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Thursday, September 26, 2019

Why does Sagittarius A* have the * in it's title?

Why does Sagittarius A* have the * in it's title?


Why does Sagittarius A* have the * in it's title?

Posted: 26 Sep 2019 03:18 AM PDT

Always wondered why the * appears in the title. Whenever I see it I keep searching for a footnote at the bottom of the article!

submitted by /u/Backflip101
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Why does some thunder make a boom sound and sometimes it makes a crack/snap sound?

Posted: 25 Sep 2019 09:39 PM PDT

How do you isolate and capture a single atom?

Posted: 25 Sep 2019 05:07 PM PDT

Could someone please explain on how the oxygen we breathe comes from the ocean and not the trees?

Posted: 26 Sep 2019 02:57 AM PDT

Does Continuous Reading on Screened Devices Lead to Worsening Vision?

Posted: 25 Sep 2019 05:51 PM PDT

For example does reading a lot from the screens of iPads, iPhones, laptops or similar devices damage eyesight?

I've looked this question up but haven't found any definitive answers.

submitted by /u/Jpf123
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What type of photodetector is suitable for mid infrared sensing?

Posted: 26 Sep 2019 02:32 AM PDT

What type of photodetector does a typical Raman spectrometer use? Say the spectral range goes from 1200 - 1000 cm-1.

Handheld RM spectrometers like this are fairly cheap (5-10k). I wonder what type of semiconductor they use for sensing.

submitted by /u/dr_meme_69
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Do supergiant stars form all at once or grow from one the size of a 'regular' star?

Posted: 26 Sep 2019 02:17 AM PDT

Does a dead brain still hold information?

Posted: 25 Sep 2019 02:35 PM PDT

I have an idea for a story I want to write but I'm uncertain about the possibilities of a dead brain still retaining the accumulated knowledge from our life. Does it still hold information? If so, is it possible to retrieve that information? If not, then why does it not still hold information, or what are some of the challenges to retrieving that information?

submitted by /u/hafuhafu
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Did medical alcohol or drinking alcohol come first?

Posted: 25 Sep 2019 09:54 PM PDT

This question popped into my head while cleaning a wound on my hand, and it reminded me the time I had to treat a cut with moonshine. But when I tried googling it I just got alot of results about how I shouldn't drink rubbing alcohol. So I'm curious if any of yall would know.

submitted by /u/fudgeking2000
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Why do organ donors and recipients need matching blood types?

Posted: 25 Sep 2019 05:09 PM PDT

Why do organs only function with certain blood types? And is this determined as a foetus or do the organs merely become accustomed to that type of blood throughout the person's life and lose their malleability?

submitted by /u/QuantumDon
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Does brushing your teeth with a plastic toothbrush create micro and nano plastic particles? Could this be the cause of much of the plastic that turns up in our blood and stool?

Posted: 25 Sep 2019 05:57 AM PDT

Are cravings based on what our body wants us to eat, or are they just random?

Posted: 25 Sep 2019 06:40 PM PDT

Why is the formula E^2=(mc^2)^2 + (pc)^2 so similar to the pythagorean theorem?

Posted: 25 Sep 2019 01:05 PM PDT

Why is the formula E2 = (mc2 )2 + (pc)2 so similar to the pythagorean theorem?

submitted by /u/Holsbolsa
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What are some examples of transitional fossils in parrots?

Posted: 25 Sep 2019 07:07 PM PDT

Does the gateway hypothesis for marijuana hold in legal states?

Posted: 25 Sep 2019 05:50 PM PDT

This question has been asked before on here but not specifically restricted to legal states and I have spent about 20 minutes searching for studies on google scholar relating to the topic and did not find anything. Anyways, here is my question:

The gateway hypothesis is used as a counter argument to legalize recreational cannabis so it would make sense to check its validity in states where it is legal. The act of buying cannabis in a legal vs illegal state is very different so might introduce unknown variables. So, does the gateway hypothesis for marijuana hold in legal states? I am very curious what you smart folk have to say. Thanks you in advance!

submitted by /u/noelexecom
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Why do planets orbit/rotate in the direction they do?

Posted: 25 Sep 2019 12:00 PM PDT

All of the planets in our solar system orbit the sun in the same direction that the sun rotates about its axis (counterclockwise when viewed from the sun's North Pole). But Venus and Uranus rotate about their axes in the opposite direction as they orbit the sun. What causes planets to orbit another object in a certain direction? Why do none of the planets in our solar system orbit the sun in a clockwise direction? Would it be possible for a planet to orbit in the opposite direction as the sun's rotation? What would cause a planet to rotate about its axis in the opposite direction of its orbit around another object as Venus and Uranus do?

submitted by /u/catmitt98
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how does the space shuttle change direction and stop?

Posted: 25 Sep 2019 03:32 PM PDT

I haven't looked too closely at the space shuttle but I don't see any sideways or backwards facing thrusters. How does it stop, turn or go sideways in space so that it can dock with the ISS?

submitted by /u/forgetfulcoder
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What happens to the heart and blood pressure when someone has to have major body parts amputated?

Posted: 25 Sep 2019 01:25 PM PDT

I was reading a story where someone had both legs amputated and thought about other effects it may have on the human body.

Even if we reach a point where the limbs are near replicas of the original, wouldn't it have some effect on the heart since you aren't pumping as much blood and it not having to travel as far?

submitted by /u/TortugasLocas
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Can nondisjunction occur twice in the same meiotic cycle?

Posted: 25 Sep 2019 04:24 PM PDT

Hi all. Is it possible for nondisjuction to occur at both anaphase 1 and anaphase 2 and result in 4 sets of the X chromosome? In other words, is it possible for both the homologous chromosomes and the sister chromatids to not separate in the same cell cycle and have a resulting gamete with 4 copy's of a the X chromesome? All the examples I have seen say it either occurs in anaphase 1 or anaphase 2.

Thank You!

submitted by /u/ExtraBrilliant
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Wednesday, September 25, 2019

The Gauche Effect. I don't understand how, on the subject of Newman Projections, that the gauche conformation of 2-fluoroethanol, for instance, can be more stable than the anti?

The Gauche Effect. I don't understand how, on the subject of Newman Projections, that the gauche conformation of 2-fluoroethanol, for instance, can be more stable than the anti?


The Gauche Effect. I don't understand how, on the subject of Newman Projections, that the gauche conformation of 2-fluoroethanol, for instance, can be more stable than the anti?

Posted: 24 Sep 2019 06:00 PM PDT

How much protein per 100g of human muscle?

Posted: 25 Sep 2019 01:31 AM PDT

Hey everyone, I'm wondering this because I saw chicken is about 26-33g of protein per 100g and chicken breast is just muscle, which had me wondering what would it be in a human? I am aware it would vary from muscle to muscle but can't find any data online.

I promise I'm not a cannibal.

submitted by /u/Shortbull
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Do fruit plants all share a common ancestor or did multiple fruit plants emerge due to convergent evolution?

Posted: 24 Sep 2019 08:48 PM PDT

If Ice Age floods did all this geologic carving of the American West, why didn't the same thing happen on the East coast if the ice sheets covered the entire continent?

Posted: 25 Sep 2019 07:20 AM PDT

Ask Anything Wednesday - Engineering, Mathematics, Computer Science

Posted: 25 Sep 2019 08:08 AM PDT

Welcome to our weekly feature, Ask Anything Wednesday - this week we are focusing on Engineering, Mathematics, Computer Science

Do you have a question within these topics you weren't sure was worth submitting? Is something a bit too speculative for a typical /r/AskScience post? No question is too big or small for AAW. In this thread you can ask any science-related question! Things like: "What would happen if...", "How will the future...", "If all the rules for 'X' were different...", "Why does my...".

Asking Questions:

Please post your question as a top-level response to this, and our team of panellists will be here to answer and discuss your questions.

The other topic areas will appear in future Ask Anything Wednesdays, so if you have other questions not covered by this weeks theme please either hold on to it until those topics come around, or go and post over in our sister subreddit /r/AskScienceDiscussion , where every day is Ask Anything Wednesday! Off-theme questions in this post will be removed to try and keep the thread a manageable size for both our readers and panellists.

Answering Questions:

Please only answer a posted question if you are an expert in the field. The full guidelines for posting responses in AskScience can be found here. In short, this is a moderated subreddit, and responses which do not meet our quality guidelines will be removed. Remember, peer reviewed sources are always appreciated, and anecdotes are absolutely not appropriate. In general if your answer begins with 'I think', or 'I've heard', then it's not suitable for /r/AskScience.

If you would like to become a member of the AskScience panel, please refer to the information provided here.

Past AskAnythingWednesday posts can be found here.

Ask away!

submitted by /u/AutoModerator
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Does boiling 2 cups of water take exactly twice as long as boiling 1 cup of water?

Posted: 25 Sep 2019 05:15 AM PDT

Life is all about organic chemistry. I know about the carbon cycle, but where does the hydrogen come from?

Posted: 25 Sep 2019 05:13 AM PDT

Earth's atmosphere contains hardly any H, it's mostly O and N. My suspicion is that the H comes from water, but that takes a lot of energy!

submitted by /u/meta-wacke
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Could a rogue planet orbit a star?

Posted: 25 Sep 2019 02:35 AM PDT

For example say a rogue planet came into a random solar system, could the planet get caught into the stars gravitational pull and become a regular planet and not a rogue one anymore? This is all assuming rogue planets are floating through space cause I'm not totally sure about that.

submitted by /u/gogospoon
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Does someone's own spoken accent also have the highest listening comprehension?

Posted: 25 Sep 2019 06:59 AM PDT

This question came up while discussing listening to audio with the speed increased to x2-3 original speed and the general comprehension of different accents when speeded up.

I myself find it easier to listen to speech closer to RP (Received Pronunciation) than to my own accent. However I likely understand my own accent better than the average English speaker.

So my question is, how common is it for people to have higher listening comprehension on accents which aren't their own spoken accent? Why does this happen? Is this effect something which is studied or just a weird outlier?

submitted by /u/AnnanFay
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Is there a way to measure a gene's dominance?

Posted: 25 Sep 2019 06:40 AM PDT

So I was thinking about the very basics of genetics I learned at school and stumbled upon this thought, despite not caring much for biology class not understanding this concept still bothers me due to my disliking of randomness.

Can a gene's dominance somehow be determined without specific testing?

My guess would be this, if gene A is dominant over gene B and gene B is dominant over gene C can I assume gene A is also dominant over gene C? so gene A could be assigned a dominance level of 3, B assigned 2 and C assigned 1. Can someone please disprove this for me?

Alternatively maybe genes could be assigned classes, with class A being dominant over class B, class B dominant over class C, class C dominant over class A and D, and class D dominant over class B, so you can assume that if a gene is dominant over class A it must belong to class C hence also dominant over class D. Although this one might be practically impossible to prove due to a potentially infinite amount of classes, so if a gene is dominant over class A it might still not be dominant over class D and instead belong to a new class E.

Is there a more likely theory? perhaps based on experimentation rather then thoughts some kid had while walking his dog? or is this subject rather unexplored and I can't hope for an answer any time soon?

Thanks in advance and sorry if I'm overlooking something and the answer is actually obvious or anything of the sorts.

submitted by /u/SuprOrel
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What is aviation fuel and what makes it different to normal fuel? Is it a different type of chemical compound or is it a special mixture?

Posted: 25 Sep 2019 05:31 AM PDT

Can you still be an organ donor after you’ve had cancer?

Posted: 25 Sep 2019 04:46 AM PDT

Is a zero order relationship even possible?

Posted: 25 Sep 2019 04:44 AM PDT

In school I studied that one of the reactants in a chemical reaction can have a zero order relation to the rate of reaction i.e its concentration does not affect the rate. However, the particle theory states that higher concentration leads to higher no. of atoms per cm^3, therefore a higher number of successful collisions. So, according to the particle theory no reactant can have a zero order relation. Then how does the reaction kinetic theory propose a zero order reaction?

submitted by /u/SamarthRajani666
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Which continents, or areas, are the best for finding fossil records, and why is that so?

Posted: 25 Sep 2019 03:17 AM PDT

So apparently there are no land fossil records from when earth only had one huge continent called Pangaea?

Also if I recall most fossil records come from China or Africa(could be wrong), so I wonder why fossils have survived much better in those areas.

Were other continents more unlivable? or did they go through larger drastic geological changes which destroyed remains?

submitted by /u/worthlesshope
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Why do you think the phanerozoic eon has more divisions and dates than the archean eon?

Posted: 25 Sep 2019 03:17 AM PDT

What is the main factor supporting stability in the proteins of thermophilic organisms? Which amino acids might be more abundant?

Posted: 24 Sep 2019 11:07 PM PDT

To my (potentially incorrect) understanding, thermostable proteins have a high rate of alpha-helices and have smaller loops/turns; thus, the proteins are more compact and the "backbone" is less exposed to potentially damaging temperatures.

Would hydrophobic interactions be the key player in holding the helix/stucture together? Would it be additional H-bonding and attractive forces between the side chains?

I appreciate any insight someone might have!

submitted by /u/monkmonktoodle
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CDC Quarantine, Decontamination and Sterilisation Procedures?

Posted: 24 Sep 2019 10:42 PM PDT

Now I'm certain that any who can answer likely can't say everything but, there is something about the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) I have always wondered about.

In a hypothetical worst case accident scenario in a laboratory, what sort of Decontamination and Sterilisation Procedures does/would the CDC institute to prevent deadly pathogens from endangering the public?

Do they have lock down and incinerate procedures like in movies and TV?

submitted by /u/Arohi_rohi
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How do Bose-Einstein Condesates behave? What does it mean for atoms to behave as a single, large collective atom?

Posted: 24 Sep 2019 08:24 PM PDT

What does "Carrier" and "Carrier Free" mean when transporting radioactive solutions?

Posted: 25 Sep 2019 02:03 AM PDT

In my work regarding ionizing radiation and radio-nuclides I noticed that in the majority of cases, radioactive solutions are not transported in their pure form, but they are mixed with another material named a "Carrier".

Can some one please elaborate what is the purpose of this carrier substance and why is it needed?

The only explanation I can come up with is due to physical limitations. For example, if I want to transport 25 [mCi] of Iodine 125, that would translate into around 1.47 10^-6 [g] which means it would require an extremely small container that, I guess, would be very difficult to produce, so the carrier substance provides some kind of a "buffer" without altering the activity of I-125.

submitted by /u/steveraptor
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Can bugs get fat?

Posted: 25 Sep 2019 12:56 AM PDT

Animals are capable of storing energy as fat, is it possible to feed a spider or ant until it's fat. Bees wax is fat but is it possible to store so much of it, it would not be able to fly?

submitted by /u/RexSuperbiae
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Why not "hot air balloon" rockets up before "lift off"?

Posted: 24 Sep 2019 01:51 PM PDT

Is it possible to lift up rockets to the upper atmospheres before using rocket fuel? Or is there just too many variables you can't control from having "lift off" mid air and too many variables you need to align/aligning to do this kind of thing? Ignoring the variables, and it works, does this save a lot of money?

Also I'm not really a scientist/engineer or even a student in any field of science/maths, but I do have a, let's say a hobbyist level understanding of things/intelligence since (forgive me) i graduated not on my peak, and have been stagnant eversince. So have mercy on me with the explanations

submitted by /u/Real_undefined
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How does a "real" echo Dot/Siri/OkGoogle/whatever know not to respond to tv/radio ads that have characters saying their command phrase?

Posted: 24 Sep 2019 11:50 AM PDT

I have an Alexa, and it lights up when it hears someone on tv/radio say her name but it seems to know not to go through with whatever request the ad is telling her to do

submitted by /u/AvengeThe90s
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What impact, if any, does a vaccine have in regards to organ donation? Do vaccinated organs immunize the recipient? Is a non-vaccinated organ more risky than one that has been?

Posted: 24 Sep 2019 11:28 AM PDT

Tuesday, September 24, 2019

We hear all about endangered animals, but are endangered trees a thing? Do trees go extinct as often as animals?

We hear all about endangered animals, but are endangered trees a thing? Do trees go extinct as often as animals?


We hear all about endangered animals, but are endangered trees a thing? Do trees go extinct as often as animals?

Posted: 23 Sep 2019 05:22 PM PDT

Why is 20:20 the standard for perfect vision?

Posted: 23 Sep 2019 11:26 PM PDT

Even when I'm wearing glasses right after going to the eye doctor, there are people with better vision than me. Why do glasses only bump me up to 20:20 vision when its possible for humans to see better than 20:20?

submitted by /u/flabby_kat
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What is a rash at cellular level?

Posted: 24 Sep 2019 02:00 AM PDT

What is it that actually changes the skin colour? Why are there different types and patterns of rash? Why is it sometimes affecting only a particular area and other times the whole body?

submitted by /u/IndependentGuy
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Why is processed sugar bad for you if your body breaks down food into sugars cells use to power your body?

Posted: 23 Sep 2019 09:49 PM PDT

How do they measure what happens when hadrons collide in the Large Hadron Collider?

Posted: 24 Sep 2019 01:08 AM PDT

I understand there are some different measurement systems such as Atlas Experiment. I have not understood how this actually manages to measure anything, e.g. 'direction and degree of curvature' of some particles. On YouTube and Wikipedia it specifies what is measured, but not how.

submitted by /u/Jeebabadoo
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Why Descendants of those who survived the plague in europe are immune to HIV?

Posted: 24 Sep 2019 02:01 AM PDT

I just read this somewere and i am a medical student so i just wanted to know the reason

submitted by /u/singh_1699
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Why can't a fighter jet reach orbit?

Posted: 24 Sep 2019 03:07 AM PDT

Hey guys,

I just had a discussion with a friend which began with the reasons for the failure of the Space Shuttle.

In the process we asked ourselves why you can't just fly straight upwards with a fighter jet to reach orbit which would cost much less than a rocket launch.

We thought that maybe it is because the jets kinetic force is too low to reach the first cosmic speed so we compared it to a falcon 9:

  • The Eurofighter has a max. force of roughly 180kN and weighs 11T which is 16,4N/kg
  • The Falcon 9 has 9 x ~1000kN and weighs about 550T which is also 16,4N/kg

So they both have around the same force per kg - shouldn't a Eurofighter then be able to just fly to space (maybe with some extra tanks)?

Maybe there is a obvious reason why this can't work so thank you for your answers :)

submitted by /u/Phator
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How do heat shock proteins aid in refolding damaged proteins, and are HSPs able to be used to treat prion diseases?

Posted: 24 Sep 2019 02:38 AM PDT

So, a two part question really that I came across while reading a bit of an old article: https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/77ec/de583e04f0d3a112eeabd458d5dbcc05d6b1.pdf

This mentions that heat shock proteins (HSPs) "aid in refolding of damaged or denatured proteins," but it does not discuss the mechanism by which this is accomplished other than stating that it increases the fidelity of protein synthesis. Wikipedia seems to just state that it stabilizes partially unfolded proteins, and chaperones other proteins, as I read it across organelle membranes. I am curious of the mechanism, is it attaching to other proteins like a ribosome or enzyme?

Also, can HSPs be used to help treat prion diseases as they are a result of misfolded proteins? I see an article in 2014 discussing this potential, and also one this year showing mice lacking genes encoding for HSP synthesis have accelerated prion disease progression. I don't see anything further suggesting advances in trying to use HSPs for prevention or treatment of prion diseases, and maybe I'm just missing a piece of the puzzle.

I'm just curious about HSPs and their potential. I'm in a pathophysiology course and this article is suggested reading but I don't have to do any homework related to it so I'm not asking for homework help, just trying to answer some questions that came up when reading.

Thanks.

submitted by /u/Ranned
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[Medicine] How do diseases such as Duchenne and other Muscular Dystrophy types eventually become fatal? What is the actually cause of death?

Posted: 23 Sep 2019 03:42 PM PDT

I don't know for sure if these types of questions are allowed, but I couldn't find a straight answer on google beyond vague heart conditions.

submitted by /u/Bastardly_Poem1
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Why doesnt Alzheimers make the person forget how to speak or even breath?

Posted: 23 Sep 2019 08:43 PM PDT

How do we know when quantum computers are correct?

Posted: 23 Sep 2019 08:29 AM PDT

How do we know that the Google Sycamore processor actually achieved quantum supremacy if we have no way of checking the results to see if they are correct, given that the same calculation it solved would take 10,000 years to run on the most powerful commercially available supercomputers we have now?

submitted by /u/momsaysrowfaster
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Why are our ankles a place that “cracks” or “pops” in order to release gases more often then other joints in our body? Is it just because of the pressure put on it or is there another reason?

Posted: 23 Sep 2019 12:58 PM PDT

What exactly is degenerate matter?

Posted: 23 Sep 2019 08:47 AM PDT

Can a star in a solar system orbit another star?

Posted: 23 Sep 2019 01:13 PM PDT

So I'm making a world for D&D and I want it to include multiple suns but unfortunately I know nothing about astronomy. If a solar system is orbiting a sun, is it possible for one of the bodies in its orbit to be another star? If so then how would that affect the light or the heat on the planet (Like would the planet be in constant daytime, or would it be unusually hot?) Thanks for any help!

submitted by /u/BleachedBonez
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Does skin interact with itself between distant parts of the body?

Posted: 23 Sep 2019 04:30 PM PDT

In the same way an organ like the lungs function as one unit, can the skin on your legs communicate with or assist the skin on your head? For example, will the skin on your knee react to a pinprick on the skin on your shoulder?

submitted by /u/ssinatra3
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How do brain regions actually communicate together?

Posted: 23 Sep 2019 11:21 AM PDT

This seems like it has a pretty obvious answer, but I couldn't really truly find any information on it without making my own guesses.

To be clear, I mean 2 things by 'communicate'.
First a synapse from the front region of the brain to the region at the back of the brain, just seems too expensive to be developing. Hence how do such brains regions show activity in synchronicity if they do not have such synapses?

How does the above vary with the split between the left side of the brain and right side of the brain? A particular reason for asking this is because we can for example verbally communicate and do a visualization task with a lot less interference simultaneously.

submitted by /u/ketonis
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Why haven't Saturn's rings coalesced to form a moon?

Posted: 23 Sep 2019 06:48 PM PDT

If i'm not mistake its the remnants of a moon, but why has it spread out instead of lumping together over a long period of time?

submitted by /u/knighthd
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If you are a raised a vegetarian and then transition to a meat eater later in life how does it affect your body's ability to digest meat?

Posted: 23 Sep 2019 09:13 AM PDT

It's well know that adult teeth develop different for vegetarians and meat eaters, I was just wondering what else changes. Do former vegetarians break down protein more slowly?

submitted by /u/meat_scented_candles
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How do we know that the Milky Way is a spiral galaxy?

Posted: 23 Sep 2019 04:14 AM PDT

Everywhere I read, it states that the Milky Way is a spiral galaxy. I never understood this since we can't (yet) see our own galaxy from an outside perspective. So my question is, how did we conclude that the galaxy we live in, is a spiral galaxy?

submitted by /u/Quantum_Void
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If ice is less dense than water, why do sea levels rise when ice sheets melt?

Posted: 23 Sep 2019 10:09 AM PDT