality rate is high and in other regions, it's low. What's the reason behind this?

submitted by /u/Ugly247King
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why is it recommended to tilt a glass ketchup bottle 45 degrees instead of 90 degrees to pour the ketchup out?

Posted: 07 Jun 2020 07:58 PM PDT

Sunday, June 7, 2020

Where in an atom exactly is a nucleus located? Is it in the centre or does its location vary from time to time?

Where in an atom exactly is a nucleus located? Is it in the centre or does its location vary from time to time?


Where in an atom exactly is a nucleus located? Is it in the centre or does its location vary from time to time?

Posted: 07 Jun 2020 06:16 AM PDT

Why are whales so much bigger than other animals?

Posted: 07 Jun 2020 06:35 AM PDT

I'm watching a documentary and although I knew they're bigger, I'm not sure why they're so much bigger and how they can be sustained as animals whereas other bigger animals couldn't. Also why do they mainly feed on something so small e.g. crill

submitted by /u/whynotnemesis
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There is a lot of talks recently about herd immunity. However, I read that smallpox just killed 400'000 people/year before the vaccine, even with strategies like inoculation. Why natural herd immunity didn' work? Why would the novel coronavirus be any different?

Posted: 06 Jun 2020 09:24 AM PDT

Does recovering from COVID-19 give less or more resistance than a theoretical vaccine would?

Posted: 06 Jun 2020 11:01 PM PDT

To my understanding, it is unclear exactly how much immunity being infected with COVID-19 and recovering gives you. I'm always seeing warnings that even if you get sick, have symptoms, and receive a positive test, you should not assume you are immune after recovery, and should still take the same precautions as everyone else. And there are confirmed cases of people getting it more than once.

This being the case, what does this say about the efficacy of a vaccine? If it turns out that full-on bedridden infection doesn't provide you with much or any protection, would a vaccine do any better?

submitted by /u/Lucca01
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The latest "Kurzgesagt" video starts with: "The sun, round and smooth and peaceful." How smooth is the sun?

Posted: 07 Jun 2020 07:17 AM PDT

I've seen comparisons between the silicone kg and the earth, if either were shrunk or blown up to the others size, but never about the sun.

Is it smooth? Is it's surface relatively even (like the seas)?

submitted by /u/Schwitter
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Why doesn't malaria spread from endemic to non-endemic regions of the world?

Posted: 06 Jun 2020 01:31 PM PDT

Malaria is transmitted through mosquitos. If an infected mosquito bites a person, then that person gets malaria. If another mosquito bites that person post-infection, then the mosquito gets the parasite and can spread it to other people.

Here's what I don't get: millions of people in the Western world (and in other areas that don't have malaria) travel to sub-Saharan Africa and other endemic regions every year. Surely there'd be at least a few cases a year of somebody getting infected, going back home (e.g. to a country like Canada) before developing symptoms, other mosquitos (in Canada) biting that person, and then those mosquitos spreading it around the population. Why does this never happen? I feel like I'm missing something fundamental, but I don't know what.

Thanks!

submitted by /u/www_earthlings_com
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Did the US have significant hosptial strain that led to additional deaths during the Covid crisis?

Posted: 07 Jun 2020 12:09 AM PDT

Tonight I was at a dinner and someone said there was never any real strain on hospitals in the US during the worst of the crisis, that deaths were solely the result of Covid symptoms, and that hospitals' lack of supplies or strain never caused an increase in deaths.

I was pretty certain this wasn't true but didn't have any hard evidence. All I could really remember (after drinks) were qualitative headlines citing strain, videos of stressed out doctors in NY, and the ubiquitous bell curve graphs showing hospital strain in rapid onset epidemic scenarios.

I was pretty sure that people had died without proper treatment and lack of ventilators, etc., but the individual kept stating "we had beds for everyone, it was never an issue here. Italy maybe, but the US always had enough beds and supplies."

Just wanted to get some additonal facts on this. I appreciate any insight. Thanks in advance.

submitted by /u/APoliticalQuestion
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What does "discovering an antibody" imply?

Posted: 07 Jun 2020 01:19 AM PDT

With the covid-19 epidemic going on, there is a lot of talk about "discovering" or "finding" antibodies. Could anyone shed a little light on exactly what this implies, for someone with little biology knowledge?

What I gather is happening, is that some people, or even animals, produce particular peptides/proteins that has a tendency to bind to the virus particles, thus stopping the virus from entering cells. But that is very vague, and I have some particular questions around this:

  • Does the antibody have to be a peptide/protein? Or could it for example be a complex sugar?

  • Are the antibodies always produced as part of a person's or animal's normal immune system? Or could they come from completely random sources - e.g. could, say, haemoglobin just magically happen to inhibit a virus?

  • Are we looking for potential antibodies only in humans, or also animals/plants? What determines where we look?

  • Once you've discovered an antibody, how do you get it into patients? Is it as simple as genetically engineering a yeast cell to produce the antibody, and then injecting said antibody into patients' blood? I obviously assume it's much more complicated than that, so would be interested to hear the key challenges.

submitted by /u/funklute
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Almost everyone knows having excess body fat is harmful to our health since it leads to obesity and a myriad of other conditions. But does having too little body fat (both subcutaneous and visceral) negatively impact our health as well?

Posted: 06 Jun 2020 08:56 AM PDT

(Title)

submitted by /u/berrin899
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How exactly do astronomers calculate the trajectory of an asteroid as it comes close to Earth?

Posted: 06 Jun 2020 06:20 PM PDT

In just short of a couple of hours, Asteroid 2002 NN4 will come close to Earth (approx. 5M kilometers). How do they predict the exact distance? What if they're a little off and the asteroid actually does make contact with Earth? I'm a bit of a worry-wort, so forgive me if I sound a bit skeptical. I just want the facts from a professional.

submitted by /u/GreenSaltMedia
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When you get a nose bleed, where is the blood coming from?

Posted: 06 Jun 2020 06:13 PM PDT

If I had a light source that only put out 540 no radiation (green light) and no other radiation would focusing that light produce heat on a target?

Posted: 06 Jun 2020 10:07 AM PDT

I had this question because infrared is commonly thought of as heat by laypeople and wanted to know if that was a feature across all radiation or just longer wavelengths.

submitted by /u/Abramsathkay
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When you inhale dust/ dirt/ pollution, does it stay in your lungs? And if so, does your lung clean itself?

Posted: 05 Jun 2020 07:34 PM PDT

Saturday, June 6, 2020

Black Lives Matter

Black Lives Matter


Black Lives Matter

Posted: 02 Jun 2020 10:57 AM PDT

Black lives matter. The moderation team at AskScience wants to express our outrage and sadness at the systemic racism and disproportionate violence experienced by the black community. This has gone on for too long, and it's time for lasting change.

When 1 out of every 1,000 black men and boys in the United States can expect to be killed by the police, police violence is a public health crisis. Black men are about 2.5 times more likely to be killed by police than white men. In 2019, 1,099 people were killed by police in the US; 24% of those were black, even though only 13% of the population is black.

When black Americans make up a disproportionate number of COVID-19 deaths, healthcare disparity is another public health crisis. In Michigan, black people make up 14% of the population and 40% of COVID-19 deaths. In Louisiana, black people are 33% of the population but account for 70% of COVID-19 deaths. Black Americans are more likely to work in essential jobs, with 38% of black workers employed in these industries compared with 29% of white workers. They are less likely to have access to health insurance and more likely to lack continuity in medical care.

These disparities, these crises, are not coincidental. They are the result of systemic racism, economic inequality, and oppression.

Change requires us to look inward, too. For over a decade, AskScience has been a forum where redditors can discuss scientific topics with scientists. Our panel includes hundreds of STEM professionals who volunteer their time, and we are proud to be an interface between scientists and non-scientists. We are fully committed to making science more accessible, and we hope it inspires people to consider careers in STEM.

However, we must acknowledge that STEM suffers from a marked lack of diversity. In the US, black workers comprise 11% of the US workforce, but hold just 7% of STEM jobs that require a bachelor's degree or higher. Only 4% of medical doctors are black. Hispanic workers make up 16% of the US workforce, 6% of STEM jobs that require a bachelor's degree or higher, and 4.4% of medical doctors. Women make up 47% of the US workforce but 41% of STEM professionals with professional or doctoral degrees. And while we know around 3.5% of the US workforce identifies as LGBTQ+, their representation in STEM fields is largely unknown.

These numbers become even more dismal in certain disciplines. For example, as of 2019, less than 4% of tenured or tenure-track geoscience positions are held by people of color, and fewer than 100 black women in the US have received PhDs in physics.

This lack of diversity is unacceptable and actively harmful, both to people who are not afforded opportunities they deserve and to the STEM community as a whole. We cannot truly say we have cultivated the best and brightest in our respective fields when we are missing the voices of talented, brilliant people who are held back by widespread racism, sexism, and homophobia.

It is up to us to confront these systemic injustices directly. We must all stand together against police violence, racism, and economic, social, and environmental inequality. STEM professional need to make sure underrepresented voices are heard, to listen, and to offer support. We must be the change.


Sources:

submitted by /u/AskScienceModerator
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Can the magnetic field intensity fell to 0 in a reversal or excursion?

Posted: 06 Jun 2020 05:11 AM PDT

How do computers keep track of time passing?

Posted: 05 Jun 2020 12:45 PM PDT

It just seems to me (from my two intro-level Java classes in undergrad) that keeping track of time should be difficult for a computer, but it's one of the most basic things they do and they don't need to be on the internet to do it. How do they pull that off?

submitted by /u/blorgbots
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Why do humans smile?

Posted: 05 Jun 2020 03:35 PM PDT

The Human Compulsion To Smile

I'll keep this short. In certain other animals, the baring of teeth symbolises aggression and a warning to cease your current behaviour or not come any closer. My question is, why do humans treat this act as a symbol of friendliness and compassion, and is this behaviour exclusive to humans or do other primates share this behaviour? Thanks in advance.

submitted by /u/Fiachranator
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What determines the color of lightning?

Posted: 06 Jun 2020 06:06 AM PDT

I've seen lightning come in a wide variety of colors and was wondering what caused the different wavelengths to be emitted and why there are differences. Since I'm kind of uncertain a quick explanation of how lightning occurs would also be appreciated!

submitted by /u/mbznf
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How can new wireless standards improve bandwidth without changing frequency?

Posted: 05 Jun 2020 02:33 PM PDT

Via what mechanism do free electrons in metal produce thermal radiation?

Posted: 05 Jun 2020 11:37 AM PDT

Since they are free, electrons in metal don't have an orbital to return to. So how do they lose their excess energy? Is it via bremsstrahlung with collisions with other electrons or being stopped by metal ions at the surface? Or is there another mechanism that free electrons can use to de-excite and release light?

submitted by /u/thejeran
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How much of fire's kinetic energy is released via photons vs. thermal conduction?

Posted: 06 Jun 2020 12:15 AM PDT

I'm trying to build a tabletop RPG in the likes of D&D and I'm making a spell, "Darkness." I'm trying to go about it a little scientifically (as scientifically as you can get with magic) and I want to state that the spell simply "deletes" photons entering a certain area, therefore making it dark. I figured that the area would be much cooler than the surrounding area since solar radiation is mostly gone, like being in the shade of a tree vs. directly under the sun, but what about fire? If I brought a torch into this area how much cooler would it get? Is the electromagnetic radiation an insignificantly small part of the heat energy that it would feel pretty much the same, or would it feel noticably cooler?

submitted by /u/Nagosh
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How does the immune system come into action, when ‘attacked’ by the Flu?

Posted: 06 Jun 2020 03:57 AM PDT

Like humans contacted diseases like covid19, Ebola, swine flu etc. are there any diseases/viruses that humans have transmitted to other species?

Posted: 06 Jun 2020 12:55 AM PDT

Why does the prion associated with Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy cause vCreutzfeldt–Jakob disease, yet the prions associated with Scrapie in sheep and Chronic Wasting Disease in deer appear to noninfectious to humans? Shouldn't they also cause vCJD?

Posted: 06 Jun 2020 06:52 AM PDT

If the immune system has a “memory” then why you get chickenpox once while you get the flu every year? Why can’t we get the flu once and never get it again just like chickenpox ?

Posted: 05 Jun 2020 05:48 PM PDT

How much earth do you need to get the electrical ground?

Posted: 05 Jun 2020 02:14 PM PDT

In volume. One bucket of earth is clearly not enough to constitute the electrical "ground". Whole planet is clearly enough. So at how much earth volume the actual "electrical ground" happens and what it depends on?

submitted by /u/enador
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What sample problems would be near instantaneous to solve in Quantum Computers that a regular computer might need a potentially encumbering amount of time to equally process an answer?

Posted: 05 Jun 2020 09:29 PM PDT

Why do virtual particles need to conserve charge but not energy?

Posted: 05 Jun 2020 08:48 PM PDT

From what I understand, virtual particles don't have to conserve energy (but can "borrow" energy to give it back later), but do have to conserve charge (so, for instance, have to be created in electron/positron pairs). Why can't they borrow charge for their brief existence as well?

submitted by /u/a2intl
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What is the pressure in the core of Jupiter?

Posted: 05 Jun 2020 01:06 PM PDT

A quick question about stomach viruses?

Posted: 05 Jun 2020 02:39 PM PDT

I hope this doesn't violate rule 1, but my question is essentially about the life of a virus on a surface. I know most articles say most viruses typically only last a few hours to even a few weeks on a surface, but my question is about what happens after that time. Lets say a few months have passed, would that surface still be able to get you sick or would the viruses be "dead and gone" by then and not likely to get you sick again?

submitted by /u/uzaya13
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