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Sunday, April 12, 2020

When a photon is emitted, what determines the direction that it flies off in?

When a photon is emitted, what determines the direction that it flies off in?

When a photon is emitted, what determines the direction that it flies off in?

Posted: 12 Apr 2020 02:43 AM PDT

How do plants protect their DNA from the sun? Do they ever get "skin" cancer?

Posted: 11 Apr 2020 10:59 AM PDT

Why is it that as we move to higher altitudes (mountains) temperature drops, whereas we move closer to the sun ?

Posted: 12 Apr 2020 12:57 AM PDT

Why does dehydration cause muscle cramps?

Posted: 11 Apr 2020 09:38 PM PDT

I've always known that not drinking enough water can make you have muscle cramps, but I realized that I don't know exactly why. And why does you only get the cramp in one place? Why not all over?

submitted by /u/LovelyNahi
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Where do hermit crab’s shells come from?

Posted: 11 Apr 2020 08:29 PM PDT

I've heard a few times that when a hermit crab gets too big for its shell it just finds a bigger one and transfers. Where do the shells come from in the first place?

submitted by /u/-MrMiscellaneous-
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How does the test for Covid 19 work?

Posted: 12 Apr 2020 04:38 AM PDT

If you had an accident and your fingers lose their fingerprints temporarily, would these fingerprints be the exact same when they heal back?

Posted: 12 Apr 2020 02:38 AM PDT

So for example, say I fell off my bike and my thumb gets scraped in the process, but heals, would my fingerprint be the same as before?

submitted by /u/MemeyMeme123
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Does an interferometer add or multiply together signals? Is it either?

Posted: 12 Apr 2020 02:44 AM PDT

I'm studying honours physics right now and have to get an understanding of interferometers, specifically in the context of astronomy and interferometer telescope arrays. However, I'm having some trouble as we only covered the basics of interferometers in undergrad.

We went over stuff like the Michelson-Morley experiment and obviously did wave interference, but not as much in terms of modern application.

It seems to me that devices where multiple light beams are sent to interfere directly, and then detected, are called interferometers. This makes sense to me as you are using the interference of the two signals to measure something or to filter noise.

But, in the notes I have for my project, the basic example of an interferometer array made of two telescope dishes looking at some source has the signal correlation be a multiplication instead. I understand that this would also show you where the signals correlate, and would cancel out some random noise that is specific to one of the telescopes. But this doesn't really seem like it is interference.

Or am I just doing wrong something really basic to do with interference?

Thanks.

submitted by /u/gameboy350
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How do Herpes viruses replicate inside muscle and nerve cells without killing host cells?

Posted: 11 Apr 2020 09:34 PM PDT

What is Folding@Home doing while trying to research Covid-19?

Posted: 11 Apr 2020 08:54 AM PDT

I understand how Folding@Home allows for large computational loads to be distributed and completed but I don't at all understand the work that's being ran on it. How is the data being ran on it helping against Covid-19?

Here's the workload I'm running right now:

Project 16410

SARS1 Non-structural-protein (NSP15) from 2003 outbreak – useful for comparing to SARS-CoV-2

submitted by /u/MorallyDeplorable
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If you have an immunity to a virus, would your immunity fail if your body gets exposed to a massive number of that virus? Could that realistically happen for healthy people?

Posted: 12 Apr 2020 04:02 AM PDT

If you move a magnet through the air fast enough to create a strong enough changing magnetic flux, can the magnet induce a ring of lightning in the air around the magnet?

Posted: 11 Apr 2020 03:06 PM PDT

I understand this would take a really strong magnet moving at really fast speeds, but is it even possible, am I understanding faraday's law correctly?

submitted by /u/Flame6332
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Considering a supernova can lead to the creation of new stars is it not possible that if it was a big bang which created our universe, this event could have been a common supernova on a scale which we are just too small to understand in a universe that is much bigger than we expect?

Posted: 11 Apr 2020 09:44 AM PDT

How fast should an image be flashed on a monitor screen for it to be unnoticeable or unrecognizable?

Posted: 12 Apr 2020 12:26 AM PDT

How would one derive Wien's distribution law?

Posted: 12 Apr 2020 12:11 AM PDT

Just to clarify, I don't mean the displacement law, that's easy. The question is what assumptions did Wien start with to get what he got?

submitted by /u/NoLongerBreathedIn
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How long did it take for dinosaurs to go extinct?

Posted: 12 Apr 2020 03:23 AM PDT

Considering alvarez hypothesis, the meteor managed to make a crater of 93 miles, did all the dinosaurs belonged to that one region? or was there an ecological collapse? Was it so big to wipe all the dinosaurs on the planet?

Would any other hypotheses provide better answers?

submitted by /u/blueyagami
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Is heat the ONLY factor used determine smoke point in oils? Looking at online resources - not getting the same results on a mini-experiment.

Posted: 11 Apr 2020 03:04 PM PDT

I'm wondering if anyone knows what technically qualifies as a smoke point, and how they're calculated. I ran a little experiment, that verified my hunch, but online resources all refuted it. I just bought some flax oil for my cast iron, because all the people say it's got a high smoke point and ideal for seasoning it. Out of the blue, I decide to Google what the smoke point for flax oil, (unrefined) is and found 225 degrees F, 107 C. Yet when I applied a coat of it to my pan, and pointed my heat measuring gun on it, it only started smoking at around 400+ F. Why is there such a large discrepancy? Is there perhaps a chemical bond that changes it when it touches iron? Is there another factor besides heat used to determine it "officially?"

submitted by /u/coffeeisgoodstuff
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How do patients that have recovered from Covid, test positive again?

Posted: 11 Apr 2020 10:33 AM PDT

Is it an issue with the testing, does the virus turn dormant ?

submitted by /u/darth_Marshmallow
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Can anyone explain how Max plank disproved Rayleigh-Jeans law in the context of the ultraviolet catastrophe in layman's terms?

Posted: 11 Apr 2020 11:21 AM PDT

Is it possible for a tidally locked planet to have a tidally locked moon?

Posted: 11 Apr 2020 02:28 PM PDT

Pretty much all in the title.

submitted by /u/brickhamilton
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Why don't neutrinos interact with matter?

Posted: 11 Apr 2020 09:53 PM PDT
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Saturday, April 11, 2020

Iridium and similarly hard metals are difficult to machine due to extreme work hardening. Is "grinding" based machining also affected?

Iridium and similarly hard metals are difficult to machine due to extreme work hardening. Is "grinding" based machining also affected?

Iridium and similarly hard metals are difficult to machine due to extreme work hardening. Is "grinding" based machining also affected?

Posted: 10 Apr 2020 03:19 PM PDT

I understand how drilling and traditional milling would be made essentially impossible due to rapid work hardening, but couldn't a "grinding" approach be used to get around this?

Is there something I am not understanding about work hardening? Does work hardening affect materials at such a "small-scale" as sanding away tiny pieces of the material?

submitted by /u/Natolx
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How do they search for patient zero?

Posted: 11 Apr 2020 01:19 AM PDT

I heard they are searching for the first patient of covid 19, but how exactly are they doing that? How do can one be 100% sure to have found patient 0?

submitted by /u/Freaky_Felix
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Since photons have no charge, what force or mechanism causes them to deflect/scatter when coming into contact with matter?

Posted: 11 Apr 2020 07:44 AM PDT

Could seasonal influenza be reduced/eliminated at the same time as COVID-19?

Posted: 10 Apr 2020 10:35 AM PDT

Since a large part of the world is practicing social distancing, will this also reduce the seasonal influenza? Could we use this event as an opportunity to eliminate the flu as well as the coronavirus, i.e. could a future COVID-19 vaccine be paired with the current flu vaccine (since many people will likely seek the COVID-19 vaccine)?

submitted by /u/acritely
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How do they figure out the correct dosage of a vaccine to ensure that all people of varying sizes and ages will develop an immunity to the disease?

Posted: 10 Apr 2020 11:41 PM PDT

What is the majority of the liquid in a flu shot?

Posted: 11 Apr 2020 12:31 AM PDT

Not anti vax or anything, just had a flu shot and wondered what the majority of the actual injected liquid was. Surely it's not all just virus and additives right? Some kind of saline solution maybe? Doc couldnt tell me (although I was in a rush) and I couldn't find much on google.

submitted by /u/thestigDMC
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These days I'm hearing a lot about diagnosis using pcr. My question is: once you have a lot of copies of the genetic material you want to test for, plus whatever other genomes were in the sample, how do you isolate it from the rest and identify it?

Posted: 11 Apr 2020 03:45 AM PDT

How can cities reach a covid 19 peak while we're social distancing?

Posted: 10 Apr 2020 06:33 PM PDT

How can cities reach a covid 19 peak while we're social distancing? Won't everything just explode once restrictions are lifted and things "get back to normal"? How can we ever return to normal??

submitted by /u/feivelgoeswest
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How does the sun have a magnetic field when both helium and hydrogen have a very weak magnetic field, and when things are very hot they lose their magneticivty?

Posted: 10 Apr 2020 11:47 PM PDT

I dont know much about magnetic fields, so sorry if the information I have in the question is incorrect.

submitted by /u/mamas_mia
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Since MERS has a high fatality rate (36%) and only about 2500 confirmed cases over a span of eight years, why hasn't it been contained (and basically eliminated) like SARS-CoV-1 was?

Posted: 10 Apr 2020 11:32 AM PDT

Why we itch? What is the science behind it?

Posted: 10 Apr 2020 08:02 PM PDT

What determines how long immunity would last?

Posted: 10 Apr 2020 10:43 AM PDT

Why does immunity against some viruses last for life and some just a few years (and needs a boost in case of vaccination)? What makes the difference?

submitted by /u/_-_lumos_-_
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Why hasn't COVID-19 slowed the rise of atmospheric C02?

Posted: 10 Apr 2020 08:05 PM PDT

Every website I look at shows data indicating an increase in C02 year-over-year for each month in 2020. I would have expected that with the limited industrial activity, reduced air traffic and many working from home instead of commuting; we might see a slight dip. Are we observing lag time in the reduction of C02 output and an appreciable change in atmospheric composition? Something else?

submitted by /u/coelacan
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What makes Zoom (or other video conferencing software) a security risk?

Posted: 10 Apr 2020 06:21 AM PDT

I've done some brief searching and found that there was code that made Macs vulnerable. Other than that are the security concerns around having unwanted people in zoom chats? If someone gets into a zoom chat can they do something more malicious than posting inappropriate or racist things?

submitted by /u/benruff
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Why did the Smallpox vaccine work?

Posted: 10 Apr 2020 02:23 PM PDT

Why did it work when Cowpox and Smallpox are different viruses?

submitted by /u/MetaPyro
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Why are gold and copper the only metals that, in their elemental form, have a different color from the rest of the silvery grey metals?

Posted: 09 Apr 2020 10:38 PM PDT

Gold has a yellow color and copper is reddish-orange, but why are they the only metals that aren't silver or grey?

submitted by /u/PhenomenalPancake
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Friday, April 10, 2020

AskScience Panel of Scientists XXII

AskScience Panel of Scientists XXII

AskScience Panel of Scientists XXII

Posted: 24 Jan 2020 05:32 PM PST

Please read this entire post carefully and format your application appropriately.

This post is for new panelist recruitment! The previous one is here.

The panel is an informal group of redditors who are either professional scientists or those in training to become so. All panelists have at least a graduate-level familiarity within their declared field of expertise and answer questions from related areas of study. A panelist's expertise is summarized in a color-coded AskScience flair.

Membership in the panel comes with access to a panelist subreddit. It is a place for panelists to interact with each other, voice concerns to the moderators, and where the moderators make announcements to the whole panel. It's a good place to network with people who share your interests!

You are eligible to join the panel if you:

  • Are studying for at least an MSc. or equivalent degree in the sciences, AND,

  • Are able to communicate your knowledge of your field at a level accessible to various audiences.

Instructions for formatting your panelist application:

  • Choose exactly one general field from the side-bar (Physics, Engineering, Social Sciences, etc.).

  • State your specific field in one word or phrase (Neuropathology, Quantum Chemistry, etc.)

  • Succinctly describe your particular area of research in a few words (carbon nanotube dielectric properties, myelin sheath degradation in Parkinsons patients, etc.)

  • Give us a brief synopsis of your education: are you a research scientist for three decades, or a first-year Ph.D. student?

  • Provide links to comments you've made in AskScience which you feel are indicative of your scholarship. Applications will not be approved without several comments made in /r/AskScience itself.

Ideally, these comments should clearly indicate your fluency in the fundamentals of your discipline as well as your expertise. We favor comments that contain citations so we can assess its correctness without specific domain knowledge.

Here's an example application:

 Username: /u/foretopsail General field: Anthropology Specific field: Maritime Archaeology Particular areas of research include historical archaeology, archaeometry, and ship construction. Education: MA in archaeology, researcher for several years. Comments: 1, 2, 3, 4.

Please do not give us personally identifiable information and please follow the template. We're not going to do real-life background checks - we're just asking for reddit's best behavior. However, several moderators are tasked with monitoring panelist activity, and your credentials will be checked against the academic content of your posts on a continuing basis.

You can submit your application by replying to this post.

submitted by /u/AskScienceModerator
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Can mosquitos spread COVID-19?

Posted: 09 Apr 2020 06:15 PM PDT

Can someone teach me about the COVID19 antibody test? What types of biomarkers are we looking for and what does that tell us?

Posted: 10 Apr 2020 06:39 AM PDT

I've been reading all about the effort for antibody testing and learned that there are different types of antibodies such as IgM, IgG. What are the different types? What can they tell us? Do you need a certain level of each antibody to correlate to a 95% immunity against the next infection?

submitted by /u/neuneumeh
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While most of world are being quarantined to slow down the spread of Covid-19, will it stop other virus as well? When the quarantine is over, will the general public be less easier to get sick?

Posted: 09 Apr 2020 04:36 PM PDT

What is the lifespan of an antibody?

Posted: 10 Apr 2020 01:40 AM PDT

My questions are:

  1. What is the lifespan of an antibody? Do they stay in the body long term?

  2. Do plasma cells keep producing antibodies forever or do they stop after the infectious agent is gone?

  3. I understand memory cells are left behind to produce a second wave of antibodies to prevent the chance of reinfection. But do they need T Cells for antibody activation or can they produce it on their own?

I understand people can get tested for antibodies and so I want to know if those are antibodies left behind from old plasma cells or from memory cells.

Thank you in advance!

submitted by /u/spacemonkster
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Why are the first 2 leaves on seedlings a different shape to all the rest?

Posted: 10 Apr 2020 01:30 AM PDT

How do Virologist decide the genetic code of a virus, like the new Coronavirus?

Posted: 10 Apr 2020 06:55 AM PDT

Could there be Earth-like planets the size of the sun?

Posted: 10 Apr 2020 02:32 AM PDT

Do organisms like bacteria or tardigrades sleep? Or something equivalent to sleep?

Posted: 10 Apr 2020 05:47 AM PDT

Im not sure how to think about this. I always associated sleep with having a brain and some degree of consciousness, but thinking of an organism that never shuts down and always works sounds, well tiring i guess

submitted by /u/JohnyyBanana
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How did the early hominids leave Africa?

Posted: 10 Apr 2020 05:18 AM PDT

This may be an extremely stupid question, but based off of the "Out of Africa model" how did the early hominids leave Africa? Whether the early humans could actually swim or not, surely they would die of exhaustion from trying to swim extreme distances to reach other continents?

submitted by /u/pridefried
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If the flu is caused by a different virus than the cold, but the flu symptoms are only more severe cold symptoms, then why doesn't the cold have it's own mortality rate? Does no one die from it?

Posted: 10 Apr 2020 02:42 AM PDT

I was trying to find information on the flu and the common cold to compare to the corona virus to see how bad they are compared to each other, but I couldn't find any reliable info for the mortality rate of the common cold. I figure it might just be lumped in with the flu season, but I wanted separate numbers and the CDC website says that they're caused by separate viruses. I've read that there are 3 types of influenza viruses that any person can become infected with per season and that there are many types of viruses that can cause them. The symptoms said that the cold doesn't normally have pneumonia as a symptom but I thought that was weird because most cases of pneumonia I've heard about did revolve around the cold. The only real difference I could see was the initial onset, which makes the onset of the cold more comparable to Covid-19, even if the symptoms are more comparable to the severity of the flu. Am I missing something? I'm not very knowledgeable about viruses, other than what I just wrote.

submitted by /u/ThupertherialCereal
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Can cats spread the COVID-19 to humans?

Posted: 09 Apr 2020 10:27 PM PDT

What is the likely effect of social distancing on common viruses that are less contagious than Covid19?

Posted: 09 Apr 2020 11:27 PM PDT

While we are busy sheltering in place and social distancing to slow the spread of Covid19, what effect is this having on other less contagious viruses. Are we likely to reduce some of the less contagious ones to near extinction while working to slow Covid19?

submitted by /u/onymousbosch
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With all the recent posts about atmospheric pollution clearance secondary to wide spread quarantining, is this having any effect on climate changes and temperatures? Or is it too small a time frame to see any real changes?

Posted: 09 Apr 2020 09:43 AM PDT

What is happening to the chemistry of a biscuit when it is going stale?

Posted: 09 Apr 2020 09:26 PM PDT

What is happening to the chemistry of a biscuit when it is going stale?

submitted by /u/Whuttathort
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At what point in the digestive journey are gasses produced? And can the gas overtake solids in the tract?

Posted: 09 Apr 2020 05:29 PM PDT

I'm interested in learning more about viral phylogenetics

Posted: 09 Apr 2020 09:46 AM PDT

What do we know about the large scale phylogeny of viruses? How old do we think various virus families are? What about the particular strains infecting humans? I've seen dates putting the origin of many of them in the past few hundreds or thousands of years, which is pretty crazy compared to the hundred thousand year timespans I'm used to for animal species.

Also, do we know anything about the relationships between virus families? I know they can be grouped based on how they produce mRNA, but is it thought that these are monophyletic groups? How does this mesh with morphology and what kind of organisms are infected? And do we know anything about relationships between different classifications of viruses? Do they even all share a common origin?

I'm sure there aren't conclusive answers for all of these questions, it can't be easy to figure out given the small amounts of genes to work with and the rapid mutation rates in viruses, but I'm interested in knowing more.

submitted by /u/atomfullerene
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If neutrons are not electrically charged, then how do neutron stars generate such strong magnetic fields?

Posted: 09 Apr 2020 06:54 PM PDT

Does the "tyranny of the rocket equation" also apply to cars?

Posted: 09 Apr 2020 01:54 PM PDT

I recognize that there are large differences in terms of not having to constantly fight gravity. But if you attached larger and larger gas tanks to a car, would you still get diminishing returns in the way you do with rockets going to space? Is there a theoretical maximum to the distance you can go (or delta-v you can get?) from a car lugging around an absurd amount of gasoline?

submitted by /u/WhereofWeCannotSpeak
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How are vaccines made and why do they take such a long time to make?

Posted: 09 Apr 2020 05:24 PM PDT

Why can’t we see clearly underwater?

Posted: 09 Apr 2020 08:14 PM PDT

Why do we think we can ever make a vaccine for sars-cov-2 given we've never successfully made one for any other coronavirus?

Posted: 09 Apr 2020 08:04 PM PDT

The assumption is 18 months to get through trials, and people are talking about how to accelerate that, but isn't it likely that we'll never be successful let alone get it right on the first few tries?

submitted by /u/themathstheyarehard
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