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Wednesday, October 23, 2019

AskScience AMA Series: We're Phoenix, a Madison, Wisconsin-based (Go Badgers!) nuclear technology company. We design and build the strongest fusion neutron generators in the world - Ask us anything!

AskScience AMA Series: We're Phoenix, a Madison, Wisconsin-based (Go Badgers!) nuclear technology company. We design and build the strongest fusion neutron generators in the world - Ask us anything!


AskScience AMA Series: We're Phoenix, a Madison, Wisconsin-based (Go Badgers!) nuclear technology company. We design and build the strongest fusion neutron generators in the world - Ask us anything!

Posted: 23 Oct 2019 04:00 AM PDT

Hi Reddit, I'm Dr. Evan Sengbusch, President at Phoenix, LLC. I'm here with our CEO, Dr. Ross Radel, and our VP of Research & Development, Dr. Tye Gribb, to answer whatever questions you might have about nuclear engineering, neutrons and all of their interesting uses, the current and near-term practical applications of fusion technology including our record-breaking system for medical isotope production, what it's like being a tech startup in Madison, and whatever else you're curious about!

At Phoenix, we've been developing our fusion technology since 2005 with the mission of applying fusion technology to solve very real near-term problems while supporting fusion research to achieve the shared, long-term dream of clean fusion energy for all. Our core innovation is extremely high output, accelerator-based Deuterium-Deuterium and Deuterium-Tritium fusion neutron generators which are strong enough to replace reactor and isotope neutron sources for applications such as medical isotope production, explosives detection and nuclear materials detection, nondestructive testing, and more.

Evan's Bio: Evan holds a BS in Physics and Mathematics from the University of Iowa, as well as an MS and PhD in Medical Physics, and an MBA in Technology Management from the University of Wisconsin-Madison. Evan has extensive experience with computational modeling, ion beam transport simulations, and particle accelerator design. He has also worked in the venture capital industry evaluating technologies in the physical and life sciences and has served as a consultant for several technology development firms. Evan is a past recipient of a DoD National Defense Science and Engineering Graduate Research Fellowship, an NSF Graduate Research Fellowship, and a National Institutes of Health Biotechnology Training Grant. He has technical experience working in accelerator physics at CERN, plasma physics at the University of Iowa and medical physics at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. Since joining Phoenix in 2012, Evan has increased the variety and size of Phoenix's revenue sources and has drastically expanded Phoenix's market reach.

Ross's Bio: Ross is the CEO and a Board of Directors member of Phoenix. He holds a MS and a PhD in Nuclear Engineering from the University of Wisconsin-Madison. He previously worked as the Senior Member of the Technical Staff at Sandia National Laboratories. Ross has extensive experience with nuclear reactors and advanced power conversion systems that are directly applicable to Phoenix's core technologies. His previous research at the University of Wisconsin focused on high-flux neutron generation for detecting clandestine material, specifically highly enriched uranium. Prior to taking over as President, Ross led the R&D effort to redesign the existing Phoenix ion source and neutron generator technology, leading to drastic performance increases. He is also an expert in radiation transport simulations and he has experience designing shielding, moderators, and reflectors for high-neutron environments. Ross joined Phoenix in 2010 and took over as President in July of 2011. During his tenure as President, Phoenix has increased in size by ten fold. As President, Ross has a very hands-on management style and is still intimately involved in almost all aspects of the daily technical and business operations at Phoenix.

Tye's Bio: Tye has over 20 years of experience developing products for high technology companies. He was the co-founder of Imago Scientific Instruments (now part of Cameca Instruments Corporation), where he led the development of the Local Electrode Atom Probe (LEAP), Imago's flagship product, from initial sketches through commercialization. From its market introduction, this instrument has dominated the world market with sales in excess of $100M. Tye has wide-ranging design, fabrication, and scientific analysis expertise focused on the development of ion beam and other high-energy systems. He is the author of numerous papers and patents covering a wide range of technical innovations. Tye holds a PhD from the University of Wisconsin-Madison in Metallurgical Engineering. As the VP of R&D, Tye leads a talented team of technicians and engineers in both next-generation product design and, in moving prototype technologies onto commercial platforms.

Proof: https://twitter.com/Phoenix_Nuclear/status/1187013317249753089

We'll be on from 12pm-2pm CDT (1-3 ET, 17-19 UT), ask us your questions! We'll do our best to answer all of your questions but won't be able to go into deep technical detail on some topics in order to protect our IP or our customer's IP.

submitted by /u/AskScienceModerator
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Why are planets always round? (Not a flat earther at all here btw) just wondering why a planets are not a more random shape?

Posted: 22 Oct 2019 11:19 PM PDT

Ask Anything Wednesday - Engineering, Mathematics, Computer Science

Posted: 23 Oct 2019 08:08 AM PDT

Welcome to our weekly feature, Ask Anything Wednesday - this week we are focusing on Engineering, Mathematics, Computer Science

Do you have a question within these topics you weren't sure was worth submitting? Is something a bit too speculative for a typical /r/AskScience post? No question is too big or small for AAW. In this thread you can ask any science-related question! Things like: "What would happen if...", "How will the future...", "If all the rules for 'X' were different...", "Why does my...".

Asking Questions:

Please post your question as a top-level response to this, and our team of panellists will be here to answer and discuss your questions.

The other topic areas will appear in future Ask Anything Wednesdays, so if you have other questions not covered by this weeks theme please either hold on to it until those topics come around, or go and post over in our sister subreddit /r/AskScienceDiscussion , where every day is Ask Anything Wednesday! Off-theme questions in this post will be removed to try and keep the thread a manageable size for both our readers and panellists.

Answering Questions:

Please only answer a posted question if you are an expert in the field. The full guidelines for posting responses in AskScience can be found here. In short, this is a moderated subreddit, and responses which do not meet our quality guidelines will be removed. Remember, peer reviewed sources are always appreciated, and anecdotes are absolutely not appropriate. In general if your answer begins with 'I think', or 'I've heard', then it's not suitable for /r/AskScience.

If you would like to become a member of the AskScience panel, please refer to the information provided here.

Past AskAnythingWednesday posts can be found here.

Ask away!

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Both Google and IBM are developing quantum computers, and both are using a 53 qubit architecture. Is this a coincidence, or does that number mean something? In traditional computing, it only makes sense to use architectures with the number of bits as a power of 2, so why use a prime number?

Posted: 23 Oct 2019 05:07 AM PDT

Is educational attainment linked to genetics, and if so why?

Posted: 23 Oct 2019 10:42 AM PDT

There was an article in the Economist today that seemed to indicate researchers could tell from a person's genetics whether they had decided to stay or leave a coal mining area. Has there been extensive research to back up the claim that education has a genetic factor?

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why is pure water not conducting electricity due to autoprotolysis?

Posted: 23 Oct 2019 02:11 AM PDT

Confused high school student here. We've recently covered acids and bases, and the autoprotolysis of water. If some molecules in pure water can become positive hydronium ions and negative hydroxide ions, why do we always conclude that pure water can't conduct electricity? Are these ion concentrations insignificantly small?

Any help is greatly appreciated!

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Does childhood participation in lotteries have any impact on whether or not a person is likely to develop a gambling problem (then or later in life)?

Posted: 23 Oct 2019 01:47 AM PDT

Current controversy about loot-boxes is computer games is that they are wrong because they prey on children and they are often characterized as a form of gambling (usually when real money is involved).

But is there any scientific knowledge on whether participation in lotteries change gambling tendencies amongst children?

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How is plasma generated? and what is it really?

Posted: 22 Oct 2019 07:51 PM PDT

I am looking for a more nuanced answer in truth, what is it specifically about fast moving molecules that causes ionization?

my hypothesis is that the atoms themselves are able to knock out electrons from other atoms and you should have some sort of statistical distribution of ionized and non ionized particles, but in a plasma you have mostly ionised particles, is this correct ? , whats the reality?

also in regards to plasmas do they lose all of their electrons or just some of their electrons for example does a plasma alumininum lose the outer shell of electrons or all of them .

thank you very much to whoever answers

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Does applying current to water affect its refractive index?

Posted: 22 Oct 2019 06:02 PM PDT

I came to know that refraction in the glass is caused by electric fields interacting with the incoming photons. So is it possible to change refractive index of water by applying electric field?

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Was there a notable difference in oxygen percentages in ancient human history (like 100,000 yrs ago) vs the ~20.9% of today?

Posted: 22 Oct 2019 07:16 PM PDT

I was talking to someone about atmospheric oxygen levels, algae and land plant life are currently experiencing some issues, and apparently human brains die at around 19.5% oxygen (this part has been dealt with in the comments as incorrect information, thank you) I had mentioned this and they argued that oxygen levels were different before in the past.
There's been a dip of about 0.06% since 1992 according to oxygen levels records I could find. If that continued it'd take maybe 600-700 years to kill us all. So I'm not that immediately worried. But I cannot find data about percentages from thousands of years ago, assuming human brains require the same amount of oxygen I suspect the percentage was never very close to 19.5%.

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Does dissolution affect volume differently than just addition?

Posted: 22 Oct 2019 01:05 PM PDT

Say I have two glasses of x amount of water. If I add y amount of salt to one and y amount rocks to the other, will both volumes be x+y

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What's going on with the prints left behind by the stuffed mushrooms we ate last night?

Posted: 22 Oct 2019 03:30 PM PDT

Here is an image and a short video https://imgur.com/gallery/kS9wCJ8

We cooked and ate stuffed mushrooms last night and after getting home from work today, we noticed very strange patterns left behind on the plate.

I have two theories:

  1. Some sort of crystalline growth.
  2. Some sort of fungus growth

Please someone help me understand!

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What is the difference between idolized salt, sea salt, and kosher salt?

Posted: 22 Oct 2019 05:55 PM PDT

What is the chemical and biological mechanism that leads to "instant death" in cases of solvent abuse?

Posted: 22 Oct 2019 05:26 AM PDT

How come the theory of pangea ultima doesn't go against the theories of entropy?

Posted: 22 Oct 2019 07:47 AM PDT

Why would the continents meet and form one big continent?

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Tuesday, October 22, 2019

If climate change is a serious threat and sea levels are going to rise or are rising, why don’t we see real-estate prices drastically decreasing around coastal areas?

If climate change is a serious threat and sea levels are going to rise or are rising, why don’t we see real-estate prices drastically decreasing around coastal areas?


If climate change is a serious threat and sea levels are going to rise or are rising, why don’t we see real-estate prices drastically decreasing around coastal areas?

Posted: 22 Oct 2019 05:20 AM PDT

Why do statistics behave differently when identical particles are involved?

Posted: 22 Oct 2019 08:02 AM PDT

I'm borrowing the example from this wikipedia article. Let's say I have two indistinguishable bosons, each of which can exist in two states, |0> and |1>. If I put the two particles together in a noisy environment, let them evolve for some time, and then measure their states, I have a 33% probability each of measuring |00>, |01>, or |11>. This makes sense on some level --- the combined system had three possible states, all of the same energy, and a uniform distribution over those states maximizes entropy.

Obviously, this doesn't generalize to normal macroscopic systems. If I put two coins in a cup, shake them for a while, and observe their state, I would expect to find two heads with 25% probability, two tails with 25% probability, and 1 heads and one tails with 50% probability. Of course, macroscopic coins are not indistinguishable, but where exactly does indistinguishably change the statistics so fundamentally? Is it at the time of observation? If I observed the state with a sufficiently low-resolution camera, that could resolve heads and tails, but not distinguish the two coins by any markings, would my observations mimic the quantum-mechanical case? Or is the indistinguishably important while the coins/particles are time-evolving in a noisy environment?

Of course, I know that quantum mechanics are inherently counter-intuitive, and I shouldn't expect my normal intuitions to apply. However, the classical behavior should be a limiting case of the quantum-mechanical behavior, and I don't see where the boundaries between the classical and quantum-mechanical behavior lies. In principle, could one construct two atom-for-atom identical coins, put them in Schrödinger's box, shake it, and expect two heads with 33% probability?

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How does maintaing methane levels influence global heating?

Posted: 22 Oct 2019 04:19 AM PDT

I best explain. First of all I am a scientist myself, though is slightly outside my comfort zone. I'm hoping a greenhouse gas specialist could answer.

Methane breaksdown over 8-10 years. So lets say that every year we produce exactly the same amount of methane, we get to a state where the methane is being put into the atmosphere at the same rate by which it is breaking down (let's forget about CO2 and other GHGs for now).

If atmoshpheric methane remains constant, will it maintain the current temperatue (pre-industrial +1.5c)? or will it continually have a warming effect, pushing up global temperatures.

To word it a different away:

Is the impact of methane in the atmosphere mainly from the simple abundance of it. Or is it the abundance of it multiplied by it's time present.

I appreciate it is a bit more nuanced that I am making it, but I hope my question comes across. Please ask if I am not being clear enough.

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Why Do Drugs like Losartan and other ARB's take weeks to have full effect?

Posted: 22 Oct 2019 06:20 AM PDT

The manuals for Losartan says that while the initial dose will be in effect in 4-6 hours after ingestion, the full effect of the drug will take a few weeks. Why is that?

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Why can you crumble paper but not fabric?

Posted: 22 Oct 2019 06:48 AM PDT

When you fold or crumple paper it stays this way and it is really hard to get rid of the folding lines (if even possible). If you try the same with fabric it does not work and you cannot tell whether a piece of fabric has been folded before or not.

Why is that?

Edit: I misspelled crumple in the title but cannot change it. So the question is about crumpling and not crumbling.

submitted by /u/StNimmerlein
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Eye lense - help me understand?

Posted: 22 Oct 2019 04:29 AM PDT

With reference to the lense in an eye. Why do they say that when the lense is round (versus flat) that the cilliary muscle is relaxed and the syspensory ligament is TIGHT? Surely the cillary muscle becomes longer when relaxed (versus short) when it's contracted? So that extra length in the muscle should allow the ligament (which is not elastic) to be SLACK( not tight)?

submitted by /u/SSeah
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How exactly is memory stored in our brain?

Posted: 21 Oct 2019 11:41 AM PDT

I mean like I know it is stored in specific areas of the brain but at the molecular level,how does it "stay"?

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Do live vaccines grown in human embryos have the potential to affect our DNA?

Posted: 21 Oct 2019 03:05 PM PDT

So I had this anti vaxer in my class bring up that certain live vaccines are propagated in human embryos and that if the embryo has a predisposition to cancer it would be passed to us. My professor isn't too bright and didn't know what to reply with. Can someone give me a scientific explanation of why this is not true so that I can at least debate against this person? I know that the virus is replicated. I don't know whether or not it's an RNA or DNA virus. If RNA I know it would replicate outside of the nucleus and have no contact with our DNA. Any clarification?

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How do we know that earth isn't inside of a nebula?

Posted: 21 Oct 2019 09:20 AM PDT

Considering that nebulae can streched across hundreds of light years, how did we come to conclusion that we aren't in one?

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How does spontaneous symmetry breaking explain the Higgs field?

Posted: 21 Oct 2019 07:24 AM PDT

How does the stomach replenish loss of acid?

Posted: 21 Oct 2019 06:26 AM PDT

When you vomit, and even just through the regular process of digestion the stomach looses some acid, how does it "refill" itself?

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How do the center of planets/stars behave?

Posted: 21 Oct 2019 06:07 AM PDT

Is the material in the center of planets and stars just held there by the pressure of everything above it. Is it "weightless" in the center of planets/stars? It seems counter initiative that there is more mass outside the very center point of a planet/star so shouldn't that gravity be pulling it apart all around and away from the center but at the same time all that mass is pulling itself inward because to an outside point there's more mass towards the center were the matter is being pulled and making that pressure that the center feels.

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Why are is blood delivered so slowly during a transfusion?

Posted: 21 Oct 2019 02:37 AM PDT

200 ml/hr seems ridiculously slow.

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How Do The Electronics Of LCD/OLED Displays Work?

Posted: 21 Oct 2019 01:41 AM PDT

To clarify, I'm not asking about the optical side of things. I understand how you can create an image by activating/deactivating LEDs or light blocking liquid crystals in a large grid matrix.

However, since a typical display has millions of pixels you wouldn't be able to just run a wire from the controller to every single individual pixel.

I'm assuming it works with some kind of periodic timed signal similar to old cathode ray tubes, but how do the actual electronic components for this work?

How does the display controller select which of the millions of pixels it's talking to?

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Do metal liquids (i.e. mercury), seep through materials (paper, fabric) like water would?

Posted: 20 Oct 2019 09:07 PM PDT

...Or any other liquids.

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Monday, October 21, 2019

Do deep sea creatures have a sleep schedule?

Do deep sea creatures have a sleep schedule?


Do deep sea creatures have a sleep schedule?

Posted: 20 Oct 2019 01:36 PM PDT

When I see a blurry gas above a bonfire or charcoal grill, what is causing the blurriness? It is colorless and transparent, but makes whatever I see behind it appear blurry in a wavy way. Is it carbon dioxide? Carbon monoxide? H? O? HO?

Posted: 21 Oct 2019 03:50 AM PDT

How is water able to stay in gaseous form in air (water vapour) well below its condensing temperature?

Posted: 20 Oct 2019 11:59 AM PDT

Why do most medical drugs have carbon rings?

Posted: 20 Oct 2019 11:25 PM PDT

I've been interested in this as many of the drugs I looked up like paracetamol, Valium, and fentanyl all had this. Is it just that larger molecules are more likely to have carbon rings or is it what causes their medical properties?

submitted by /u/Wololol0w
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Does the brain use more energy (calories) when it is processing something complex? Would it consume at different rates if you're doing math, or thinking deep into memory? If so, what type of tasks would cost the brain the most energy to process?

Posted: 20 Oct 2019 07:16 PM PDT

Why are protons and electrons not pulled together by each other?

Posted: 20 Oct 2019 11:41 AM PDT

Does having an older sibling of the same sex affect puberty of someone on a biological or hormonal level?

Posted: 20 Oct 2019 09:41 PM PDT

Can a proton behave like a positive hydrogen ion? Can it form bonds with negative ions?

Posted: 21 Oct 2019 01:22 AM PDT

Have Dutch land reclamation projects had negative ecological effects?

Posted: 20 Oct 2019 04:43 PM PDT

In 1932, the Dutch government completed the damming of the Zuiderzee, a shallow salt water bay after devastating floods. Since then, the former sea has been turned into a freshwater lake, and is the subject of ongoing land reclamation projects

Did the damming of the Zuiderzee and changing of the water from a salt water sea to a freshwater lake have negative ecological effects? For example, did any species of fish, bird, etc go extinct or become threatened from the change? Has the diversion of river water into the new lake changed the ecology of the North Sea at all?

submitted by /u/Hoyarugby
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What genes are conserved in animal phyla with bilateral symmetry? What do they do?

Posted: 20 Oct 2019 03:13 PM PDT

Structural symmetry is more of an emergent phenomenon than something that is hard-coded into the genes, but phyla that have left-right symmetry in common presumably have common genes that are conserved (more than genes shared with all life, less than let's say genes shared among primates). Are any of the genes shared among bilateral animals associated with structure in some way?

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Are adjacent skin cells (or in some other tissues) chemically bonded at all?

Posted: 20 Oct 2019 10:16 PM PDT

Is there any sort of bond between adjacent skin cells or muscle cells, etc? I imagine there has to be since my skin stays together, or is this a physical bond somehow?

Thank you.

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When theyre mixing pills with a filler, how do they make sure that each pill has exactly the mg stated?

Posted: 20 Oct 2019 03:39 PM PDT

I have pills mixed with rice flour- for example. Say they mix the 2 powders together, how will they know that theres not some spots less blended or that one powder sifts to the bottom or anything?

submitted by /u/tjmorki5
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What is 1-hydroxyethyl, 2-heptadecenyl imidazolene (amine 220), the chemical in felt washers sold for preventing corrosion on car batteries, and how does it work?

Posted: 20 Oct 2019 05:42 PM PDT

When gas explodes, why is it a relatively small explosion which doesn't propagate further into the pipes? If all houses in the neighborhood are connected to the same gas line, why don't they all expolde?

Posted: 20 Oct 2019 10:59 AM PDT

Is there some sort of detection of leak which would close a section of a pipe? I am so confused!

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Why do we humans call our hairs...hair? But call animals's hair fur? What's the difference?

Posted: 20 Oct 2019 09:43 AM PDT

Why does it take several days after exposure to poison ivy for a rash to form? What is happening in our skin that there's such a long delay?

Posted: 20 Oct 2019 11:08 AM PDT

People can hear words underwater. When trying to find a person in cloudy water that is drowning, it is possible to detect where they close by from their voice. But can people pinpoint sound underwater from a distance?

Posted: 20 Oct 2019 12:03 PM PDT

My question on Life Pro Tip.

submitted by /u/ConradRedskin
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Is there a region on earth that has been geographically unchanged across time?

Posted: 20 Oct 2019 12:33 PM PDT

There are many videos showing continental drift changing the world throughout time. But is there a place that has looked almost the same as 500 million years ago? No volcanic activity or raised altitude. I understand that erosion is a thing, so I'm not asking if there is a place that is identical to the past.

submitted by /u/Jochom
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How do spiders spin webs to connect gaps of equal height that are sometimes thousands of times the length of their body?

Posted: 20 Oct 2019 10:53 AM PDT

If gravitons exist, then is it possible for anti-gravitons to exist and would that mean that the matter they interact with will gain negative gravity?

Posted: 20 Oct 2019 10:37 AM PDT

How do we know so much about atoms if they are so small that we can't see them?

Posted: 20 Oct 2019 08:12 AM PDT

How do we know what an ionic bond is and other things about atoms if they are so small, no microscope can see them?

submitted by /u/maddoxmmm
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does my olfactory nerve and sense of smell group certain scents together when they are entirely different scents?

Posted: 20 Oct 2019 05:27 PM PDT

is this the extent of my ability to smell things? sometimes i will smell something and am falsely reminded of a smell from my childhood. i can name only so many different scents. it's like my brain has a database of these large categories of smells and they group together and that's what i end up smelling.

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