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Saturday, May 23, 2020

How many mouse clicks would it take to put the space shuttle into orbit?

How many mouse clicks would it take to put the space shuttle into orbit?


How many mouse clicks would it take to put the space shuttle into orbit?

Posted: 23 May 2020 04:50 AM PDT

It takes energy to click a mouse button. How many clicks per second would it take to launch the space shuttle entirely into its usual orbit height?

submitted by /u/TheArksmith
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Do neurons or other cells generate biologically functional magnetic fields?

Posted: 22 May 2020 06:20 PM PDT

Just learning about electromagnetism, and I'm curious whether anything is known about magnetic fields generated during action potentials. Do charged molecules interact/move with magnetic fields for functional purposes in our body?

Further, do any human cells use magnetic interactions to communicate? Do any other animals use magnetism to communicate? Is there a magnetic-gated channel perhaps, similar to a voltage-gated channel?

Thanks!

submitted by /u/dryobfehc
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Was there water on Mars when there were dinosaurs on earth?

Posted: 22 May 2020 09:28 PM PDT

If vaccines are just slightly less harmful versions of a virus and viruses can spread through a population through the air, why have we not developed airborne vaccines to effectively immunise an entire population?

Posted: 23 May 2020 01:45 AM PDT

Is it possible to create an antibody that can also be spread via human to human contact?

Posted: 22 May 2020 07:49 PM PDT

Why are green beans associated with botulism and not other fruits and vegetables?

Posted: 22 May 2020 01:28 PM PDT

What is the electrical current actually doing in am antenna?

Posted: 22 May 2020 09:14 AM PDT

From what I've read so far, an antenna is just a conductive piece of metal and radio waves induce an electric current in it which can be decoded into sound or images. But a piece of metal can't discriminate and is being bombarded by every radio and TV station and wifi signal and garage remote in the area right? So are the electrons just flying around chaotically? How can you make an actual electric current when the electrons are being pulled in every direction at once?

submitted by /u/Depensity
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How are cepheid variable stars different from other stars?

Posted: 22 May 2020 05:53 PM PDT

Why is the earths magnetic field the way it is?

Posted: 22 May 2020 01:23 PM PDT

While watching a documentation on planets I was wondering why the magnetic fields always seemed to "emit their magnetism" (please excuse my lack of technical terms) on the north or South Pole. Visualizations of the magnetic fields always show the currents making their way from the poles. Since planets are (almost) a sphere I wondered why poles couldn't just be somewhere else. I figured it has something to do with the tilt and rotation, or the not perfect sphere. However, I am not invested enough to figure it out myself so here I am. I hope my amateurish explanation and question is understandable! Thanks for your answers in advance.

submitted by /u/amstewei11
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How does loss of oxygen in oceans lead to ocean acidification?

Posted: 22 May 2020 10:48 PM PDT

The role of CO2 in ocean acidification is well established. It intuitively makes sense too. The more CO2 is absorbed, the more carbonic acid will form in the oceans.

But how does loss of oxygen also lead to acidification? Source claiming that to be the case.

submitted by /u/chaos1618
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What exactly would earthquakes of magnitudes 10, 10.5 or 11 do to the planet?

Posted: 22 May 2020 03:44 PM PDT

Are earthquakes of these magnitudes possible? If not, why and are we able to tell what magnitude the strongest possible quake on earth could have?

submitted by /u/MBrenner
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How is negative Kelvin achieved?

Posted: 22 May 2020 11:05 AM PDT

I recently learned about negative kelvin, but cannot understand why it is considered a negative temperature.

Here is where my understanding is at: 1. I understand that atoms are brought to near 0K, meaning they have near zero kinetic energy. 2. I understand that these atoms need to have an upper energy limit so that they can be in a state of maximum potential energy during this process. 3. Temperature is not just the kinetic energy of particles, but includes interaction and potential energy as well.

Where my understanding breaks down is how inverting the kinetic and potential energies creates a negative Kelvin temperature. Why does taking an atom to it's upper energy limit create a negative temperature?

I read this article on it: https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/01/130104143516.htm but I still do not understand it, and the hill/ball analogy did not help.

Edit: After further reading on the subject through this subreddit I have a basic understanding of Thermodynamic Beta and why negative Kelvin is considered negative, but I am still confused about the need for the energy limit, and inversion of potential and kinetic energies.

submitted by /u/ProSwitz
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The body creates the highly toxic chemicals used in decomposition, where do they come from?

Posted: 22 May 2020 05:55 PM PDT

What are they made of? How long does it take for a body to decompose to something unrecognisable?

submitted by /u/dunklebean
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Can you still differentiate aromatic rings and normal pi bonding in zero-field nmr?

Posted: 22 May 2020 05:36 PM PDT

If the anisotropic effects of these bonds/rings is what causes the greater than usual chemical shifts would you still be able to see these shifts in a zero field experiment?

submitted by /u/alexmurillo242
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Why has Coronavirus spread around the world from region to region in hotspots?

Posted: 22 May 2020 08:48 PM PDT

Infections were obviously greater in China and Asia generally initially, then Europe And the Middle East, then North America. Now it appear that South America and Africa is where the virus is spreading most?

Is it simply a question of where most travelers to those regions come from (i.e Africa and South America are a few steps removed from direct travel from Asia) or is something more going on?

submitted by /u/JeSuisForeign
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How old is the inner core of the Earth?

Posted: 22 May 2020 06:41 AM PDT

I am trying to find out when the inner core was formed but every source I look at ranges too much from 50 million years after the earth formed to even 500 million years ago which over a 4.5 billion span is a lot. I understand it formed from the heavy iron and nickel materials sinking to the centre and solidifying from the pressure, but I am trying to understand the history of the earth and would like it if someone could clear up the age of the inner core for me. :)

submitted by /u/EightFoldKura
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Friday, May 22, 2020

AskScience AMA Series: We are NASA scientists looking for volunteers to do real science with us. Ask us anything about NASA's Citizen Science projects and why you should join!

AskScience AMA Series: We are NASA scientists looking for volunteers to do real science with us. Ask us anything about NASA's Citizen Science projects and why you should join!


AskScience AMA Series: We are NASA scientists looking for volunteers to do real science with us. Ask us anything about NASA's Citizen Science projects and why you should join!

Posted: 22 May 2020 04:00 AM PDT

You can do real NASA science right now, from your own home. Just join one of NASA's citizen science projects! From projects designed to study our planet's biodiversity, to studying the sun, comets, and finding planets outside of our solar system, our citizen science projects harness the collective strength of the public to analyze data and conduct scientific research. NASA-funded citizen science projects have engaged roughly 1.5 million volunteers and resulted in thousands of scientific discoveries and numerous scientific publications. For information on current our citizen science projects, visit https://science.nasa.gov/citizenscience. Most projects require no prior knowledge, experience, or special tools beyond a computer or cell phone. And don't worry if you didn't study science in school; these projects aim to teach you everything you need to know.

We are here to answer your questions! Ask us about:

  • Why NASA needs your help
  • How you can conduct scientific analysis and discoveries
  • Which project might be right for you
  • What you can expect when you become part of NASA's citizen science team
  • Citizen science successes stories

We'll be online from 1-3 p.m. EST (10 am to noon. PST, 20:00-22:00 UTC) to answer all your questions!

Participants

  • Jarrett Byrnes, Floating Forests, University of Massachusetts
  • Jessie Christiansen, Planet Hunters TESS, Caltech Infrared Processing and Analysis Center
  • Katharina Doll, NASA Citizen Scientist
  • Nora Eisner, Planet Hunters TESS, Oxford University
  • Larry Keese, NASA Citizen Scientist
  • Dalia Kirschbaum, Project Landslides, Goddard Space Flight Center
  • Veselin Kostov, Planet Patrol, Goddard Space Flight Center
  • Marc Kuchner, Backyard Worlds: Planet 9, NASA Headquarters
  • Orleo Marinaro, NASA Citizen Scientist
  • Rob Zellem, Exoplanet Watch, Jet Propulsion laboratory
  • Chris Ratzlaff, NASA Citizen Scientist

Username: NASA

submitted by /u/AskScienceModerator
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What is the starchy part of a potato actually used for and is it alive?

Posted: 21 May 2020 02:14 PM PDT

The key question I have is, specifically, whether the starchy interior (the vaguely white/manilla colored bit) is full of living cells performing a function or if it's just a collection of sustenance used by the actually living parts of the plant. In either case, how does a potato actually make use of the starchy substance?

submitted by /u/Reyshen
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How long does it take to get "un-used" to a smell you've become nose-blind to?

Posted: 22 May 2020 03:42 AM PDT

When you spend enough time with someone, or in a place, you start to loose the ability to notice the associated smells. How long would you have to avoid the smell to be able to enjoy it again? Does it depend on how long you've been used to it?

submitted by /u/throwaway186109
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Three years out from this article on insulin resistance and statins, how is it holding up?

Posted: 22 May 2020 05:49 AM PDT

What do psychiatrists aim for, when treating a patient?

Posted: 22 May 2020 07:16 AM PDT

As in, is there an equivalent of homeostasis for the mind?

submitted by /u/Silvr4Monsters
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What is the largest single cell identified?

Posted: 22 May 2020 05:45 AM PDT

Came up in thought while cooking eggs, which lead to thinking about ostrich eggs...

submitted by /u/epi_glowworm
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Why is Austenitic Steel (FCC) Non-Ferromagnetic?

Posted: 22 May 2020 04:25 AM PDT

I know carbon steel has a Curie point near the austenitic transformation temperature, so I always thought that high temperature steel lost its ferromagnetism because the thermal energy kept re-orienting Weiss domains so they can't properly align. The blacksmith trick of using a magnet to tell if steel is austenitic is just a guess, because carbon steel actually reaches its Curie temperature a bit before the austentic transformation temperature.

I didn't realize until recently that room temperature austenitic steel (stainless steel) is also not ferromagnetic. My first thought was that this was somehow due to crystal structure (some symmetry operation in FCC that forbids ferromagnetism?) but that doesn't work because there are other examples of FCC metals that exhibit ferromagnetism, like Ni or Co alloys.

My next thought was that Weiss domains in FCC might get thermally misaligned more easily, so perhaps the Curie temperature would be decreased in FCC metals, and Ni could stay ferromagnetic because it had a Curie temperature above 300K. However, Ni has a smaller magnetic moment per atom and a lower melting temperature (than iron or stainless steel), so assuming Curie temperatures occur at roughly the same homologous temperature, Ni should have a lower Curie temperature (it does have a lower Curie temperature than BCC iron).

That leaves me with no explanation for why steel loses its ferromagnetism upon becoming FCC. Does anyone have any ideas?

submitted by /u/FerrousLupus
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Are stars stars? Or are they galaxies in the nightsky?

Posted: 22 May 2020 03:52 AM PDT

I want to know what we see when we 'look out at the stars'. Are they actual stars/suns or are they galaxies (but we just use an ancient nickname - stars)?

And i do not take in to account the milky way stars that are legit stars. Pass on them.

submitted by /u/pancakesat7am
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What mammal is least related to all other mammals?

Posted: 22 May 2020 12:24 AM PDT

That might have been a bad way of phrasing the question but basically you know how all animals have a closest living relative and that broader group will be closely related to a similar broader group so on and so forth but what mammal or even group of mammals is the most distant from all other living groups

submitted by /u/Malvus_sus
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Can awake, spontaneously breathing patients on ECMO hold their breath indefinitely?

Posted: 21 May 2020 10:50 PM PDT

So my 34 year old sister recently suffered a dissected aorta. After a successful surgery and failed mechanical ventilation, it appears she has probably slipped into ARDS and is now requiring ECMO. I'm a CCU nurse but I've never done open heart, mostly Neuro and trauma. I've never even seen ECMO, as only a few hospitals in my state have that capability. But I'm familiar enough to know a bit about how it works, but I can't stop thinking about this question. Since a machine is removing the blood and filtering CO2 and adding oxygen, then pumping it back in, could an awake, spontaneously breathing patient simply hold their breath indefinitely? I meant to ask the doctor today over the phone, but it slipped my mind.

submitted by /u/joneildu
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What does the math look like when calculating how much force it takes to crush a full soup can with a force coaxial with the can?

Posted: 21 May 2020 11:02 PM PDT

An empty one would typically be modeled as buckling or in some circumstances a cross section being compressed, but I don't know what to do with the liquid.

Thanks!

submitted by /u/314159265358979326
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The difference between Atlantic ocean water and Mediterranean sea water is gradual? Or is it immediately visible at the left and right of the strait of Gibraltar?

Posted: 22 May 2020 05:59 AM PDT

What happens to cell organelles during meiosis? Are they quadri-replicated in G1 like in mitosis?

Posted: 21 May 2020 09:49 PM PDT

When a galaxy is born, what dictates it's rotation's direction?

Posted: 22 May 2020 01:25 AM PDT

Can doctors pinpoint how long the body has been producing antibodies to combat the virus?

Posted: 21 May 2020 10:38 AM PDT

And a supplementary question, say hypothetically I had the virus and I took the test and it came out positive would there be anyway of determining a date range of contraction if I didn't suffer any symptoms?

submitted by /u/thillyworne
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Is the likelihood of going bankrupt higher for people who have filed for it before?

Posted: 22 May 2020 03:53 AM PDT

If you file for bankruptcy once your chances of getting decent credit are screwed for years, even decades, because creditors treat you like a much much higher risk.

I was wondering if there are any actual scientific studies proving that people who went bankrupt once are significantly more likely to go bankrupt again.

Looked it up an couldn't find anything. I guess the methodology would be problematic because you need a sample of people who went bankrupt but had it erased from their history, to compare the outcomes reliabely. And keeping track of them for a long time. But anyways... Anyone aware of such data existing?

submitted by /u/ItsaMeRobert
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Why do metal ions like calcium get released from calcium oxalate when boiled?

Posted: 21 May 2020 11:23 PM PDT

I'm writing an investigation on how boiling vegetables affect the calcium loss. I came across a few articles that says calcium exists as calcium oxalate, and when it's boiled the bonds between calcium oxalate breaks and the calcium ions are leached into the water. I'm struggling to find any information on the mechanism behind this as in how this actually works. Can someone direct me to any sources or explanations on this process?

submitted by /u/JeffreyChanHK
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Is it more difficult for a virus to mutate if the host is healthy?

Posted: 21 May 2020 07:31 PM PDT

Friends and I got into an argument about this. My take is that the virus will simply mutate without regard to the immune system of the host.

Their argument is that if the virus infects healthy people without infecting those who are immunocompromised or overall unhealthy, the virus becomes weaker and weaker.

Can someone clear this up? It's difficult to find an answer.

submitted by /u/crescent-stars
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What happen under the carbonate compensation depth?

Posted: 22 May 2020 03:00 AM PDT

Hello!

I'm currently learning again my geology lesson, and I'm on the ccd right now. But I'm wondering, when the lithospheric plate goes under the ccd, does the carbonate sediments put in place before starts to disapper, or do they stays? It's not clear in my lesson...

Thank you for your help! And sorry for the mistakes, I understand English better than I write it...

submitted by /u/Pizel_the_Twizel
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How can a phone's camera adapt to the difference of refraction in the glasses lenses? (Picture included)

Posted: 22 May 2020 02:52 AM PDT

https://imgur.com/ULiXJG1

How is it possible that the image seen through the camera is clear, even though the glasses have minus five (-5) diopters? Also, the image around the lens is how a person with -5 actually sees. How can the phone do that?

submitted by /u/BobbyBuci
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Can you help me understand Laplace transform and the frequency interpretation of a signal?

Posted: 21 May 2020 02:28 PM PDT

I have studied all the facts regarding the subject (really cool part of maths) but I cant visualize the practical meaning of this.

For what I see, when you decompose a signal in an infinite sum of sines and cosines (even dilated or shrinked) you are giving each frequency a "weight" or a "share" on the total signal. What does it mean to filter a signal? Will it remove the "low" sinuisoids and cosinusoids?

submitted by /u/sgozzacaprette
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Is there a way to separate DNA and amino acid molecules by charge?

Posted: 21 May 2020 06:04 PM PDT

For example, is there a gel electrophoresis method for molecule charge instead of molecule size? Is there a neutral gel buffer that doesn't ionize molecules?

submitted by /u/poopypantpie
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Thursday, May 21, 2020

If you melt a magnet, what happens to the magnetism? Does the liquid metal retain the magnetism or does it go away?

If you melt a magnet, what happens to the magnetism? Does the liquid metal retain the magnetism or does it go away?


If you melt a magnet, what happens to the magnetism? Does the liquid metal retain the magnetism or does it go away?

Posted: 20 May 2020 07:45 PM PDT

Is it possible that when my microwave is turned on, the wifi signal becomes weaker?

Posted: 21 May 2020 05:02 AM PDT

How does oral and genital herpes simplex become localized to their respective sites? Why isn't the infection more systemic like herpes zoster? What makes the mouth or genitals better sites for eruption than any other body part?

Posted: 21 May 2020 05:53 AM PDT

What is "herd immunity"? Is this term being thrown around correctly? Is this a viable solution to Covid19?

Posted: 21 May 2020 03:39 AM PDT

How to interpret the of power laws in the spectrum of a time series (understanding white, pink, red brown and black noise)?

Posted: 21 May 2020 07:06 AM PDT

From my understanding if a frequency spectrum is essentially frequency independent then this is white noise. The interpretation being that there is no correlation in time in the data.

 

For brown noise, such that the frequency spectrum has a 1/f2 power law, this is interpreted as there is no correlation between increments. That is the signal is performing a random walk in time.

 

How does one interpret the "various shades" of pink noise where 1/falpha with 0<alpha<2? I get the idea of for alpha = 1 then we have the same energy in each octave. But this does not really give a physical understanding in the same way as for white and brown noise.

submitted by /u/dukesdj
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Can a quasar be formed when the Milky way galaxy and the Andromeda galaxy collide?

Posted: 20 May 2020 11:47 PM PDT

If we looked really far away with a really good telescope, could we see the Big Bang while it was happening?

Posted: 21 May 2020 12:52 AM PDT

If not, how far back could we see?

submitted by /u/jetpacks4pigs
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Why are new spacecraft today built as a pod on top of a rocket instead of evolving the shuttle design ideas?

Posted: 21 May 2020 04:36 AM PDT

Something that has been bothering me and I can't really find an answer. I know the shuttle program was primarily scrapped due to cost but why are the new space craft being built by spacex and others following the design ideas of the apollo missions?

Personally, the space shuttle looks better, has more capability due to its cargo space and arm so can be used for more things than just ferrying people between places.

Is it simply cost or is there another reason?

submitted by /u/pj84
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If the speed of light equals the speed of causality, does causality slow down in water like light does ?

Posted: 21 May 2020 01:56 AM PDT

Is it possible to touch something so cold, it causes acute pain like when touching something too hot?

Posted: 21 May 2020 07:00 AM PDT

When you touch the hot burner of the stove, you can burn yourself in under a second. Is it possible to touch something so cold that similar harm is inflicted in a similar amount of time?

submitted by /u/ScuddsMcDudds
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Are there vaccine technologies being advanced for Covid-19 that can be later repurposed for other viruses?

Posted: 20 May 2020 11:57 AM PDT

With the enormous amount of money and effort being dedicated to developing a Covid-19 vaccine, are we advancing any cutting edge vaccine technology that can later be repurposed? For example for eradicating the other common coronaviruses causing common cold?

submitted by /u/abadonn
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After a partial liver transplant, does the reconstituted new liver have the donor's source genetic make-up, or the recipient's?

Posted: 20 May 2020 09:28 AM PDT

Or is it a sort-of mix, like a child is a mix of parental DNA?

And if it does take on the recipient's, does the actual donated chunk retain it's old DNA, or is it overwritten during regeneration?

submitted by /u/RunFromTheIlluminati
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How dangerous is covid-19 with people who have asthma?

Posted: 20 May 2020 12:34 PM PDT

How dangerous is covid-19 with people who have asthma?

submitted by /u/A1on321
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Why do mRNA vaccines have to create the Covid19 protein-spike in humans? Why can't we generate the protein in pigs or ecoli?

Posted: 20 May 2020 08:37 AM PDT

I'm both excited and frightened by the mRNA vaccines being created by companies like Moderna.

The idea of them creating raw mRNA and my body creating the protein just seems ... dangerous to me.

I'm FAR from a luddite. My background is data science and I love modern medicine.

I just don't think it's a conservative strategy.

Wouldn't it be better to generate the protein by something like ecoli, then just inject the raw protein spike into humans?

I assume there must be some core reason. My thinking is that they're taking the raw RNA slice from COVID19 directly and that it would only replicate in humans?

submitted by /u/brainhack3r
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Do sinkholes or unstable ground form on top of depleted oil and gas fields?

Posted: 20 May 2020 05:26 AM PDT