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Tuesday, November 12, 2019

What happens to human remains in shipwrecked submarines?

What happens to human remains in shipwrecked submarines?


What happens to human remains in shipwrecked submarines?

Posted: 11 Nov 2019 05:01 PM PST

The discovery of the USS Grayback prompted me to wonder: what happens to human remains in shipwrecked submarines?

First, is it necessarily true that all compartments of a submarine flood if it wrecks? If so, I would assume normal ocean decomposition.

If there are air pockets, what happens to the bodies of the crew in those compartments? Are the microbes we live with capable of consuming our entire bodies? Would they eat only soft tissue? Would the bodies mummify?

submitted by /u/kittypryderama
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As Voyager is outside of the solar system, what is it's trajectory in the galaxy?

Posted: 11 Nov 2019 05:42 PM PST

What is the future of voyager in millions and billions of years?
Will it continue to orbit the galaxy if it doesn't hit anything in that period?
How much will its orbit drift from the sun's? Is it possible that it could crash into a planet one day?

submitted by /u/swampshark19
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What is the biological function that stops DNA primase from continuing to add RNA nucleotides to the leading strand?

Posted: 12 Nov 2019 07:12 AM PST

do black holes form instantly? what is between a neutron star and a black hole

Posted: 12 Nov 2019 02:43 AM PST

for example if you could watch a super massive star in super slow motion explode would you be able to see the black hole forming or it would happen in an instant?

submitted by /u/AziPloua
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In tRNA, they group the nitrogenous bases into codons which depict the amino acid that they correspond to. Why do some codon combinations correspond to only one amino acid?

Posted: 12 Nov 2019 05:37 AM PST

I tried googling but to no avail. An example of my question is GGX, where X can be any nitrogenous base, why do they all still correspond to the same amino acid?

submitted by /u/Mechanixe23
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Why does removing some of the metal from the frame of a switch change the maximum wattage it can handle?

Posted: 12 Nov 2019 05:18 AM PST

I've been installing Lutron Caseta switches in my home recently and I noticed that in order to install 2 (or 3) in a single box, you have to remove these metal tabs from the sides that will be touching. The installation guide (see step 3 here: https://www.casetawireless.com/documents/QuickStartCasetaInWallDimmerUS.pdf) warns that removing these tabs reduces the maximum wattage rating of the switch. Why would removing metal from the frame - which will hopefully never have a current going through it - affect how much wattage the switch can handle?

submitted by /u/Caynadian
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Why is the Ferrel cell not rotating like the Hadley and Polar cells?

Posted: 12 Nov 2019 04:49 AM PST

Hello,

Why is air rising in the high latitude and sinking in the lower ones?

For the two other cells, it seems logical that the air rise as it is warming while going towards the equator but I don't get why the Ferrel cell is doing the opposite.

Thanks for your answers!

submitted by /u/AnihcamE
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How does ribosome's small subunit find the start codon to start protein synthesis?

Posted: 12 Nov 2019 03:09 AM PST

How was the exact value for the AU chosen if Earth's orbit around the sun isn't a perfect 0 eccentricity?

Posted: 11 Nov 2019 06:08 PM PST

Can we model how humans forget things?

Posted: 12 Nov 2019 06:23 AM PST

I'm not 100% sure that this is the correct place to ask this question, but it should be a good place to start. I have a 2-year-old who currently speaks Chinese and English (I'm American, my wife is Chinese). We were living in Japan up until 10 months ago, so my daughter had exposure to Japanese and was able to produce/recognize Japanese. Now that we've been back in the states, she no longer produces nor recognizes Japanese, and this caused me to wonder how exactly the human brain goes about forgetting things. I'm not exactly interested in the mechanism of forgetting, but I am wondering if it's a statistical process. A baby needs to quickly learn which stimuli are important and which are unimportant. Therefore, while we were in Japan and she was hearing Japanese every day, Japanese words were deemed important because they had a high statistical frequency. Now that we're in the states and no one speaks Japanese, the signal strength of Japanese decays to a point that it is no longer deemed important. Is this intuition correct? I've tried looking for papers, but I have only succeeded in finding hand-wringing parenting forums. Any information is appreciated!

submitted by /u/arnster3
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How does soy sauce get its black colour? I have heard that its because of millard reactions, but can someone explain in detail about the mechanism at such low temps?

Posted: 12 Nov 2019 04:54 AM PST

How long ago is the Earth's Uranium thought to have been formed, and given its half-life, how much Uranium did there used to be around?

Posted: 11 Nov 2019 06:17 PM PST

I've been learning about how heavy elements form from neutron star collisions (is that right?), and that Uranium is the heaviest naturally occurring element on Earth, and it got me thinking about how much of it there used to be because it does decay and it had to have been formed a long time ago. I'd love to know what more we know about this. Thanks!

submitted by /u/infinitum17
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If Venus is hotter than Mercury why haven’t we explored Mercury more?

Posted: 11 Nov 2019 04:10 PM PST

If my research is correct it looks like we've only sent two probes to come close to Mercury and no landings. But we've landed on Venus. What's stopping us from going to Mercury?

submitted by /u/FatherOf3MasterOf0
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Is there a consensus on what is a dinosaur? How different were they from dinosauromorphs ?

Posted: 12 Nov 2019 04:20 AM PST

In the same way you bring in your arms while spinning, you spin faster, do things pulled in by gravity orbit faster?

Posted: 11 Nov 2019 05:34 PM PST

I was thinking about solar systems formation just after the sun formed. All that gasseous matter being pulled in to add to the suns mass and what stops it all from joining with the great bright ball.

So if that gas isn't going fast enough to yet, is it possible that it speeds up its orbit as it gets pulled closer to the sun, in a way that gives it orbital speed?

submitted by /u/ComplainyGuy
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Would death by nuclear explosion be painful? How painful?

Posted: 11 Nov 2019 02:53 PM PST

Let's say I'm in Washington DC. Kim or Putin drops a nuclear weapon right in the center. If I'm anywhere inside DC, how painful would my death be?

submitted by /u/ChaosDogma14
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While searching for Planet 9, why haven't ENA probes, sky surveys or big data analysis been able to locate Planet 9?

Posted: 11 Nov 2019 08:02 PM PST

ENA surveys should be able to identify a gas giant lurking there (a magnetic field would be required to prevent the solar wind from stripping the atmosphere). Sky surveys should be able to exploit gravitational microlensing's property of always increasing apparent brightness. And big data analysis should be able to solve for position based on the effects on astronomical bodies that has been observed. What makes it so difficult to find planet 9?

submitted by /u/Damn_you_science
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What is the difference between a dwarf planet and a protoplanet?

Posted: 11 Nov 2019 02:12 PM PST

Every fuel on the market claims to have an additive that cleans and protects fuel injectors. Are we at the point where we would never have to buy fuel injector cleaner? Do these additives really do anything or are they just marketing?

Posted: 11 Nov 2019 02:44 PM PST

Why is Patagonia dry?

Posted: 11 Nov 2019 08:02 PM PST

Well, it's on an east coast so it should be like China or the Atlantics... yet the temperatures are moderate and the precipitation is very low. It's like the Atlantic Ocean isn't influencing at all and all possible humidity must come from the Pacific, and gets blocked by the Andes. Why this is happening?

Thanks for the answers!

submitted by /u/ElPrimeroDeLosSeis
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Monday, November 11, 2019

When will the earth run out of oil?

When will the earth run out of oil?


When will the earth run out of oil?

Posted: 11 Nov 2019 03:26 AM PST

So I have a cockroach problem, but my mum doesn't want to buy bug spray, because she believes that the roaches that survive will adapt and produce offspring that are completely immune to the spray. Is this true?

Posted: 10 Nov 2019 12:44 PM PST

What is the most isolated animal taxonomically?

Posted: 11 Nov 2019 06:23 AM PST

I've read that some species is the only species in its entire genus, or even entire family. What's the most extreme example of this?

submitted by /u/mcmoor
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is there an estimate of how many species of animals that never got fossilized?

Posted: 10 Nov 2019 03:23 PM PST

it is not guaranteed that all animals lived in a place were fossilization was possible or their bones were preserved

heck animals like insects are extremely varied but only a few of them would ever be found if an extinction event happened now

submitted by /u/MLPorsche
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since Heat Lost by System = Heat gained by surroundings, what happens to all that heat when particle accelerators generate temperatures of trillions of degrees?

Posted: 10 Nov 2019 08:14 PM PST

Have octopuses always had 8 tentacles or gradually increase that number through the course of evolution?

Posted: 11 Nov 2019 04:31 AM PST

Also, do we know that 8 tentacles is the sweet spot, or could a hypothetical 9-armed cephalopod (novopus?) have a significant advantage in survival and produce many 9-armed offspring?

submitted by /u/Breatnach
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Do movies create false memories?

Posted: 11 Nov 2019 03:08 AM PST

I want to know if movies, especially biographical or fictional movies about history or political figures create false memories in large amount of people today, bringing out their repressed memories with some false additions, thereby affecting their opinions, & bringing about behavioral changes in them. Could this be used as a tool for conspiracy or gaslighting by exploiters for the better or worse...

submitted by /u/Bored-Hoarder
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What does it look like when a particle accelerator does a beam dump?

Posted: 11 Nov 2019 06:23 AM PST

I've been able to find a fair amount of technical information about how the LHC does beam dumps, the link below for example. But what I haven't been able to find is what the beam dump equipment looks like and what, if any, visible effects there are when the beam is dumped. Does it gouge a big hole in the dump absorber? Is there a flash of light? Anything?

https://lhc-machine-outreach.web.cern.ch/lhc-machine-outreach/components/beam-dump.htm

submitted by /u/cantab314
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How do Scientists Make Protons?

Posted: 11 Nov 2019 04:54 AM PST

I know protons are used in the Hadron colliders and even in cyclotrons for radiation therapy. But how are these protons made in the first place?

submitted by /u/rmuktader
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What happens to the body and cells when frozen?

Posted: 11 Nov 2019 06:56 AM PST

How to compute the probability of committing one or more type II errors when performing multiple hypothesis tests?

Posted: 11 Nov 2019 04:39 AM PST

If I want to estimate if the population distribution (called 𝓐; e.g. pharmacokinetics of 1st drug) described by N samples is identical to a given population distribution (called 𝓑; e.g. pharmacokinetics of 2nd drug), by comparing three different statistics of 𝓐 (computed from those same N samples; e.g. AUC, C_max, T_max) against 𝓑, via three hypothesis tests that determine if there are any differences in the population means of those three statistics; i.e.:

  • Are both drugs' expected AUC equal? i.e. E[AUC of 𝓐] = E[AUC of 𝓑]
  • Are both drugs' expected C_max equal? i.e. E[C_max of 𝓐] = E[C_max of 𝓑]
  • Are both drugs' expected T_max equal? i.e. E[T_max of 𝓐] = E[T_max of 𝓑]

And if each of those three hypotheses (whose null hypothesis assumes that the population means are equal) have the same properties described below:

  • α = 5% = probability of committing a type I error (i.e. rejecting the null hypothesis when it is actually true).
  • β = 20% = probability of committing a type II error (i.e. failing to reject the null hypothesis when it is actually false).

Then I have two questions:

  1. Is the probability of committing one or more type I errors when performing three hypothesis tests = FWER = 1 - (1-α)^3 = 1 - (1-0.05)^3 = 14.26%
  2. How do I compute the probability of committing one or more type II errors when performing three hypothesis tests?

Thanks in advance :)

submitted by /u/victorsoh
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How do we know what goes on inside stars?

Posted: 11 Nov 2019 03:58 AM PST

More specifically, stuff like neutron stars, which are both far away and obviously not available on Earth. How is it the people are able to understand what goes on in the inner workings of things we don't have in-person samples of?

submitted by /u/TangledEarbuds61
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Why is the deltoid always the recommended site for immunizations?

Posted: 10 Nov 2019 05:42 PM PST

I've seen in many official documents that the deltoid is the recommended site for adults if it's less than 1mL but is it just for convenience/access? In other words is it more convenient to ask patients to roll up their sleeve vs pants?

Examples of some sources recommending arms:

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1118997/

https://opentextbc.ca/clinicalskills/chapter/6-8-iv-push-medications-and-saline-lock-flush/

https://www.healthline.com/health/intramuscular-injection

submitted by /u/jestaxiom
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How strong would be the effects of an 5° deviation from the Earths axial tilt in both directions?

Posted: 11 Nov 2019 12:45 AM PST

I was searching the internet but could only find the extreme cases like 80° or 0° . How strong would be the effects if the axial tilt was 5° higher or lower than the good old 23,5° and would they be noticable?

submitted by /u/icecream_is_da_best
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Which factors make a commune more or less likely to succeed long term?

Posted: 11 Nov 2019 04:20 AM PST

I'm currently investigating the possibility of starting a commune with some friends. By that I mean multiple households living together and sharing food, energy, living spaces and some duties in common.

Obviously I would like our venture to continue happily for some years and so I am curious about which factors lead to the best outcomes. For example:

  • On the scale between everything being owned in common and everything being individually owned, where do the most successful communes/co-ops lie? (Is there a name or established theory for this scale?)

  • Does religiosity affect the success of communes? What about other commonly held values like sustainability?

  • Are more successful groups also more/less homogenous in terms of gender, age, wealth, education, religion, race/ethnicity etc?

If there are other factors which I have not considered, I would like to hear about those as well.

Thanks.

submitted by /u/FUCKITIMPOSTING
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Do videos and photos help children remember their early childhoods?

Posted: 10 Nov 2019 05:34 PM PST

Can the memory of an event persist from a very early age by frequently discussing it with the child? Do videos and photos aid in the retention of the memory?

submitted by /u/Waffliest
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Compared to first born child, do later born children receive less prenatal testosterone from their mother? If so, would this effect remain regardless of the genders of the child or the time gaps between births?

Posted: 10 Nov 2019 10:56 PM PST

How does a ship turning create a region of flat water?

Posted: 10 Nov 2019 07:00 PM PST

In WW2, floatplanes launched from ships were recovered by taxiing the plane in flat water created by the ship entering a turn. My question is, how does this region of flat water get created if a ship's wake is supposed to be turbulent?

example: http://cdn0.wn.com/pd/9d/62/ad812b7875029822fdd2615e3dfe_grande.jpg

submitted by /u/_Sunny--
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What is the difference between symetric and asymmetric electrolysis?

Posted: 10 Nov 2019 10:39 PM PST

For instance, a household battery has a graphite terminal and a lithium terminal. Is there any reason not both? Recently started learning about electrolysis and the like, and have decided to screw around with the idea about lithium fluoride dissolved in hydrofluoric acid as an electrolyte, with platinum cathode and anodes. Tired and decided to basically look into theroetical batteries . I'm probably wrong thinking that would work to begin. With but you never know.

submitted by /u/frozen_pebbles
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How exactly does Vitamin C break down in heat?

Posted: 10 Nov 2019 09:21 PM PST

I heard recently that Vitamin C breaks down in heat and was wondering why it happens. Nothing I've read so far is very clear about how and why exactly this happens so I'd appreciate any help!

submitted by /u/Leonyte
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How does getting the tetanus vaccine AFTER exposure help?

Posted: 10 Nov 2019 06:58 PM PST

Why does flour form lumps when liquid is added? And why is it so hard to get rid of them?

Posted: 11 Nov 2019 12:04 AM PST

We've all come across lumpy dough in our lives.

How do you avoid lumps?

How do you get rid of them?

submitted by /u/a_man_duh__
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Sunday, November 10, 2019

Why does lack of oxygen turn your lips blue? What actually gives them that color? Is it an illusion, like bluejay feathers, a more conventional pigment, or something else? Google would only tell me it’s because of lack of oxygen, but I’m not sure that explains this on its own.

Why does lack of oxygen turn your lips blue? What actually gives them that color? Is it an illusion, like bluejay feathers, a more conventional pigment, or something else? Google would only tell me it’s because of lack of oxygen, but I’m not sure that explains this on its own.


Why does lack of oxygen turn your lips blue? What actually gives them that color? Is it an illusion, like bluejay feathers, a more conventional pigment, or something else? Google would only tell me it’s because of lack of oxygen, but I’m not sure that explains this on its own.

Posted: 09 Nov 2019 11:37 AM PST

Can turtles get fat??

Posted: 09 Nov 2019 03:07 PM PST

Which of the basic forces of nature is the strongest?

Posted: 10 Nov 2019 06:17 AM PST

A few years ago my physics-chemistry teacher asked my class which of the 4 basic forces of nature was the strongest. I answered Gravity because of black holes. They are gravity at its maximum, and them being the most powerful things in the universe, it made sense to me that gravity would also be the strongest. However he corrected me and said it was actually the strong nuclear force the most powerful and that gravity was actually the weakest.

So my question is: if strong and weak nuclear forces are technically more powerful than gravity, how can neutron stars come to exist? How can gravity overcome nuclear forces and start fusing the atoms in the core of the stars together in ways that are not "natural"?

(I only know the very basics of what happens to create a neutron star, so if I'm saying something wrong, please feel free to correct me)

submitted by /u/bEloW_aVeRagE_PiPi
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Why is the surface of the sun cooler than the corona?

Posted: 10 Nov 2019 05:04 AM PST

It seems the further you go away from the centre of the sun the hotter it gets

submitted by /u/chewy_mcchewster
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How come the transit of Mercury in front of the sun doesn’t happen more often?

Posted: 10 Nov 2019 04:59 AM PST

I just read that the transit of Mercury is coming up but it only happens about 13 times a century. If the planets are on the same plain, shouldn't the transit happen once for every orbit of Mercury?

submitted by /u/homer1948
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Are twins more likely to have twin babies? If so, would we see this effect on a nation wide scale when the nation becomes developed and the birth rate falls, where twins become a majority?

Posted: 10 Nov 2019 12:17 AM PST

How is it possible for bamboo to grow so quickly?

Posted: 09 Nov 2019 03:41 PM PST

Played guitar for the first time in a while which resulted in a blister on my fingertip. Almost immediately, there was fluid in it. Where does that fluid come from?

Posted: 09 Nov 2019 10:17 PM PST

What biological processes have aquatic mammals evolved to keep them healthy while still having significant body fat?

Posted: 10 Nov 2019 02:01 AM PST

Obviously, high body fat in humans is very unhealthy. Many aquatic mammals, however, use high body fat to retain warmth, without degrading their health. What biological processes have these animals developed that allow them to avoid the problems that humans have with high body fat? Is there currently any research being done into these processes to see if there may be something we can adapt for human biology?

submitted by /u/w2555
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What tectonic plate is this map showing in the Southern Atlantic?

Posted: 09 Nov 2019 03:02 PM PST

Hey, I'm just a student who cares a lot about geology and cartography, and over the past several weeks I've been researching and mapping out several aspects of Earth's tectonics. On a page called "iflscience" I found the map in the Imgur link below. I had been looking into unconfirmed plates all around the globe, and when I saw the map I got confused because, on the zoom-out, they traced the shape of a plate id never heard of. It's marked in a red circle in the upper right-hand corner.

https://imgur.com/SFalVkr

If this is a rumored plate I'm surprised I haven't heard of it. If anyone has any info on it, even a suspected name, it'd be greatly appreciated. Its shown to neighbor the Nubian on its east, Sandwich on its west, SA on its north, and Antarctic on its south. Info such as, "the map was mislabeled" is also helpful, I just am trying to figure it out.

submitted by /u/ByoByoxInCrox
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When we say something is "genetic", how do we know it actually is biological and not a result of similar environments shared by parents and offspring?

Posted: 09 Nov 2019 09:39 PM PST

For example, depression is said to be genetic, but how can we be sure it is a result of inherited genes and not the fact that, say, a depressed parent will more likely raise a child in a similar environment that leads to depression?

Not doubting research, just genuinely curious.

submitted by /u/EljayShaun
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How was the existence and composition of the interstellar medium discovered?

Posted: 09 Nov 2019 09:20 PM PST

What is a wrinkle? How do wrinkles look different at cellular level compared to smooth skin?

Posted: 09 Nov 2019 08:48 AM PST

If you filled a bottle with half air and half sulfur hexaflouride and shake it vigorously, would they mix permanently or would the SF6 eventually collect at the bottom and eventually stablilize itself after a certain period of time?

Posted: 09 Nov 2019 09:53 PM PST

Why didn't non-metals that are part of a covalent compound become an ion in the first place?

Posted: 09 Nov 2019 09:20 PM PST

If covalent compounds occur between non-metals in order to fill their shells, why didn't they just lose an electron and become an anion in the first place?

submitted by /u/LeChimbe
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Is it possible to kill blood-sucking insects through drugs present in the bloodstream?

Posted: 09 Nov 2019 08:52 AM PST

If so, are there specific drugs at certain blood concentrations that would do this?

My original thought was mosquitoes and opiates.

submitted by /u/poo-poo-fart
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Why does running hot water sound different to running cold water? Is it just the density or surface tension changes that make hot water sound smoother?

Posted: 09 Nov 2019 06:08 AM PST

Have species native to the Pacific Ocean taken advantage of the Panama Canal to spread to the Caribbean Sea (and vice versa) or have measures been put in place to prevent this?

Posted: 09 Nov 2019 08:06 AM PST

What are the prevailing theories for the ultimate fate of the Universe?

Posted: 09 Nov 2019 10:18 AM PST

I was reading the Wikipedka article on it this morning and was just wondering if someone could shed light on it. It basically seemed like there were two possibilities - Big Crunch or Big Freeze. That the Universe would either expand to a maximum point and collapse on itself or the temperature of the Universe would approach absolute zero and essentially become a barren wasteland.

Is one of these more likely than the other? Are there other alternatives?

submitted by /u/IJerkOffLeftHanded
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Why do hamsters become flat when extremely relaxed? Does this occur in other rodents as well?

Posted: 09 Nov 2019 05:58 AM PST

Would you burn more fat while sleep if you were in a very hot room or a very cold room?

Posted: 09 Nov 2019 08:18 AM PST

My thought process would be that if you sleep in a very hot room, your temperature would cut the distance your body would need to meet an accelerated burn rate as far as calories.

With sleeping in a cold room, your body would shiver and burn calories to try and keep your body temperature at 98.6 where it should be.

Not sure which is closer to the truth.

submitted by /u/compiledexploit
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How did the predynasic Egyptian culture create pottery out of materials such as Diorite with such precise curves both interior and exterior as well as create such a smooth surface?

Posted: 09 Nov 2019 03:49 PM PST

Do worms have a front and back? Do they prefer laying on one side versus another?

Posted: 08 Nov 2019 10:30 PM PST

I was wondering, since snakes will only crawl on their "belly", is there any particular way that worms will orient themselves, or does it not matter because they can move differently?

submitted by /u/theghostofrnixon
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What was the climate like on Pangaea? Were there any strange (to us) weather phenomena due to all continents being merged together?

Posted: 08 Nov 2019 02:57 PM PST

Since the ocean currents would behave differently, and the landmass was distributed less evenly, surely that affected the weather patterns. How was the climate of Pangaea different than the modern era?

submitted by /u/Nuclear_Cadillacs
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