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Thursday, August 22, 2019

How are drugs made to be active transdermally?

How are drugs made to be active transdermally?


How are drugs made to be active transdermally?

Posted: 21 Aug 2019 09:05 PM PDT

Do drugs have to be treated to be able to be absorbed through the skin? I am a nurse and got a few drops of fentanyl solution directly on my skin while spiking a bag for a fentanyl drip. I know based on the concentration that a few drops is not enough to have any effect, but it got me thinking, does it have to be treated to make it capable of being absorbed transdermally or is it just the fact that the fentanyl patch keeps it in close contact with skin for a prolonged amount of time. Another nurse once spilled testosterone on her shoes and it soaked through. The physician said she would be fine and wouldn't be growing chest hair bc it's not active transdermally. There is a transdermal version of testosterone (androgen), so I'm just curious how drugs are made to work like this.

submitted by /u/GrassAndKitties
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Are there "deep-lake" creatures at the bottom of lake Baikal ?

Posted: 21 Aug 2019 07:14 PM PDT

I know that deep-sea fish and arthropods adapted to the extreme conditions of these depths and are really weird looking, bioluminescent or transparent. Are there creatures like that in the depths of lake Baikal ?

submitted by /u/MichaelD-21
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Is it possible to have a planet and a moon in close enough proximity that their atmospheres mix?

Posted: 22 Aug 2019 06:46 AM PDT

I'm thinking of planets something like Pluto and Charon (yes, I know, Pluto's not a planet) where you have 2 large objects spinning around each other in fairly close proximity. Assuming that these 2 objects both have an atmosphere, would it be possible for these atmospheres to mingle? Or would an orbit that close together be unstable (due to atmospheric drag perhaps?).

I'm writing a science fiction story where it may be possible to travel from the planet to the moon while remaining in atmosphere (albeit, a very thin atmosphere).

submitted by /u/KnowanUKnow
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Is the Amazon fire as beneficial to the growth of the forest in the same way as other forest fires?

Posted: 22 Aug 2019 06:11 AM PDT

I've been seeing a lot about the Amazon burning. One thing I haven't heard about is "is this good?"

I've always read that forest fires are good for the ecology of a forest. It gets rid of dead growth, lets new growth go, etc. Is this the case for the Amazon as well? While short term yes, it's burning, in a hundred years or more won't it be getting back to the way it was, but refreshed?

Edit: I should also say yes, I am aware that overall this probably isn't a good thing.

submitted by /u/DelianSK13
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Are there black holes that feed on galaxies?

Posted: 21 Aug 2019 10:47 PM PDT

We know theres a black hole at the center of every(?) galaxy but is it possible for a black hole to exist that feeds on entire galaxies? Probably a stupid question, sorry.

submitted by /u/juicycurlbro69
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Would the birth control pill work for boys/men with acne in the same way as it helps some women with their acne problems?

Posted: 22 Aug 2019 05:59 AM PDT

Always feeling super tired in the morning, which led me to be curious: is there a genetic basis behind being a morning / night person, or is it just a myth?

Posted: 22 Aug 2019 05:30 AM PDT

I've never really been a "morning person". I'd always sleep during school and stay up until 3AM. But, due to work, I have to wake up at 6AM in the morning. The thing is, I get a solid 7-8 hours of sleep every night, but I'm still feeling super tired in the morning. But, the interesting thing is, if I were to get the same amount of sleep, but, instead of it being from 10PM-6AM, if I were to sleep from 2AM-10AM, I'd wake up feeling more refreshed. I'm just curious if this is all just in my head or if there is an actual biological basis behind being a morning/night person.

In other words... are people really genetically wired to be morning / night people, or is it just personal preference in the end?

submitted by /u/yoon-ho
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Did crabs and turtles/tortoise ever share a common ancestor?

Posted: 21 Aug 2019 10:06 PM PDT

Why does paper lose structural integrity when wet with water, but not so much with oil?

Posted: 21 Aug 2019 06:36 PM PDT

Do all benign tumors continue to grow?

Posted: 22 Aug 2019 03:14 AM PDT

Hey All, found out someone i know has a benign brain tumor and was curious if all tumors continue to grow to the point where they need to be removed? Is it possible for a tumor to stay the same size and not be harmful?

submitted by /u/xpliset
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What could be consequences from the Amazon fires?

Posted: 21 Aug 2019 02:35 PM PDT

Apparently some people have been burning the Amazon forest for weeks now. What will or could happen if they keep burning it?

submitted by /u/3ikooc
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Can mother’s diet create gas in breastfed baby?

Posted: 22 Aug 2019 02:58 AM PDT

Can there be a connection between what the mother eats and baby gas issues? How does this work?

submitted by /u/lostlight
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How do they make mobile phones water proof?

Posted: 22 Aug 2019 02:33 AM PDT

How they prevent electronics from being damaged by water?

submitted by /u/singh_1699
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If you die while you're laying out in the sun, will your body get a sunburn?

Posted: 21 Aug 2019 08:14 AM PDT

Is a sunburn a biological process that wouldn't happen if you weren't alive, or is it the skin actually "burning"?

submitted by /u/eddieeddiebakerbaker
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As modern humans, we spend a significant percentage of our lives wearing shoes and other related footwear. How does this affect the development of our feet and legs, if at all?

Posted: 22 Aug 2019 12:39 AM PDT

Why are antimatter islands considered unlikely?

Posted: 21 Aug 2019 02:44 PM PDT

An initial search turned up this article, with the tl;dr being that we should expect to see gamma radiation generated by the interface between any matter and antimatter regions in space. This answer doesn't feel complete, and I wanted to dig a bit deeper.

1) Does the expectation of an energetic boundary imply that we expect intergalactic gas clouds to be diffusing at a very high velocity? The velocity of convergence at the boundary would have to outpace the rate at which the universe is expanding, so what kinds of speeds and spatial scales are we talking about here?

2) Hypothetically, if such boundaries existed in the past, could the resulting radiation pressure have acted as a counter-balancing force? I would expect any net separating force, applied over a long enough time period, to ultimately confine the diffusing gas into orbits within each cloud's respective gravity well. Is that pressure so weak that we wouldn't expect such containment to have happened yet, or are there internal pressures that would be expected to overwhelm any such separating force?

submitted by /u/AntiTwister
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Is Pluto covered in ice or stuff that looks like ice?

Posted: 21 Aug 2019 04:20 PM PDT

Is pluto covered in frozen water or other solids that look like frozen water from far away and we just call it ice to make it simple to learn about?

submitted by /u/FactoryBuilder
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Could we create a "telescope" like the one used to take the first picture of a blackhole, but instead of using different points on earth, use the planets and moons of the solar system or by sending out satelites? Would we be able to detect light futher in the universe?

Posted: 21 Aug 2019 12:28 PM PDT

How might the Amazon forest fires affect the weather?

Posted: 21 Aug 2019 09:32 AM PDT

If it weren’t for climate change, would most of the glaciers we see today still be retreating?

Posted: 21 Aug 2019 09:54 PM PDT

When looking at information on the history of glaciers in the U.S. today, it appears that most of these glaciers started retreating at least as early as 1910s (that I have read at least). Given that climate change was not as big of a favor back then (or was it?), it made me wonder if glaciers today would still be retreating if there were no climate change?

Disclaimer: I'm certainly not a "climate change denier". The science is clear there. But would like to understand this better.

submitted by /u/millamb4
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Is the Earth getting more or less round over time? Why?

Posted: 21 Aug 2019 01:25 PM PDT

How is Titan able to retain an atmosphere?

Posted: 21 Aug 2019 09:26 AM PDT

From what I've heard, Titan has a nitrogen atmosphere much taller than our own due to its lower gravity. It sounds like it has a pretty tenuous hold. Is this a permanent feature? How is it not stripped away by solar winds?

submitted by /u/JankstonSpongDong
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Wednesday, August 21, 2019

Why was the number 299,792,458 chosen as the definiton of a metre instead of a more rounded off number like 300,000,000?

Why was the number 299,792,458 chosen as the definiton of a metre instead of a more rounded off number like 300,000,000?


Why was the number 299,792,458 chosen as the definiton of a metre instead of a more rounded off number like 300,000,000?

Posted: 20 Aug 2019 11:17 PM PDT

So a metre is defined as the distance light travels in 1/299,792,458 of a second, but is there a reason why this particular number is chosen instead of a more "convenient" number?

Edit: Typo

submitted by /u/Ciltan
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How are lab rats given specific diseases?

Posted: 21 Aug 2019 08:33 AM PDT

I remember seeing a post about rats with pancreatic cancer, how are they given this cancer? Are a bunch of rats bread and the "lucky" ones get sorted out?

submitted by /u/FragileEclipse
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Probably a stupid question, but is the sun cooling down?

Posted: 21 Aug 2019 06:49 AM PDT

Since it's constantly giving off heat, won't it like... run out of heat at some point

submitted by /u/hpfanatic7
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Why is electric field at a point discontinuous if there is a charge at that point?

Posted: 21 Aug 2019 03:58 AM PDT

Ask Anything Wednesday - Physics, Astronomy, Earth and Planetary Science

Posted: 21 Aug 2019 08:13 AM PDT

Welcome to our weekly feature, Ask Anything Wednesday - this week we are focusing on Physics, Astronomy, Earth and Planetary Science

Do you have a question within these topics you weren't sure was worth submitting? Is something a bit too speculative for a typical /r/AskScience post? No question is too big or small for AAW. In this thread you can ask any science-related question! Things like: "What would happen if...", "How will the future...", "If all the rules for 'X' were different...", "Why does my...".

Asking Questions:

Please post your question as a top-level response to this, and our team of panellists will be here to answer and discuss your questions.

The other topic areas will appear in future Ask Anything Wednesdays, so if you have other questions not covered by this weeks theme please either hold on to it until those topics come around, or go and post over in our sister subreddit /r/AskScienceDiscussion , where every day is Ask Anything Wednesday! Off-theme questions in this post will be removed to try and keep the thread a manageable size for both our readers and panellists.

Answering Questions:

Please only answer a posted question if you are an expert in the field. The full guidelines for posting responses in AskScience can be found here. In short, this is a moderated subreddit, and responses which do not meet our quality guidelines will be removed. Remember, peer reviewed sources are always appreciated, and anecdotes are absolutely not appropriate. In general if your answer begins with 'I think', or 'I've heard', then it's not suitable for /r/AskScience.

If you would like to become a member of the AskScience panel, please refer to the information provided here.

Past AskAnythingWednesday posts can be found here.

Ask away!

submitted by /u/AutoModerator
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Wikipedia says that if you get liposuction, even with dieting and exercise, the fat cells removed will return to the body within a few months. What causes this?

Posted: 21 Aug 2019 05:54 AM PDT

Pregnancy 24h (or more) after ovulation?

Posted: 21 Aug 2019 05:08 AM PDT

Hey, I've read some articles about getting pregnant and most of them are saying that getting pregnant 24h or more after ovulation are nil, but why aren't they exactly 0%? If ovulation egg dies my logic suggests me that it's impossible to get pregnant. Apart from shifting ovulation and irregular cycles, why isn't it 0%?

submitted by /u/razor9876
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How did engineers integrated algorithms on the first electrical components such as boards and other circuitry?

Posted: 21 Aug 2019 05:07 AM PDT

How do insects breathe if they don't have lungs?

Posted: 20 Aug 2019 06:49 PM PDT

I just learned that many insects don't breathe, but rather oxygen diffuses into their bodies. So is there no conscious control of supplying their body with oxygen? Wouldn't this be incredibly inefficient?

submitted by /u/samsaneff1
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When it comes to Carbon-14 dating, why do we measure the ratio between Carbon-14 to Carbon-12, but not Carbon-14 to Nitrogen-14?

Posted: 20 Aug 2019 09:04 PM PDT

What's keeping cordyceps from attacking humans?

Posted: 20 Aug 2019 02:32 PM PDT

Ive been playing the last of us and went down the rabbit hole of fungus zombies that infect insects

submitted by /u/sleepy_phan
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What are animal sleep cycles like? Are they similar to a human's sleep cycles?

Posted: 21 Aug 2019 02:53 AM PDT

I recently purchased two budgies and every source I see says they need 8 - 12 hours of uninterrupted sleep, which had me wondering if their sleep cycle is similar to ours. Do all/most/some animals go through REM cycles? Do they go through deep sleep? Light sleep? Is sleep still a means of processing what they've experienced throughout the day like humans have?

I've noticed my dogs can nap just about anywhere for any length of time too, do they require similar uninterrupted sleep?

submitted by /u/stalolin
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Are some languages easier to lip read than others?

Posted: 21 Aug 2019 02:21 AM PDT

So lip reading, pretty bad in general I think? But compare something guttural like English to something like mandarin - is there any differences in difficulty for native speakers?

submitted by /u/Orbax
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[Biology] What mechanism controls/produces the colour banding of a snail shell, cycling through the various colours as it grows?

Posted: 20 Aug 2019 04:01 PM PDT

[Chemistry] Do radioactive atoms constantly emit radiation or is this only when the element decays?

Posted: 20 Aug 2019 10:54 PM PDT

And if the latter is true, is that atom technically 'safe' until it decays?

submitted by /u/IApparentlyExist
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How do aortic and pulmonic heart valves work? Especially with no chordae tendineae?

Posted: 20 Aug 2019 02:46 PM PDT

So I'm doing some research about heart valves and how they work because seeing the gross anatomy of a heart and being told papillary muscles contract to keep the heart closed isn't completely straightforward, based on angles and such. Long story short I can't find any great animations about chordea tendineae and how they work but I got some descriptions so that is a little better. But now i realize the aortic and pulmonary DON'T EVEN HAVE THEM WHICH JUST MAKES PAPILLARY MUSCLES AND CHORDAE TENDINEAE EVEN MORE CONFUSING.

Tl;dr Basically i need to know how they are withstanding massive pressures (aortic valve) without any of these "support beams" that the AV valves have?

submitted by /u/SpaceCowboyNutz
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What makes something the source of a river?

Posted: 20 Aug 2019 11:34 AM PDT

Like when people say they searched for the source of the Nile, but it turns out to be some tiny puddle stream thing. How come that is the source of all the water in the Nile?

submitted by /u/PenCone
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What do astronauts do with their excrement in the International Space Station?

Posted: 20 Aug 2019 02:46 PM PDT

Where do bugs go when it rains?

Posted: 20 Aug 2019 08:17 AM PDT

Is there a proven benefit of writing pen to paper versus writing on a tablet?

Posted: 20 Aug 2019 09:43 AM PDT

I recently started journaling and am hearing that you don't get the "benefit" of writing if on a tablet.

edit: when I say writing on a tablet, I mean actually writing with a tablet paired pen on the tablet. Not typing on keys or touching keys on the screen.

submitted by /u/eggyourpardon
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How do search engines get results so quickly?

Posted: 20 Aug 2019 02:12 PM PDT

When I look something up on google or look up a name on Instagram I get results nearly immediately despite there being like billions of results for the search to look through. Even just making a search for a specific file on my laptop takes a while, so how do companies like these do it so fast?

submitted by /u/wabahoo_on_you
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Tuesday, August 20, 2019

AskScience AMA Series: I'm Dr. Jennifer Cope, a medical epidemiologist at the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. I am here to talk about contact lenses and healthy wear and care habits. AMA!

AskScience AMA Series: I'm Dr. Jennifer Cope, a medical epidemiologist at the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. I am here to talk about contact lenses and healthy wear and care habits. AMA!


AskScience AMA Series: I'm Dr. Jennifer Cope, a medical epidemiologist at the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. I am here to talk about contact lenses and healthy wear and care habits. AMA!

Posted: 20 Aug 2019 04:00 AM PDT

Hello! I am a medical epidemiologist and infectious disease doctor at CDC in the Waterborne Disease Prevention Branch. I work to prevent and stop infections caused by free-living amebas, which are single-celled organisms found in water and soil. Free-living amebas can cause diseases ranging from a type of encephalitis, or brain infection, to serious eye infections.

I support epidemiologic, laboratory, and communication activities related to free-living ameba infections. Acanthamoeba is a free-living ameba that can get on your contact lenses and cause a painful and disruptive infection called Acanthamoeba keratitis (AK). Acanthamoeba keratitis can lead to vision problems, the need for a corneal transplant, or blindness. Luckily, AK and other contact lens-related eye infections are largely preventable.

I also work with the CDC Healthy Contact Lens Program to help people learn about contact lens-related eye infections and the healthy habits that can reduce your chances of getting an eye infection. For more information about the CDC Healthy Contact Lens Program and our contact lens recommendations, visit our website: https://www.cdc.gov/contactlenses/index.html.

My team conducted new research on the communication between eye care providers and patients on contact health. Read the new MMWR report here: https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/68/wr/mm6832a2.htm.

I'll be on from 1-3pm (ET, 17-19 UT), AMA!

submitted by /u/AskScienceModerator
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What are the most advanced computers in the world being used for?

Posted: 20 Aug 2019 03:26 AM PDT

How do scientists know how the earth was formed?

Posted: 20 Aug 2019 01:47 AM PDT

Have been educating myself on earth science, and just science in general. :)

submitted by /u/Marziipann
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Is sexual dimorphism (males and females having different sizes/appearances) a trait that arises independently in species or can we trace it back to an origination point on the evolutionary tree?

Posted: 19 Aug 2019 07:37 PM PDT

Large, more muscular males, smaller females. I know there are exceptions, but it seems pretty predominant within a lot of the animal kingdom. Can this sort of similarity all be traced back to a common ancestor?

submitted by /u/DarthToothbrush
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[Biochemistry] How can proteins from different sources have such different effects on the metabolism? Aren't they all mainly aminoacids when they are digested?

Posted: 20 Aug 2019 02:03 AM PDT

I have some background in biology but none in nutrition. Is it that certain proteins have signature peptides that are formed when digested and then they are absorbed by the intestines? Does it have to do with the concentration of different aminoacids in a particular protein? Where do gut bacteria come in? I am thinking about mostly animal proteins shown to cause inflammation in humans and the emergence of the casomorphins in conjunction with dairy digestion.

submitted by /u/HellStaff
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How does 5g provide faster internet speeds than a WiFi router? I.e. how is a wireless connection now faster than a wired one!

Posted: 20 Aug 2019 02:18 AM PDT

Does freezing dead bodies kill any diseases they may have?

Posted: 19 Aug 2019 01:15 PM PDT

I have pet rats. I am getting a pet snake over the weekend and am wondering if its safer to feed frozen mice vs live mice. Feeder mice can be carriers of disease so I want to be as safe as possible.

On a more fun note, if a human body that had been preserved in ice for decades suddenly thawed, could that cause there introduction of (Previously extinct) deadly diseases into society?

submitted by /u/send-cats
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In the ocean, when surrounded by rough water, why are there often patches of flat still water?

Posted: 19 Aug 2019 01:37 PM PDT

Why is the standard nominal voltage of most batteries ~3.6- 4.2V?

Posted: 19 Aug 2019 01:36 PM PDT

It seems that even batteries of different internal chemistry all have the same range of charged voltages when sensitive digital applications are involved (e.g., li-po cells in phones, 18650 batteries in laptops etc.). Where does this standard come from and what is its significance?

submitted by /u/ProtoZone
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when they say things like a nuclear bomb could cause a blackout, what happens to the electricity? how does it work?

Posted: 19 Aug 2019 09:15 AM PDT

In batch-based machine learning, is the update for the RMSprop term calculated within each iteration of each batch, or at the end of each batch using the aggregated weight updates of that batch?

Posted: 19 Aug 2019 10:19 AM PDT

What can you do with a synchrotron that you can’t do with an electron microprobe?

Posted: 19 Aug 2019 09:50 AM PDT

I have done some synchrotron stuff, but never use an electron microscope and am wondering more about it. I am a soil chemist and focus a lot on redox chemistry. Would it be the EXAFS are only with synchrotron but XANES can be done on a microprobe? Is it the fluorescence stuff microprobes can't analyze? Is it a different range in energy levels? Just curious, thanks!

submitted by /u/Pola_Cola3
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How have the effects of the Moon changed as it gets farther away?

Posted: 19 Aug 2019 08:15 AM PDT

The Moon moves away from Earth approximately 1.6 inches per year. Since it is approximately 4.5 billion years old, it has moved 113,636 miles away.

I assume the tidal forces have weakened over time, but have there been any other changes?

submitted by /u/Poctz
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Are there any examples of an invasive species being introduced to an area and that area flourishing?

Posted: 19 Aug 2019 04:12 AM PDT