How do chemists produce a weakened state of a disease to create vaccines? How can they confidently determine the disease is ready to be used as a vaccination?

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• How do chemists produce a weakened state of a disease to create vaccines? How can they confidently determine the disease is ready to be used as a vaccination?
• What are the colorful lines in NASA's Pale Blue Dot image?
• What was radioactivity called pre-Curie?
• Is there a theoretical limit to how much detail we can get from satelital images?
• How can a pregnant mother generate a sterile environment?
• Would a neck pillow soften the blow of whiplash or would the lack of free neck movement make the impact worse?
• What is the heat of vaporization for NaCl?
• Why is it in the movies when they wear bullet proof vests and get shot, they pass out or something and then wake up and reveal they were wearing a bullet proof Vest, why do they pass out?
• Is it possible to create an enzyme that breaks water into hydrogen and oxygen?
• How human milk is made? I mean all the way through: from food to bloodstream to mammary glands
• How are viruses fought? Which cells can attack them and which cells cannot? Why?
• Why does my marshmallow burn on the outside and not melt ?
• Can you measure the size of a galaxy using Cepheid variable stars?
• If enough asteroid mining is done and brought to earth, would it eventually start to change earth’s gravity pull?
• How steep must an incline be before you start to fall instead of slide down it?
• How much water is on the moon?
• Are other animals apart from humans known to take and raise pets?
• Why does our brain need so many hours of sleep (1/3 of a day)?
• Why do we get congestion in our sinuses? Is this a defense mechanism of some sort? Not referring to the triggers, but why it even happens.

How do chemists produce a weakened state of a disease to create vaccines? How can they confidently determine the disease is ready to be used as a vaccination? Posted: 02 Jan 2020 10:57 PM PST I'm not antivax, I'm just genuinely curious and I can imagine a few methods how they would do this, but I'm wondering about the official method submitted by /u/Mr_Spickles [link] [comments]

What are the colorful lines in NASA's Pale Blue Dot image? Posted: 03 Jan 2020 01:06 AM PST Image submitted by /u/P00PHEAD_ [link] [comments]

What was radioactivity called pre-Curie? Posted: 03 Jan 2020 05:34 AM PST Before Marie Curie coined the term "radioactivity," what was the term for that phenomenon? submitted by /u/Draculalia [link] [comments]

Is there a theoretical limit to how much detail we can get from satelital images? Posted: 02 Jan 2020 03:43 PM PST The resolution you can get out of Google maps is pretty good, and we can make our individual persons most of the time. Will the technology ever get so good that we will be able to make out, say, an ant? If not, does the limit come from our technological capacity or is the limit a theoretical one, where it's physically impossible to get more resolution/detail? submitted by /u/juanimapo [link] [comments]

How can a pregnant mother generate a sterile environment? Posted: 02 Jan 2020 11:47 PM PST I watched a Kurzgesagt video which said that human fetuses are in a sterile environment until they are born. From what I understand about microbiology, creating a sterile environment is hard. Pressurized oven level hard. If I can wash my hands until I flay the skin from my fingers and still not get all the bacteria off, how can a mother generate such a large space of sterile room for an unborn? submitted by /u/everburningblue [link] [comments]

Would a neck pillow soften the blow of whiplash or would the lack of free neck movement make the impact worse? Posted: 03 Jan 2020 02:12 AM PST Like in a car or plane crash. I'm just thinking like, when they say to brace for impact, if it is a good idea to keep your neck pillow on? submitted by /u/alien_from_Europa [link] [comments]

What is the heat of vaporization for NaCl? Posted: 02 Jan 2020 04:10 PM PST I found that its boiling point is 1738K, but I can't find anything for its heat of vaporization. Wikipedia lists the heat of fusion, but not the heat of vaporization. Am I missing something? submitted by /u/swimingduck [link] [comments]

Why is it in the movies when they wear bullet proof vests and get shot, they pass out or something and then wake up and reveal they were wearing a bullet proof Vest, why do they pass out? Posted: 03 Jan 2020 12:47 AM PST submitted by /u/Lillypadyt [link] [comments]

Is it possible to create an enzyme that breaks water into hydrogen and oxygen? Posted: 02 Jan 2020 11:28 PM PST submitted by /u/MSDLF [link] [comments]

How human milk is made? I mean all the way through: from food to bloodstream to mammary glands Posted: 02 Jan 2020 02:42 PM PST Is there a description of the whole process? I mean all chemical reactions, and how mammary glands extract nutrients from blood and convert them to milk and full understanding of how they work. Also, are there machines which can turn food into bioidentical milk, let's say corn into human milk or grass into cows milk? submitted by /u/karlrowden [link] [comments]

How are viruses fought? Which cells can attack them and which cells cannot? Why? Posted: 02 Jan 2020 11:17 PM PST submitted by /u/MSDLF [link] [comments]

Why does my marshmallow burn on the outside and not melt ? Posted: 02 Jan 2020 11:11 PM PST submitted by /u/popstara [link] [comments]

Can you measure the size of a galaxy using Cepheid variable stars? Posted: 02 Jan 2020 03:36 PM PST Specifically, could I measure the size of the Milky Way using the pulsation period of variable stars? submitted by /u/CantaloupeFlamingo [link] [comments]

If enough asteroid mining is done and brought to earth, would it eventually start to change earth’s gravity pull? Posted: 02 Jan 2020 07:43 AM PST submitted by /u/fllr [link] [comments]

How steep must an incline be before you start to fall instead of slide down it? Posted: 02 Jan 2020 03:47 PM PST I've been curious about this for days and I can't seem to find an answer on Google. The logical answer would be a 90 degree angle but wouldn't an 89 degree angle still cause one to fall still? What about an 88 degree angle and on? submitted by /u/mavyapsy [link] [comments]

How much water is on the moon? Posted: 02 Jan 2020 07:36 AM PST From some quick googling, I've found that evidence of ice was found on the moon, but I don't anything saying how much could exist. With NASA's new lunar base campaign, it sounds like they're counting on significant amounts of water to be present in order to sustain a permanent base, and possibly having the moon as a fueling station using the water. What has been found so far? submitted by /u/Arren07 [link] [comments]

Are other animals apart from humans known to take and raise pets? Posted: 02 Jan 2020 03:28 AM PST submitted by /u/warmachine237 [link] [comments]

Why does our brain need so many hours of sleep (1/3 of a day)? Posted: 01 Jan 2020 11:40 PM PST submitted by /u/Daenerys212 [link] [comments]

Why do we get congestion in our sinuses? Is this a defense mechanism of some sort? Not referring to the triggers, but why it even happens. Posted: 01 Jan 2020 10:59 PM PST submitted by /u/samgosam [link] [comments]

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Why does your appetite slow down when you’re sick?

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• Why does your appetite slow down when you’re sick?
• How much light is actually reflected by a mirror?
• Is urine really sterile?
• Is melatonin in breastmilk stored or expressed during feeding?
• At what height does it become dangerous to jump into water?
• When people hang upside down, how does the body keep stomach acid in the stomach and not sliding down someone’s throat?
• When you stick your arm out of the window on the freeway, how come the friction from the air rolling across your skin cools you off instead of warming you up?
• Do people with smaller tongues have fewer taste buds, or a higher density of taste buds? and if so, does this effect taste sensitivity?
• How badly do massive bushfires affect the atmosphere in terms of long term post-fire effects?
• Can you learn a language in your sleep?
• Are there any lifeforms that don't rely on sunlight (even indirectly)?
• Why do we say that there was no time before Big Bang?
• How does the location of the brake caliper on the disc affect braking performance?
• Polarization of light with tartrate crystals in a fluid... but how?
• How does gravitational time dilation cause the effect of Shapiro Time Delay?
• What kinds of chemicals make a perfume smell 'sweet', and why do we associate them with sweet tastes?
• How can some fish, for example salmon, survive in both, sweet and saltwater?
• In John B. Calhoun's behavioral sink experiments, what would have been the conditions of a control group of mice?
• Scientifically speaking, does the practice of 'mewing' (adopting correct tongue posture) improve jawline/ facial features?
• Could any stripped down commercial jet break the sound barrier?
• I've read that 500 million animals have died due to the NSW fires; what will be the long-term impact of this on the NSW ecosystem and at what point does that number become irrevocably catastrophic for the NSW ecosystem?
• How much of our sense of humor is dictated by genetics?
• What's the science behind the Hiroshima and Nagasaki bombs? Why were they still airborne when they detonated?

Why does your appetite slow down when you’re sick? Posted: 01 Jan 2020 02:50 PM PST submitted by /u/Lady_Airam [link] [comments]

How much light is actually reflected by a mirror? Posted: 01 Jan 2020 07:23 AM PST I know a mirror doesn't reflect 100% of light so what's the percentage and can anything actually Reflect 100% of light submitted by /u/yasohi [link] [comments]

Is urine really sterile? Posted: 02 Jan 2020 06:52 AM PST I'm not thinking about drinking it obviously, it's just something I'm curious about because every time I look it up I get mixed answers. Some websites say yes, others no. I figured I could probably get a better answer here. submitted by /u/WeatherWolf31 [link] [comments]

Is melatonin in breastmilk stored or expressed during feeding? Posted: 02 Jan 2020 06:52 AM PST Just wondering. I know melatonin levels in breastmilk are higher in the evening and early morning. But, is it stored at those times or does the body secrete it during letdown? If I last breastfed at 12 midnight, will i get the same melatonin content if there was no breastfeeding or pumping until, say 8 in the morning? submitted by /u/doctoryt [link] [comments]

At what height does it become dangerous to jump into water? Posted: 02 Jan 2020 02:40 AM PST I believe the high jump of most diving boards is about 30 feet. ​ So, at what point could it result in injury or even death if you jumped into water? Would a jump from, say, 50 feet be dangerous? submitted by /u/a5g1 [link] [comments]

When people hang upside down, how does the body keep stomach acid in the stomach and not sliding down someone’s throat? Posted: 01 Jan 2020 10:18 PM PST submitted by /u/cl0udness [link] [comments]

When you stick your arm out of the window on the freeway, how come the friction from the air rolling across your skin cools you off instead of warming you up? Posted: 02 Jan 2020 06:40 AM PST So i know that when your rub your hands together when you are cold, they warm up because matter is rubbing up against matter. Air is matter, so why does it cool us down when it blows across us very fast when we drive down the road, even in the summer when the air is warmer? submitted by /u/Grapesbossk [link] [comments]

Do people with smaller tongues have fewer taste buds, or a higher density of taste buds? and if so, does this effect taste sensitivity? Posted: 01 Jan 2020 03:32 PM PST submitted by /u/AluminiumSandworm [link] [comments]

How badly do massive bushfires affect the atmosphere in terms of long term post-fire effects? Posted: 01 Jan 2020 01:57 PM PST In Australia, over 3 million hectares of bushland has been burned. Are there going to be any dangerous long term effects, or any permanent ones? submitted by /u/GarunixReborn [link] [comments]

Can you learn a language in your sleep? Posted: 01 Jan 2020 05:53 PM PST There are many "learn a new language in sleep" videos that have a voice repeat words for hours on end, Have there been any studies on the topic? submitted by /u/Oidvin [link] [comments]

Are there any lifeforms that don't rely on sunlight (even indirectly)? Posted: 01 Jan 2020 03:12 PM PST Can any lifeforms survive without sunlight? Objectively speaking, chemoautotrophs don't create energy from sunlight, so they don't directly rely on the sun. But according to several sources, this is misleading. I saw that the chemoautotrophs in Lechuguilla, for example, use atmospheric oxygen (derived from sunlight-driven photosynthesis) as an electron acceptor. Indirectly, they're still reliant on the sun's energy. Are there any cases of chemoautotrophs (or other lifeforms) which have zero reliance on the sun's energy? Perhaps lava tube microbial mats, or the bacteria around deep sea vents? I'm hoping to hear about lifeforms which could survive unaffected if the solar system suddenly went dark, which the Lechuguillan chemotrophs (presumably) could not. As an extension to this question, if sunlight-independent chemoautotrophs do exist, do they produce enough energy to provide for other animals? Is a deep sea vent, for example, home to a complicated ecosystem, with chemoautotrophs as the primary producer? submitted by /u/Glade_Kayda [link] [comments]

Why do we say that there was no time before Big Bang? Posted: 02 Jan 2020 02:48 AM PST If we observed space to be expanding, it means things were tiny once. So maybe everything exploded away from each other a long time ago. This is all about space though. It doesn't mean that time didn't when space was tiny. In fact, 'time didn't exist prior to Big Bang' also seems incomprehensible. Do people who say that have any idea what it means? That's because anything and everything exists inside time. Time is pretty much the stage where things exist. If we're theorizing the birth of time, we're pretty much saying everything just popped out of nothing. submitted by /u/TraditionalWishbone [link] [comments]

How does the location of the brake caliper on the disc affect braking performance? Posted: 01 Jan 2020 05:03 PM PST Why are they on the front side for front wheels and on the rear side for rear wheels? I have noticed that this is the case for most (all?) cars. submitted by /u/hukkum_ka_ikka [link] [comments]

Polarization of light with tartrate crystals in a fluid... but how? Posted: 01 Jan 2020 08:04 PM PST I was watching a youtube video last night about when Pasteur discovered left/right handed molecules due to the way that the crystals polarized light when dissolved in a fluid. My question would be - how in the world would polarization work with crystals in a fluid? Wouldn't the crystal orientation be every direction possible? Is there something else going on there? I would think that anything suspended in a fluid is going to be highly chaotic. Thanks submitted by /u/chickenbarf [link] [comments]

How does gravitational time dilation cause the effect of Shapiro Time Delay? Posted: 02 Jan 2020 01:24 AM PST How do observers detect a time delay for light traveling through a vacuum versus light traveling through a vacuum near an object of strong gravity but the same distance? If time is passing more slowly for light as it gets closer to the massive body then shouldn't it seem to be traveling faster to the outside observers since it will be covering the same distance in less time (from the reference frame of the light)? or at least take the same amount of time to the outside observer? What am I not getting? submitted by /u/CalvinHobbesCombo [link] [comments]

What kinds of chemicals make a perfume smell 'sweet', and why do we associate them with sweet tastes? Posted: 02 Jan 2020 12:39 AM PST I have some air freshener that's so sickly sweet that being in the room with it is like drinking a pint of syrup. What's going on here? submitted by /u/TheBananaKing [link] [comments]

How can some fish, for example salmon, survive in both, sweet and saltwater? Posted: 01 Jan 2020 11:05 AM PST I know that seafish cope with high salt levels through elevated osmolarity compared to mammals. Sea mammals like dolphins have powerful kidneys. So how do wanderfish adapt when alternating between sweet and saltwater? Change of inner osmolarity? Powerful kidneys? Something else? submitted by /u/sloth_is_life [link] [comments]

In John B. Calhoun's behavioral sink experiments, what would have been the conditions of a control group of mice? Posted: 01 Jan 2020 06:23 PM PST submitted by /u/PM_ME_YOUR_CLAM_ [link] [comments]

Scientifically speaking, does the practice of 'mewing' (adopting correct tongue posture) improve jawline/ facial features? Posted: 01 Jan 2020 09:19 PM PST Anyone with experience/expertise; it would be great if you could share your knowledge. submitted by /u/NaiveManufacturer1 [link] [comments]

Could any stripped down commercial jet break the sound barrier? Posted: 01 Jan 2020 05:29 PM PST submitted by /u/bradyso [link] [comments]

I've read that 500 million animals have died due to the NSW fires; what will be the long-term impact of this on the NSW ecosystem and at what point does that number become irrevocably catastrophic for the NSW ecosystem? Posted: 01 Jan 2020 06:09 AM PST submitted by /u/Jak03e [link] [comments]

How much of our sense of humor is dictated by genetics? Posted: 01 Jan 2020 11:41 AM PST submitted by /u/alexjandro37 [link] [comments]

What's the science behind the Hiroshima and Nagasaki bombs? Why were they still airborne when they detonated? Posted: 01 Jan 2020 03:33 PM PST submitted by /u/pgh9fan [link] [comments]

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How fast does blood flow in a human body?

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• How fast does blood flow in a human body?
• What would happen if you boiled bleach? (sodium hypochlorite bleach not oxygen bleach)
• How come when a person yawns while listening to music,the music sounds different?
• Ask Anything Wednesday - Economics, Political Science, Linguistics, Anthropology
• Is there a temperature below which a match will no longer strike?
• How does eating in abnormal quantities (e.g. morbidly obese people) affect frequency of defecation and quantity?
• What might be the incidence of undetected cancer (all kinds) that the immune system stops before it becomes a clinical issue?
• How to make a beaker disappear?
• What in your body actually causes an orgasm?

How fast does blood flow in a human body? Posted: 31 Dec 2019 09:12 PM PST How fast and how far does blood flow with each pump of the human heart? How much force does the average human heart contract with? How does oxygen get transferred to every cell in the body, is there a capillary leading to every individual cell? And how exactly does blood get through tiny areas in the body, is there some mechanism for even distribution of pressure? (The blood in my pinky toe is so far from the heart, how does it get back?) submitted by /u/LemonsNeedHelp [link] [comments]

What would happen if you boiled bleach? (sodium hypochlorite bleach not oxygen bleach) Posted: 31 Dec 2019 09:54 PM PST submitted by /u/156497 [link] [comments]

How come when a person yawns while listening to music,the music sounds different? Posted: 01 Jan 2020 02:26 AM PST submitted by /u/WPGxGunna [link] [comments]

Ask Anything Wednesday - Economics, Political Science, Linguistics, Anthropology Posted: 01 Jan 2020 07:12 AM PST Welcome to our weekly feature, Ask Anything Wednesday - this week we are focusing on Economics, Political Science, Linguistics, Anthropology Do you have a question within these topics you weren't sure was worth submitting? Is something a bit too speculative for a typical /r/AskScience post? No question is too big or small for AAW. In this thread you can ask any science-related question! Things like: "What would happen if...", "How will the future...", "If all the rules for 'X' were different...", "Why does my...". Asking Questions: Please post your question as a top-level response to this, and our team of panellists will be here to answer and discuss your questions. The other topic areas will appear in future Ask Anything Wednesdays, so if you have other questions not covered by this weeks theme please either hold on to it until those topics come around, or go and post over in our sister subreddit /r/AskScienceDiscussion , where every day is Ask Anything Wednesday! Off-theme questions in this post will be removed to try and keep the thread a manageable size for both our readers and panellists. Answering Questions: Please only answer a posted question if you are an expert in the field. The full guidelines for posting responses in AskScience can be found here. In short, this is a moderated subreddit, and responses which do not meet our quality guidelines will be removed. Remember, peer reviewed sources are always appreciated, and anecdotes are absolutely not appropriate. In general if your answer begins with 'I think', or 'I've heard', then it's not suitable for /r/AskScience. If you would like to become a member of the AskScience panel, please refer to the information provided here. Past AskAnythingWednesday posts can be found here. Ask away! submitted by /u/AutoModerator [link] [comments]

Is there a temperature below which a match will no longer strike? Posted: 31 Dec 2019 11:37 AM PST submitted by /u/whose_butt_hurts [link] [comments]

How does eating in abnormal quantities (e.g. morbidly obese people) affect frequency of defecation and quantity? Posted: 31 Dec 2019 08:58 AM PST Basically, I was wondering if people who eat in huge quantities defecate multiple times per day or if they simply defecate in larger amounts but regular frequency. submitted by /u/bl00dshooter [link] [comments]

What might be the incidence of undetected cancer (all kinds) that the immune system stops before it becomes a clinical issue? Posted: 31 Dec 2019 10:04 AM PST Checkpoint inhibitors "take the breaks off" the immune system to enable it to attack tumors that express e.g. PD-1. This leads me to wonder how frequently an individual might have somatic mutations that are potentially carcinogenic, but the immune system destroys the mutated cell lines before it ever becomes a clinical issue. Obviously there aren't epidemiological studies detailing the incidence of this, but I'm wondering if my line of thinking above is correct, and if it is, what might be a reasonable estimate if the frequency of this happening over the lifetime of an individual, or incidence across the population as a whole. submitted by /u/neurone214 [link] [comments]

How to make a beaker disappear? Posted: 31 Dec 2019 05:20 PM PST I saw this video on Twitter where a smaller beaker inserted into a larger one gradually becomes invisible as a liquid that looks denser than water is gradually poured into it. The explanation the gave was that the liquid and the beaker had the same refractive index but I believe there's more to it than that. I look forward to having someone shed some light on this. The link to the video: https://twitter.com/PhysicsVideo_/status/1208729536117927936?s=19 submitted by /u/Khalifayaq [link] [comments]

What in your body actually causes an orgasm? Posted: 30 Dec 2019 04:17 PM PST Is there a certain concentration of specific hormones needed to cause an orgasm? submitted by /u/ZFC19 [link] [comments]

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