Pages

Friday, September 6, 2019

Mechanistically, why is benzene carcinogenic?

Mechanistically, why is benzene carcinogenic?


Mechanistically, why is benzene carcinogenic?

Posted: 05 Sep 2019 10:13 PM PDT

On paper it seems to me that benzene shouldn't be carcinogenic, since it isn't especially reactive.

submitted by /u/OPDidntDeliver
[link] [comments]

Family members are posting on Facebook that there has been no warming in the US since 2005 based on a recent NOAA report, is this accurate? If so, is there some other nuance that this data is not accounting for?

Posted: 06 Sep 2019 06:07 AM PDT

I appreciated your response, thank you.

submitted by /u/DaneMason
[link] [comments]

Why is there more matter than antimatter? Could the antimatter simply be outside the observable universe?

Posted: 06 Sep 2019 05:43 AM PDT

It would be unfortunate if this were the case as we would lack observational evidence but is it possible that at the moment of the Big Bang the mater and anti matter existed in equal quantities and as the universe inflated they remained separate?

Perhaps the antimatter encircles matter at the edge of the universe. Is there any theories about this idea?

https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQEsJ0ccJzZA8Nkg9fPvzBNYN7t_MsrY75pys-M9Y4tqhCayurY3A

submitted by /u/miIkisforbabies
[link] [comments]

Are there any non-detrimental effects resulting from climate change?

Posted: 06 Sep 2019 06:08 AM PDT

I recently read that due to climate change, certain plants will start growing again in areas that could not have grown for thousands of years. Are there any other effects that could be seen as objectively positive in regards to diversity of species, species populations, or other misc. factors generally regarding the "health" of the planet?
Btw; I am not trying to bait a "is climate change real" debate here; I believe in climate change and that we should avoid it, I just want to learn more about the side effects.

submitted by /u/jdooowke
[link] [comments]

Why does the hair on our heads and faces continue to grow unabated, while our body hair essentially grows to a certain length and then stops?

Posted: 06 Sep 2019 06:26 AM PDT

How are cast iron pans “seasoned”?

Posted: 06 Sep 2019 04:42 AM PDT

I study materials science and was thinking about the structure of cast irons and how oil could interact with it. How does this happen?

submitted by /u/justlearning412
[link] [comments]

Wouldn’t it be easier to cope with the global cooling instead of the global warming?

Posted: 06 Sep 2019 04:01 AM PDT

What is meant by Global Mobile Data Traffic (such as reported by CISCO)?

Posted: 06 Sep 2019 03:56 AM PDT

I think the confusion for me comes from the difference in use of the word 'mobile' here in England, which refers to a mobile phone (like cellular) or means portable.

https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/solutions/collateral/service-provider/visual-networking-index-vni/white-paper-c11-738429.html

📷

submitted by /u/Chuggacheep
[link] [comments]

Are birds classified as reptiles?

Posted: 06 Sep 2019 06:23 AM PDT

I was looking at the family tree for reptiles and I noticed that dinosaurs are a sub genre of reptiles. In school I learnt that birds are a class of animals and well as reptiles, how is this possible if birds are technically a sub genre of reptiles? Were my textbooks wrong?

submitted by /u/BelgianHashBrown
[link] [comments]

How can I get started with computational protein design?

Posted: 06 Sep 2019 06:03 AM PDT

I have little knowledge of chemistry but I'm a very skilled, passionate programmer that wants to help with the research.

submitted by /u/amatiasq
[link] [comments]

If there was an ideal environment (such as no predators and unlimited food/habitat resources), would evolution still take place?

Posted: 06 Sep 2019 05:43 AM PDT

Could we use sprinklers on high rise buildings to flush out air pollution in our cities?

Posted: 06 Sep 2019 05:20 AM PDT

When it rains it flushes out the air pollution. So would it be feasible to install heavy duty sprinklers and switch them on at a set time at night or a time that would be quite on the streets to flush out the air pollution that builds up and harms our health? Obviously this would only apply to dense cities with high-rise buildings.

submitted by /u/whattodotodayhozay
[link] [comments]

Would it be possible, even if only as a theory, to have an object or multiple objects trapped between two dimensions?

Posted: 06 Sep 2019 05:16 AM PDT

Essentially, going with the many-worlds interpretation, if someone were to take a chunk of land that housed a city on it and send it from one Earth to another, would it be a possibility to somehow have that chunk stuck between the two universes or would that just completely go against physics?

submitted by /u/CoddedApple
[link] [comments]

What will happen to the energy received by photon when two photos (in contact) are bounced off a surface at speed of light?

Posted: 06 Sep 2019 05:10 AM PDT

When two bodies, (say a basketball and a cricket ball) stacked on top of each other are dropped to the ground, the ball on top receives the energy from the lower ball and bounces off higher than it would if dropped independently. Something like this: https://youtu.be/2UHS883_P60

So if photons are dropped/thrown in similar fashion (but at speed of light) what will happen to the extra energy because the received energy cannot make the upper photon travel faster than speed of light (as nothing can travel faster than speed of light)

submitted by /u/mikekhan7
[link] [comments]

What did the tectonic plates of Pangea look like? Also, are the boundaries of tectonic plates cracks that go through the entire crust?

Posted: 05 Sep 2019 08:09 PM PDT

Take subduction zones for example; how does a plate literally sink underneath another plate? Is there a clear division between the two plates?

submitted by /u/BlazedLarry
[link] [comments]

How come a praying mantis can lift heavy objects?

Posted: 06 Sep 2019 04:50 AM PDT

Will lightning hitting the water/ocean electrocute the fish in the vicinity?

Posted: 06 Sep 2019 04:31 AM PDT

And how far in the vicinity would it stop to electrocute you or fish?

submitted by /u/schoblovski
[link] [comments]

Why is the housing of a prismatic lithium ion cell positive and from a cylindrical cell negative?

Posted: 06 Sep 2019 12:43 AM PDT

Hey Guys,

I just noticed why fiddeling around with some cells that in cylindrical cells the steel case has a negative potential and for prismatic lithium ion cells the housing (Aluminium) is in 99% of the cases on the positive potential of the cell.

Is it an arbritary choosing or has it to do with the electrochemical corrosion potential of the materials?

So what would happen, if the housing of a prismatic cell would be put on neutral or negative potential?

submitted by /u/sciency_guy
[link] [comments]

What is worse for your body weed or alcohol? And why one is worst than other

Posted: 06 Sep 2019 03:53 AM PDT

How do our “fight or flight” responses to danger manifest themselves in the way we speak to each other/conversation?

Posted: 06 Sep 2019 03:38 AM PDT

When a patient gets his/her limbs amputated, where does the limb end up going to?

Posted: 05 Sep 2019 11:47 PM PDT

What makes Methamphetamine more dangerous than Amphetamine?

Posted: 06 Sep 2019 03:30 AM PDT

Amphetamine is structrually the same as Meth except meth has 1 more methyl group yet meth is illegal most of the time (apart from things like desoxyn) but you can see amphetamine in many adhd medicines like aderall. I know meth is stronger and more addictive but I what I want to know is what happens at a molecular level. All i know is that meth can be synthesised using the leukart reaction and is metabolised in the body to amphetamine (Although i may be wrong) and then excreted as amphetamine but what makes that so addictive to the body. Is there a specific neurotransmitter or something that the extra methyl group messes with and if 1 methyl group is enough to massively change a drug why can't something like ethene have the same effect as meth since that is 2 methyl groups together.

submitted by /u/psychopathic_bastard
[link] [comments]

How do you differentiate between different types of cartilage from slides?

Posted: 05 Sep 2019 03:28 PM PDT

I cannot wrap my head around how to tell apart the various kinds of cartilage, and google has not given me a clear answer. I know there is hyaline, fibro, and elastic, but looking at them I can never tell which is which. What are some clearcut characteristics that I can use to tell them apart?

submitted by /u/wannabenurse01
[link] [comments]

a spaceship travels at 99% lightspeed for 5 years and comes back to earth, time passed on earth will be 36 years. what if the reference point is the spaceship instead of earth, will the time pass on the spaceship be 36 years instead?

Posted: 06 Sep 2019 03:10 AM PDT

i got the numbers from amnh.org just for example.

submitted by /u/balbertborring
[link] [comments]

What happens to bones when a big animal like a shark or an orca eats and swallows another whole animal?

Posted: 06 Sep 2019 03:09 AM PDT

I've seen several times how an orca eats a whole seal with one bite and then swallows it completly. But how does it digest the whole animal including all the bones?

submitted by /u/crazyturtle2907
[link] [comments]

Thursday, September 5, 2019

Ask Anything Wednesday - Biology, Chemistry, Neuroscience, Medicine, Psychology

Ask Anything Wednesday - Biology, Chemistry, Neuroscience, Medicine, Psychology


Ask Anything Wednesday - Biology, Chemistry, Neuroscience, Medicine, Psychology

Posted: 04 Sep 2019 08:11 AM PDT

Welcome to our weekly feature, Ask Anything Wednesday - this week we are focusing on Biology, Chemistry, Neuroscience, Medicine, Psychology

Do you have a question within these topics you weren't sure was worth submitting? Is something a bit too speculative for a typical /r/AskScience post? No question is too big or small for AAW. In this thread you can ask any science-related question! Things like: "What would happen if...", "How will the future...", "If all the rules for 'X' were different...", "Why does my...".

Asking Questions:

Please post your question as a top-level response to this, and our team of panellists will be here to answer and discuss your questions.

The other topic areas will appear in future Ask Anything Wednesdays, so if you have other questions not covered by this weeks theme please either hold on to it until those topics come around, or go and post over in our sister subreddit /r/AskScienceDiscussion , where every day is Ask Anything Wednesday! Off-theme questions in this post will be removed to try and keep the thread a manageable size for both our readers and panellists.

Answering Questions:

Please only answer a posted question if you are an expert in the field. The full guidelines for posting responses in AskScience can be found here. In short, this is a moderated subreddit, and responses which do not meet our quality guidelines will be removed. Remember, peer reviewed sources are always appreciated, and anecdotes are absolutely not appropriate. In general if your answer begins with 'I think', or 'I've heard', then it's not suitable for /r/AskScience.

If you would like to become a member of the AskScience panel, please refer to the information provided here.

Past AskAnythingWednesday posts can be found here.

Ask away!

submitted by /u/AutoModerator
[link] [comments]

AskScience AMA Series: I'm Jane Pearson. I'm a psychologist at the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH). As we observe Suicide Prevention Awareness Month this September, I'm here to talk about some of the most recent suicide prevention research findings from NIMH. Ask me anything!

Posted: 05 Sep 2019 04:00 AM PDT

Hi, Reddit! My name is Jane Pearson, and I am from the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH). I'm working on strategies for our research that will help prevent suicide.

Suicide claims over 47,000 lives a year in the U.S. and we urgently need better prevention and intervention strategies. Thanks to research efforts, it is now possible to identify those at-risk using evidence-based practices, and there are effective treatments currently being tested in real-world settings. I'm doing this AMA today to highlight how NIMH-supported research is developing knowledge that will help save lives and help reverse the rising suicide rates.

Today, I'll be here from 12-2 p.m. ET – Looking forward to answering your questions! Ask Me Anything!

If you or someone you know is in crisis and needs immediate support or intervention, call the National Suicide Prevention Lifeline at 1-800-273-8255, or text the Crisis Text Line (text HELLO to 741741). Both services are free and available 24 hours a day, seven days a week. The Lifeline is a national network that routes your confidential and toll-free call to the nearest crisis center. These centers provide crisis counseling and mental health referrals. You can call for yourself or on behalf of a friend. If the situation is potentially life-threatening, call 911 or go - or assist a friend to go - to a hospital emergency room. Lives have been saved by people taking action.

To learn about the warning signs of suicide, action steps for supporting someone in emotional pain, and crisis helpline numbers, go to the NIMH Suicide Prevention webpage.

Additionally, you can find recent suicide statistics, here: https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/suicide.shtml

submitted by /u/AskScienceModerator
[link] [comments]

How much light can be pumped into a fiber optic cable?

Posted: 04 Sep 2019 01:19 PM PDT

I've been working with fiber optic cabling for data at work, and it is pretty neat stuff, but i don't know that much about the technical end of it.

I was thinking about how fiber optics could be used as a light pipe for an intense white light source (i think there are some surgical headlamps built like this)

I understand collimators would be required at both ends to focus the light into the cable, and then to disperse the light into a usable beam.

What sort of things would limit the amount of light that could be pumped into the fiber? If i were to light up the cable assembly with a 50W source, would there be anything from stopping me using a 500W source? Would the fiber completely saturate and be unable to transmit more light at some point?

Assuming the cable is glass, standard diameter (62.5uM).

Thanks.

submitted by /u/SScubaSSteve
[link] [comments]

How do open source VPNs (Such as OpenVPN) protect your data when the source code available?

Posted: 04 Sep 2019 07:37 PM PDT

I'm aware that VPNs encrypt your data in a way where that if someone did see your data, it wouldn't be legible unless they had the "Key."

My question is, how do open source VPNs defend against a third party who knows the code from decrypting your data?

I'm sure there has to be a way to defend from that, otherwise their security would be almost nonexistent, so what is the way VPNs defend against this?

Apologies for any formatting problems, I'm on mobile.

submitted by /u/ChancSpkl
[link] [comments]

Does urbanization in previously Desert areas cause an increase in rainfall?

Posted: 04 Sep 2019 01:52 PM PDT

I would think that areas that become more urbanized have an increase in rainfall due to increased albedo from the vegetation that people grow.

submitted by /u/Ilovechickswithdicks
[link] [comments]

What’s the tallest mountain chain to have ever existed on Earth? Is it possible one higher than Everest has existed?

Posted: 04 Sep 2019 09:08 PM PDT

This may have been posted already, but I can't find much on it via google. I assume that orology can only tell us so much, but I once read the Appalachian Mts were as tall as the Rockies before they were weathered down, while the Himalayas are still somewhat new in geological terms. I'm interested if there are any mountains that may have existed on Earth with some evidence that they have surpassed the Himalayas in height or prominence, if not, as a side question, why is the history of past mountain ranges so difficult to track/ study? I know next to nothing about orology or geology so all input is welcome!

submitted by /u/Cathof
[link] [comments]

Chemically speaking, what makes fentanyl such a potent drug relative to similar drugs?

Posted: 04 Sep 2019 12:15 PM PDT

In High Performance Liquid Chromatography, why are mixtures in ratios?

Posted: 04 Sep 2019 04:24 PM PDT

For example, to separate two similarly molecules like water and 1-pentanol, why are they in a ratio like (70:30)? How does this allow for better separation?

submitted by /u/OfficialAnu
[link] [comments]

How long did Triceratops's horns grow?

Posted: 04 Sep 2019 11:29 AM PDT

Do we have more myelinated or unmyelinated fibers in our body?

Posted: 04 Sep 2019 12:50 PM PDT

Also, where is which? I don't get it where could we need slow conductors when we can have the cool fast ones.

submitted by /u/Xotlotrk
[link] [comments]

In what stage of human development do we have the most stem cells?

Posted: 04 Sep 2019 06:02 AM PDT

How far off and how fast do planes start their descent to an airport? How does the local geography affect it?

Posted: 04 Sep 2019 11:05 AM PDT

Since planes fly at around 35,000 feet, I imagine it would be drastically different from airport to airport. Whether landing at near sea level like Seattle, or over a mile up in Denver, the descent feels the same to a passenger. Even though only some of those flights pass over mountains right before landing as well.

Would the descent rate be any faster or slower based on geography?

submitted by /u/Lannindar
[link] [comments]

Why are only 3-4 strains, based on predictions and educated guesses, included in a flu vaccine?

Posted: 04 Sep 2019 10:57 AM PDT

According to the CDC, the most effective vaccine from the past 15 years was only 60% effective, with most being quite a bit less so (https://www.cdc.gov/flu/vaccines-work/effectiveness-studies.htm). Why not develop and administer vaccines that address more, or even all of the strains and increase the efficacy of flu vaccination?

submitted by /u/audeus
[link] [comments]

What's the realistic limit for reducing relaxation times for MRI scans?

Posted: 04 Sep 2019 04:55 AM PDT

Recently I've become more interested in understanding how MRIs work and have been doing some independent research in trying to see what the limiting factors are in terms of what makes them take so damn long compared to CTs.

I understand that they use organic gadolinium compounds as contrast material in order to increase relaxation rates and increase intensity of the image created for far better resolution and the proposed use of gadolinium nanotubes that have an even greater effect. What's really needed or what would be the breakthrough for the chemistry required to massively impact time of acquisition of data? If total inverse RT is the sum of inverse RTs, could you add more materials with a combined effect like resistors in a parallel circuit?

submitted by /u/Nahgg
[link] [comments]

Did red or blond hair exist in pre-Columbus South America/Central America?

Posted: 04 Sep 2019 10:38 AM PDT

Are there any colonial organisms composed of specialized zooids within the Phylum Mollusca?

Posted: 04 Sep 2019 10:29 AM PDT

I am currently researching colonial organisms composed of individual animals, such as the Portuguese Man O' War, and have found little information on colonial species composed of zooids with structural and functional variation outside the well known Hydrozoans.

Is being composed of a colony of specialized zooids a feature unique to Hydrozoans, or are there organisms with this feature outside the phylum Cnidaria?

I am especially curious if there are any colonial organisms within the phylum Mollusca, as the concept of a colonial organism with the RNA editing abilities of Cephalopods is quite intriguing to me.

submitted by /u/Legendtamer47
[link] [comments]

Why the Plasma color is different when in contact with the glass?

Posted: 04 Sep 2019 10:28 AM PDT

Hello! Searching some images of plasma ball is easy to notice that there're a lot of colors. I know that these colors are due to relaxation electronic transitions. But if we notice, the colors of one plasma ball are not homogeneous, inside the ball there is some blue sparks, and near the glass, the color changes. I'm seeking for this explanation and can't find it. Any leads? Thx.

submitted by /u/hop_kins
[link] [comments]

Is it possible to have a perfectly anonymized database?

Posted: 04 Sep 2019 10:14 AM PDT

Having a database containing vast amount of data (e.g. human behavior, medical records, work data, etc.) could be extremely useful for AI learning and scientific analysis. However, personal data security is a big issue. Is it in theory possible to have such database that is both useful and secure? Or is impossible to use all these data together without an option to deanonymize personal data?


Bonus question: Could there be a quantum equivalent of such database? It seems that quantum systems have some useful properties here. While you can work with the whole information, if you look closely decoherence happens, you get a "random" result and are limited by the uncertainty principle.

submitted by /u/bigmaguro
[link] [comments]

How does a baby being born prematurely result in stunted physical, emotional, or mental development?

Posted: 04 Sep 2019 09:51 AM PDT

How does Mendel Laws apply for haploid organisms ?

Posted: 04 Sep 2019 08:33 AM PDT

How can I say which trait is dominant or recessive? How are characters expressed ?

submitted by /u/tintin_29_
[link] [comments]

Wednesday, September 4, 2019

What is the strongest evidence for the existence of the Oort Cloud?

What is the strongest evidence for the existence of the Oort Cloud?


What is the strongest evidence for the existence of the Oort Cloud?

Posted: 03 Sep 2019 06:29 PM PDT

I have been looking into this and keep hearing scientist saying they believe that the Oort cloud does exist. That word keeps standing out to me and can't see its place in the situation. I am interested in the evidence for the cloud. Not an explanation of what such a cloud would be or someones personal feelings about it.

submitted by /u/Scutch434
[link] [comments]

Is there a notable psychological impact that deaths of multiple owners/paitents has on service animals?

Posted: 03 Sep 2019 05:43 PM PDT

This question is predicated on the idea that some service animals will move on to a new person if their previous owner/patient dies. I apologize if this is not the case.

I understand that some animals mourn the deaths of their kin, and I'm wondering if this interactiom is seen in servics animals and their owners/patients, especially over multiple owners/patients.

submitted by /u/Kherda0
[link] [comments]

How soon could leukemia be detected?

Posted: 03 Sep 2019 05:43 PM PDT

Say someone donates blood almost every month for years. If leukemia is a cancer of the blood, how could that not have been found prior to being in it's late stage?

submitted by /u/brndnlwtsn
[link] [comments]

How do blood vessels get nourished?

Posted: 03 Sep 2019 07:08 PM PDT

Other parts of body gets nourished because blood is supplied to it through blood vessels. What supplies blood to blood vessels (their different layers) ?

submitted by /u/sambhuTambhu
[link] [comments]

How is chlorine removed from the stratosphere?

Posted: 04 Sep 2019 12:41 AM PDT

What mechanism removes chlorine from the Antarctic stratosphere? We know the ozone hole is recovering, so there is less chlorine activated from reservoirs in the polar springtime. How is the chlorine 'leaving' the stratosphere?

submitted by /u/occams_eggwhisk
[link] [comments]

So since color is determined by the spectral lines of atoms this would mean to find the color of a chemical you would just combine the spectral lines. Is this correct?

Posted: 03 Sep 2019 04:38 PM PDT

I still don't understand how this combination would work though. Would it be like color theory where you mix colors to form new colors? Also the problem with spectral lines is they are made up of multiple colors where chemicals are just one color when you look at them

submitted by /u/2334851
[link] [comments]

What causes clouds to be grey or white?

Posted: 03 Sep 2019 01:35 PM PDT

I've always wondered, how come some clouds are dark grey, while others are bright white?

Dark grey clouds are usually associated with rain? What makes rain clouds different from "normal" clouds?

submitted by /u/prometheus345
[link] [comments]

What Initiates earthquakes in a plate tectonic regime?

Posted: 03 Sep 2019 05:12 PM PDT

I had recently learned that wastewater injection can cause mini faults to slip due to the changes in pressure etc. and the slipping can cause earthquakes (weak on the richter scale)

it got me wondering. when rocks are becoming metamorphosed they change in size and volume could this process be a primary reason as to why earthquakes occur? the strongest earthquakes are at convergent boundaries of large plates so i legit am interested to see the literature on this.

is this a reasonable idea, where are the holes if not what am i miss understanding if not?

thanks for those who interact, in advance.

submitted by /u/robespierrem
[link] [comments]

do the scientists at the LHC have like, a black hole protocol ?

Posted: 03 Sep 2019 09:59 PM PDT

so, from what i've been learning lately from youtube videos, one of the initial concerns of the Large Hadron Collider was that it could potentially create a black hole; of course not a massive one, but any black hole, even the size of a penny, can wipe out earth completely. is this something that the people at the LHC have to think about all the time ? or is it so unlikely they don't think of it at all ?

submitted by /u/jn3jx
[link] [comments]

What is the difference between citric acid and ascorbic acid (Vitamin C)?

Posted: 03 Sep 2019 11:59 PM PDT

I understand that these are different compouds and have different metabolic properties and pathways. But I was unable to find them compared to each other as often enough they are confused.

submitted by /u/Tom4s
[link] [comments]

Is possible toscan the electrical impulses from the neurons of the human brain and then transform them into a binary code?

Posted: 03 Sep 2019 03:50 PM PDT

Theoretically, it is possible to scan the electrical impulses from the neurons of the human brain and then transform them into a binary code (eg 1 when an impulse appears, 0 inactive zone) , is considering scanning responsible areas of thinking ?

Can this information be used in AI development?

submitted by /u/Enviro3ed
[link] [comments]

Where did the carbon come from, before it went into the ground?

Posted: 03 Sep 2019 08:39 AM PDT

My understanding is that oil deposits are formed from layers of plankton and other plant/animal matter getting buried underground over millenia. Before it settled down as sediment, where did this living matter take its carbon from?

I'm assuming there must have been enough atmospheric carbon to support photosynthesis for algae to thrive and ultimately to form these underground deposits ~100 million years ago.

We are currently concerned about releasing these ancient carbon stores back into the atmosphere. I'm curious how the situation for life on earth was different with that carbon being in the air back then?

It doesn't sound like a major problem if this were a closed system, with no additional carbon being added. Is it just a question of volcanism continuously adding to the net amount of CO2 available over time?

submitted by /u/slushpilot
[link] [comments]

Given the trillions of stars, can any star go supernova spontaneously for no reason?

Posted: 03 Sep 2019 05:20 PM PDT

How does gravity work on the edge of the atmosphere?

Posted: 03 Sep 2019 01:30 PM PDT