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Tuesday, June 2, 2020

How do flu/cold viruses survive lockdown?

How do flu/cold viruses survive lockdown?


How do flu/cold viruses survive lockdown?

Posted: 01 Jun 2020 05:14 PM PDT

I live in New Zealand where the coronavirus is nearly eliminated because of the lockdown. However we are being advised to get flu shots. How is it that the lockdown eliminated covid but not all the other cold/flu viruses (which have a lower R naught value)? Where are the viruses being introduced from if no one is entering the country without going into two week quarantine?

submitted by /u/iCh00Ch00Ch00zU
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AskScience AMA Series: I'm Ainissa Ramirez, a materials scientist (PhD from Stanford) and the author of a new popular science book that examines materials and technologies, from the exotic to the mundane, that shaped the human experience. AMA!

Posted: 02 Jun 2020 06:08 AM PDT

My name is Ainissa; thrilled to be here today. While I write and speak science for a living these days - I call myself a science evangelist - I earned my doctorate in materials science & engineering from Stanford; in many ways that shaped my professional life and set me on that path to write "The Alchemy of Us: How Humans and Matter Transformed One Another." I'm here today from 12 - 2 pm EST (16-18 UT) to take questions on all things materials and inventions, from clocks to copper communication cables, the steel rail to silicon chips. And let's not forget about the people - many of whom have been relegated to the sidelines of history - who changed so many aspects of our lives.

Want to know how our pursuit of precision in timepieces changed how we sleep? How the railroad helped commercialize Christmas? How the brevity of the telegram influenced Hemingway's writing style (and a $60,000 telegram helped Lincoln abolish slavery)? How a young chemist exposed the use of Polaroid's cameras to create passbooks to track black citizens in apartheid South Africa, or about a hotheaded undertaker's role in developing the computer? AMA!

Username: the_mit_press

submitted by /u/AskScienceModerator
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Why galaxies are flat? Why there are no spherical galaxies but only disc shaped galaxies?

Posted: 02 Jun 2020 05:52 AM PDT

Gravity should be same in all 3 dimensions then why galaxys are flat , and we don't see a sphere with a black hole at the centre and stars revolving around it around the whole sphere, why disc shape?

submitted by /u/FD_God9897
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Why does the voltage increase while the current decreases in transmission lines, but in Ohm's Law its states that voltage and current are directly proportional to each other?

Posted: 02 Jun 2020 06:14 AM PDT

How do they provide astronauts with oxygen on the ISS?

Posted: 01 Jun 2020 11:13 AM PDT

How does someone determine the difference between a continent and an island?

Posted: 02 Jun 2020 03:03 AM PDT

As far as I know, a continent is basically a huge island? Is there sone sort of measurements or anything that determine what's a continent and what's an island?

submitted by /u/alexramm0404
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In the context of immunology, what is self tolerance? Is it good or is it bad?

Posted: 01 Jun 2020 07:29 PM PDT

What is the relationship between RF trace impedance and current consumption?

Posted: 01 Jun 2020 06:25 PM PDT

I am currently doing RF impedance matching by changing the values of the components and I noticed that the current consumption also changed. I know that in order to achieve maximum power output is I have to have a similar impedance as the receiver (50 ohms) and I am trying to get as close to that but the effect on the current is something I did not expect.

submitted by /u/jbboy05
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Can a bluetooth device tell how far away another bluetooth device is?

Posted: 01 Jun 2020 02:46 PM PDT

The UK gov have made an app, which will apparently detect if you've come in contact with someone carrying covid-19, and alert you to isolate etc..

Can bluetooth/telephones even do this to any kind of accuracy? Or is this literally if it detects a bluetooth from another car on the m25, it'll register as a hit..

submitted by /u/JordanMencel
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Is the Earth's core under extreme pressure at its very center?

Posted: 01 Jun 2020 11:30 AM PDT

This question might be a bit dumb, but I learnt that at the absolute center of the earth the gravitational force is zero, so I would assume that also the pressure would be near or at zero. Am I correct with this assumption or is the pressure still extremely high?

submitted by /u/PRAISETHESUNNOOBO
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Why is it so rare for diseases to jump species?

Posted: 01 Jun 2020 12:51 PM PDT

Not Covid related specifically, but more generally I've been wondering something for a while - why is it so rare for diseases to jump species? I get that it's rare, and that places like wet markets (or colonial era cities in squalor) help raise the odds of transmission, and also that I'm vastly oversimplifying.

But what is happening in the body that makes it so resistant to diseases started in another species? A virus is a virus is a virus. Shouldn't a virus move just as easily between species as between individuals within it's own species? Don't all mammals have very similar cellular biology?

submitted by /u/kdanham
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How did they get the entire ISS into orbit? It seems like a small rocket is hard enough..?

Posted: 01 Jun 2020 10:39 AM PDT

Are there diagnostic tests for COVID that don’t use genetic material? How do/would they work?

Posted: 01 Jun 2020 02:29 PM PDT

I understand that the current approach for positive diagnosis of COVID-19 uses the RT-PCR method, which looks for the presence or absence of viral genetic material to confirm whether or not the person is infected. One problem with this approach is that a person who has recovered from COVID might still have the viral genetic material in their system but no "live" virus. In that case, the RT-PCR test could be a false indicator of potential infectiousness.

Are there tests under development - or available for other viruses - that look for something that is a better indicator of infectiousness? For example, are there tests that look for the presence of viral proteins or which try to cultivate the virus in vitro to evaluate whether the person is infectious? What would it take to develop a similar test for COVID?

submitted by /u/omicron_pi
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How do cats carry their kittens using their mouth without hurting it? They have sharp teeth.

Posted: 01 Jun 2020 02:22 AM PDT

How does day/night work on Europa?

Posted: 01 Jun 2020 04:10 AM PDT

I understand that a year/day on Europa is 3.5 days (or 85 hours). Does this mean that there are 3 Earth days of Sun and 3 Earth days of Night on Europa?

submitted by /u/IliveonEuropa
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How Do Emergency Vehicles Navigate Sandstorms?

Posted: 01 Jun 2020 12:11 AM PDT

I always assumed they used sonar and GPS, but my searches for sandstorm sonar keep turning up sandstorm detection in meteorology rather than technologies related to driving through such a storm.

submitted by /u/senorali
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Monday, June 1, 2020

Is the Immune Response to Poison Ivy or Mosquitos Nessecary or is it a Defect?

Is the Immune Response to Poison Ivy or Mosquitos Nessecary or is it a Defect?


Is the Immune Response to Poison Ivy or Mosquitos Nessecary or is it a Defect?

Posted: 01 Jun 2020 01:55 AM PDT

I recently moved to the Great Lakes, and there are a LOT of things in this environment that my immune system does not like. I have had adverse reactions to poison ivy, chiggars, stinging nettle, and mosquitos that have covered my skin in welts.

I understand that this is the result of my immune system reacting to a foreign chemical introduced into the body. But what I don't understand is why? The oil from poison ivy isn't a virus or an infections agent. So why does the immune system attack it?

Are these the results of a defect in our immune system, or does the body attack these substances and the cells they encounter to prevent a larger problem?

PS: NOT medical advice, I have a Dr, my symptoms are under control, I'm not in danger of anaphylactic shock or anything like that. Just VERY uncomfortable.

submitted by /u/thedrakeequator
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If we could travel far enough, could we retrieve the entirety of human radio and television broadcasts?

Posted: 01 Jun 2020 05:52 AM PDT

Are there any other theoretical ways in which we could retrieve them?

submitted by /u/postysclerosis
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If you ran normal blood tests, would you know you have HIV? Wouldn't there be any "strange" value of some sort?

Posted: 01 Jun 2020 12:59 AM PDT

Basically the title. Generally, a person "should" get his/her blood tested at least once a year; normal check-ups.

I know that the only secure way of knowing whether you have HIV or not is to get tested specifically for it, but there's something I have been thinking about all the time. When there is an infection of any kind, some values just exceed the normal ranges and your doctor may ask you to investigate about it further. Wouldn't that be the same, exact thing for HIV?

submitted by /u/Ephebic-
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When viruses infect us and inject their DNA into our cells, does that (eventually) alter our genome?

Posted: 31 May 2020 01:00 PM PDT

if that is unclear, what I'm trying to understand is that after I beat any viral illness, does the injected DNA still exist in me? Will it continue to replicate, though not necessarily the self-reproduction genes for the virus, but any other lingering genes? If I beat a flu when I was a child, though I do have the antibodies for the virus itself, does that old flu still have its injection in me, somewhere?

submitted by /u/Qirol
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Do insects have a sense of hearing?

Posted: 31 May 2020 05:02 PM PDT

They certianly make a lot of noise - so i suspect some speicies do. But what about a beetle or a bee? And if the answer is yes - how do they hear? Do they have ears?

submitted by /u/ZappaSC
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(optics) why does the size of a projection not change if you put a cover between lightsource and a concave mirror?

Posted: 01 Jun 2020 05:32 AM PDT

I know basics of optics but it just doesn't get into my head how this works

Whenever there is a concave mirror projecting light somewhere and you put for example a piece of cardboard with a hole between the source and the mirror the size of the projected object doesn't change.....

Like my telescope is barley big enough to cover the full moon on the eyepiece and I have a cover that reduces the size to about 1/5 but the moon is still fully visible... It's just much darker

I saw the same thing in a veritasium video where he bounced light off of an concave mirror and then he reduced the size of the light source

submitted by /u/nofakeaccount2244
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If genotypes are expressed from the information encoded in the genes' DNA, how do erythrocytes (or other enucleated cells) have a genotype?

Posted: 31 May 2020 04:38 PM PDT

Since red blood cells have no nucleus or mitochondria, what made it possible to establish the differentiation of blood groups? Does it come from the plasma? Sorry for the multiple questions, as this brought some great confusion to me.

submitted by /u/Robert-velasquez
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What changes in the designs of wires and connectors to make them faster across generations?

Posted: 31 May 2020 03:52 PM PDT

Why is USB 1.0 so slow despite being bigger than USB 2.1, and how is the newest USB wire so much faster than both of those?

submitted by /u/cteno4
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Is there any theory that predicted the Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation before it was measured?

Posted: 31 May 2020 03:18 PM PDT

I know that there are theories that talk about how the Universe was 1 second/3 minutes/10 years/ etc... after the Big Bang. Did any of those theories predict the CMB? Was there ever any reason to expect anything like it before we discovered it?

submitted by /u/rickle_pickk
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Can you tell how old someone is by the degradation of the telomeres in their DNA? And If so has this tactic been used in the past wether as police prcedure or by archeologists or historians to ascertain the exact age of death of historical figurees or important remains?

Posted: 31 May 2020 05:01 PM PDT

Did the earth always have an atmosphere?

Posted: 31 May 2020 01:30 PM PDT

My kid asked me that and I wasn't sure about the answer. Of course I know that the amount of gases changed over time - but when was there some sort of proto-atmosphere for the first time, as a layer of gas around our planet?

submitted by /u/Schanzenraute
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Is Antibody Plasma blood type sensitive?

Posted: 31 May 2020 06:19 PM PDT

Been watching 60 Minutes about Antibody Plasma and wondering...once the plasma is spun off of the blood of someone with antibodies, can that plasma be used by anyone with corona virus, or do donor and user have to have matching blood types?

submitted by /u/MilRet
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In order for a virus to survive, as it mutates is it more advantageous for it to cause fewer symptoms so it can be more easily spread? Would SARS-CoV-2 be seen as more "successful" if this happened more frequently over time?

Posted: 31 May 2020 01:26 PM PDT

Are people with higher IQ more suscetible to depression?

Posted: 31 May 2020 04:11 AM PDT

What is the smallest measurement we can make now?

Posted: 31 May 2020 02:47 AM PDT

Lots of human eggs have chromosome issues and deletions, a reason for miscarriages and failure to conceive. Do other species have these at such a rate?

Posted: 31 May 2020 03:15 AM PDT

How do people develop personality traits?

Posted: 30 May 2020 11:53 PM PDT

I am super competitive, I love being in competitions and testing myself against others. I'm not insecure, I don't have anything to prove, I'm not an adrenaline junky and I don't fill any of the boxes for why people are competitive. I just love competing: chess, basketball, track, soccer, online gaming such as CS:GO and planetside 2, debate, you name it I'll play it. Why is this, because I am kinda introverted and nerdy. I love physics and am a book worm — why do people develop these kind of things?

submitted by /u/Phalanx9G
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Sunday, May 31, 2020

Yuo're prboably albe to raed tihs setencne. Deos tihs wrok in non-alhabpet lanugaegs lkie Chneise?

Yuo're prboably albe to raed tihs setencne. Deos tihs wrok in non-alhabpet lanugaegs lkie Chneise?


Yuo're prboably albe to raed tihs setencne. Deos tihs wrok in non-alhabpet lanugaegs lkie Chneise?

Posted: 31 May 2020 04:34 AM PDT

It's well known that you can fairly easily read English when the letters are jumbled up, as long as the first and last letters are in the right place. But does this also work in languages that don't use true alphabets, like abjads (Arabic), syllabaries (Japanese and Korean) and logographs (Chinese and Japanese)?

submitted by /u/Chlorophilia
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Do earthworms sleep or have some sort of circadian rhythm?

Posted: 31 May 2020 07:28 AM PDT

I know they have some sort of hibernation but don't know if they actually sleep.

submitted by /u/samgoos
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Why is Kuru only caused by eating a human brain and not any other animal’s?

Posted: 30 May 2020 03:57 PM PDT

Do immunity-boosting foods really exist? And what's the exact mechanism by which these foods boost immunity?

Posted: 31 May 2020 06:59 AM PDT

How do the SpaceX rocket cameras relay their information and how is it different to the camera that's at the drone ship out at sea?

Posted: 30 May 2020 08:44 PM PDT

I'm curious how these work and what are the pros/cons of each method of data streaming. It seems one obvious negative for the drone ship camera is that the energy blast from the ship disrupts the signal. Would appreciate any info clearing this up.

Thanks!

submitted by /u/CJ_Productions
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Can sea animals get rabies? And if so, does it affect them any differently than it affects land animals?

Posted: 30 May 2020 10:04 PM PDT

I mean is there detectable foaming of the mouth, fear of water, etc.?

submitted by /u/Rories1
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It is known that electrons move back and forth in an AC circuit as the voltage periodically reverses itself . Do the electrons in an AC circuit emit EM radiation ?

Posted: 31 May 2020 02:24 AM PDT

Back and forth movement causes linear acceleration. It is known that accelerated charges emit EM radiation. So, do electrons in an AC circuit emit any EM radiation ? If so, please offer insight on the frequency of radiation and various factors influencing it.

submitted by /u/Sudden_Delight
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Are humans reservoir of any viruses which get transmitted zoonotically to other animals with devastating consequences ?

Posted: 31 May 2020 02:12 AM PDT

Much like bats harbouring coronaviruses, do we know of any viruses with which we have a commensalistic relationship but could potentially infect other animals ?

submitted by /u/mutatedsai
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Why do airplanes produce so many ultrafine particulates relative to cars?

Posted: 30 May 2020 08:22 PM PDT

eg see https://www.reddit.com/r/EnvironmentNerds/comments/glc06u/effects_of_shortterm_exposures_to_ultrafine/

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1352231018307313

it seems that ultrafine particles are much more common at airports, but they aren't easily picked up by standard 2.5uM PM momnitors. What is the generative/combustive process behind these ultrafines that makes them produced more by planes than cars?

submitted by /u/inquilinekea
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What happens to our brain when we look at any optical illusion? Do animals also perceive them?

Posted: 31 May 2020 05:44 AM PDT

I just found some interesting and amazing optical illusions in a book. So I was wondering what happens in our brain and do animals also get confused by them like us. A additional question: how do animals with eyes different from ours see these illusions?

submitted by /u/Jager1209
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Why do veins look blue, even when it is not under cutaneous tissue?

Posted: 30 May 2020 02:46 PM PDT

I've been reading around, trying to find a satisfying answer, but it all seems to come down to "well deoxygenated blood doesn't really look blue, it's just that the skin scatters the light in such a way that it looks blue.

However, I've got a few problems with that answer:

  • In osteogenesis imperfecta, patients are described as having 'blue sclera' because of a thinning of the sclera, making the underlying choroidal blood vessels visible. There is no skin over these blood vessels, but a thin sclera.
  • In open surgeries (like in an open heart surgery), you can see the veins as looking sort of dark-purplish.

In these contexts, are the overlying tissues (the sclera and, I guess, the adventitia of the veins) responsible for the blue discoloration by having the same scattering effects as the skin? How does this scattering effect come about, and how come pretty much all human tissues have those same properties?

Also, from what I searched online, people mainly seemed to focus on the distinction between oxygenated and deoxygenated hemoglobin. But what about carbaminohemoglobin? I've seen some sources say carbaminohemoglobin has a 'distinctive blue color'. First off, is that true? If I took a blood sample, put it in a closed container, and then somehow got rid of all the O2 and replaced it with carbon dioxide, would the sample start becoming purplish-blue? If so, does that also play a role in the blue color of veins, or of the skin and mucosae of a cyanotic patient?

I know the question of 'why are veins blue' has probably been asked a lot, but I really haven't found any satisfying answers, especially in the case of osteogenesis imperfecta (which is what brought me to start researching this subject).

Thank you!

submitted by /u/obz000
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Why is the inclination of the ISS not 0°?

Posted: 30 May 2020 12:05 PM PDT

An inclination of 0° would permit to launch to it everytime. They might need a bit more fuel. Is that the reason?

Or was it easier/cheaper to build it at its current inclination?

submitted by /u/ringoron9
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How do space agencies make sure their astronauts are not carrying contagious illnesses—especially COVID-19—to the International Space Station?

Posted: 30 May 2020 11:37 AM PDT

Watching the NASA astronauts walk out to board the capsule that will take them to the space station today, I couldn't help but notice how many people were around them (their families, the people driving the car that took them to the launch site, the media, etc). It made me wonder: what measures have been taken to ensure they do not carry COVID-19 up with them?

submitted by /u/pluto_nium889
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Why can you sometimes see the moon during the daytime?

Posted: 30 May 2020 09:12 AM PDT

Forgive me if this is a dumb question or has been asked before!

submitted by /u/leafy-on-reddit
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During the day I can't see stars because the sun is too bright. If I went into space could I see stars even if the sun was still in view? Why or why not?

Posted: 30 May 2020 03:17 PM PDT

Does the ocean have any movement of water at the bottom? If there is no real movement, at what depth does the surface movement cease to impact the water below?

Posted: 30 May 2020 07:32 AM PDT

Warm water rises up and cold water does. So obviously there's some amount of vertical movent. Does this translate into some kind of lateral movement? What about rivers, do they have the entire section of water moving?

submitted by /u/anthraxit
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What happens to other teams of researchers when one of them finds a vaccine?

Posted: 30 May 2020 07:28 AM PDT

Currently a whole lot of scientists are researching and attempting to develop a vaccine for covid-19. Some of these scientists are further ahead than others (at least in the vaccine development process), so let's say one team of researchers successfully develops a vaccine.

What happens to the research of the other scientists? Do they just stop developing, since they may be months away from a complete process and someone else has already "figured it out"?

submitted by /u/IsPepsiOkaySir
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