AskScience AMA Series: We are bio-engineers from UCSF and UW who just unveiled the world's first wholly artificial protein for controlling cells, which we hope will one day help patients with brain injury, cancer and more. AUA!

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• AskScience AMA Series: We are bio-engineers from UCSF and UW who just unveiled the world's first wholly artificial protein for controlling cells, which we hope will one day help patients with brain injury, cancer and more. AUA!
• Is it theoretically possible to surround the sun with solar panels and “harness” the sun?
• How do scientists measure the temperature when trying to get to absolute zero?
• Why are solar sails reflective? Wouldn't the momentum transfer from the photons to the sail better if it were matte?
• How is Accutane made?
• Is rotating black holes' gravitational field perfectly spherical?
• How do we know that red shifted light from distant galaxies is from expansion rather than it being an intrinsic property of light traveling a great distance?
• When a supersonic bullet decelerates below Mach 1 is the path of the bullet disrupted and why?
• Can you have two colds at once?
• How does NASA colorize black and white photos of Hubble?
• How does a shockwave kill you?
• Hubble Telescope has been producing the best space images for decades, and is still going. Is it about to become obsolete or should we make another/better version to spread the workload?
• If an object the size of a piece of paper were placed on the surface of the sun facing earth, obscuring that area, how big of a shadow would it make?
• Can mixed plastics (HDPE, PLA, PP, etc.) be blended together as feedstock and remain cohesive in a product?
• Could Gravitational Time Dilation be a factor as to why we haven't found extraterrestrial life?
• What causes deathly food allergies and how can just merely touching something trigger a fatal reaction?

AskScience AMA Series: We are bio-engineers from UCSF and UW who just unveiled the world's first wholly artificial protein for controlling cells, which we hope will one day help patients with brain injury, cancer and more. AUA! Posted: 02 Aug 2019 04:00 AM PDT Hi Reddit! We're the team of researchers behind the world's first fully synthetic protein "switch" that can control living cells. It's called LOCKR, and it's a general building block to create circuits in cells, similar to the electrical circuits that drive basically all modern electronics (Wired called this the "biological equivalent of a PID algorithm", for any ICS people out there). Imagine this: A patient gets a traumatic head injury, causing swelling. Some inflammation is necessary for healing, but too much can cause brain damage. The typical approach today is to administer drugs to control the swelling, but there's no way to know the perfect dose and the drugs often cause inflammation to plummet so low that it impedes healing. With LOCKR (stands for Latching Orthogonal Cage Key pRoteins), you could create "smart" cells programmed to sense inflammation and respond automatically to maintain a desired level - not too high, not too low, but enough to maximize healing without causing permanent damage. BTW, we've made the system freely available to all academics, you can access the blueprints [here]. We're here to talk about protein design, genetic engineering and synthetic biology, from present efforts to future possibilities. We'll be on at 11 AM PT (2 PM ET, 18 UT). Ask us anything! Here are some helpful links if you want more background: Coverage of the announcement from UCSF and from UW Nature article about LOCKR design Nature article about designing circuits in living cells Wired's coverage of the announcement We're a team of researchers from the University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), the UC Berkeley-UCSF Graduate Program in Bioengineering, and the University of Washington Medicine Institute for Protein Design (IPD). Here's who's answering questions today: Hana El-Samad - I am a control engineer by training, turned biologist and biological engineer. My research group at UCSF led the task of integrating LOCKR into living cells and building circuits with it. Follow me on Twitter @HanaScientist. Bobby Langan - I am a recent graduate from the University of Washington PhD program in Biological Physics Structure, and Design where I, alongside colleagues at the IPD, developed the LOCKR system to control biological activity using de novo proteins. Follow me on Twitter @langanbiotech. Andrew Ng - I am a recent graduate from the UC Berkeley-UCSF Joint Graduate Program in Bioengineering. I collaborated with Bobby and the IPD to test LOCKR switches in living cells, and developed degronLOCKR as a device for building biological circuits. Follow me on Twitter @andrewng_synbio. submitted by /u/AskScienceModerator [link] [comments]

Is it theoretically possible to surround the sun with solar panels and “harness” the sun? Posted: 01 Aug 2019 10:14 PM PDT submitted by /u/Emeraldbananaman [link] [comments]

How do scientists measure the temperature when trying to get to absolute zero? Posted: 02 Aug 2019 07:09 AM PDT Wouldn't the act of measuring the temperature produce heat and how do they get accurate enough to measure it to within a billionth of absolute zero? submitted by /u/E72M [link] [comments]

Why are solar sails reflective? Wouldn't the momentum transfer from the photons to the sail better if it were matte? Posted: 02 Aug 2019 04:40 AM PDT Maybe I don't understand momentum properly, but wouldn't the direction of the momentum be better conserved if the photons didn't bounce off the surface? submitted by /u/Glowshroom [link] [comments]

How is Accutane made? Posted: 02 Aug 2019 06:58 AM PDT submitted by /u/giraffeboner1 [link] [comments]

Is rotating black holes' gravitational field perfectly spherical? Posted: 02 Aug 2019 06:53 AM PDT I recently read about the ringularity - the black hole, as it's rotating, can't have a singularity, as a single point can't rotate, so it must contain a rotating ring, which contains the mass of the black hole. However, if the above is as I understand it, then can the black holes have a non-spherical gravitational field? If an internal structure of the black hole is a 2D like, ring-shaped object, then the left-right side of the black hole should have a tiny little more mass, hence gravity, then the top-down side of our black hole, which would create a strange, ellipsoid gravitational field. Is the above is possible? submitted by /u/SirButcher [link] [comments]

How do we know that red shifted light from distant galaxies is from expansion rather than it being an intrinsic property of light traveling a great distance? Posted: 01 Aug 2019 08:51 PM PDT Could the red shifted light from distant galaxies actually be due to some unknown property of light when it travels great distances rather than from the universe expanding? For example, what if dark matter/energy weakly interact with the photons causing the wavelengths to shift. Perhaps we would never be able to measure this property of light at the comparatively minuscule distances we could achieve in a lab on Earth. submitted by /u/jpennin1 [link] [comments]

When a supersonic bullet decelerates below Mach 1 is the path of the bullet disrupted and why? Posted: 01 Aug 2019 02:12 PM PDT submitted by /u/lambisp [link] [comments]

Can you have two colds at once? Posted: 01 Aug 2019 08:33 AM PDT submitted by /u/BarcodeNinja [link] [comments]

How does NASA colorize black and white photos of Hubble? Posted: 01 Aug 2019 10:32 PM PDT Not sure if I should ask this in the Photography subreddit but I'll try here. So I found this video right now https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fDwkDZ5dx-c and the person said there that all images from Hubble are B&W. The way they color the image is by taking three B&W photos and then assigning them a spectrum (RGB). What I want to know is how they assigned it to the spectrum. The person just clicked a button and I don't know how they did that specifically. Lastly, once all the three are assigned a spectrum, how do they blend the three images together? submitted by /u/DowntownSuccess [link] [comments]

How does a shockwave kill you? Posted: 01 Aug 2019 09:16 AM PDT Hi guys, this is a bit of a morbid question but I thought here would be the best place to get an answer. I'm unsure if I'm correct but when an explosion occurs with people in the 'blast radius' I heard main causes of death are from fragmentation and other objects which I can understand. However I have also heard that it's not the flame of the explosion that kills people it can be the shock wave. My quick question is what is the effect on the human body usually from the forces in that shockwave that is usually fatal? submitted by /u/Phillipip [link] [comments]

Hubble Telescope has been producing the best space images for decades, and is still going. Is it about to become obsolete or should we make another/better version to spread the workload? Posted: 01 Aug 2019 01:24 PM PDT submitted by /u/ElectronGuru [link] [comments]

If an object the size of a piece of paper were placed on the surface of the sun facing earth, obscuring that area, how big of a shadow would it make? Posted: 01 Aug 2019 01:56 PM PDT Obviously this is assuming the object doesn't immediately evaporate from the energy of the sun. submitted by /u/cleptilectic [link] [comments]

Can mixed plastics (HDPE, PLA, PP, etc.) be blended together as feedstock and remain cohesive in a product? Posted: 01 Aug 2019 07:22 PM PDT I'm wondering if several different types of plastic could be blended and melted together to form a product that wouldn't fall apart. Or at least be useful in some other way. I'm trying to implement a recycling program, but we can't separate the various types of plastic products/packaging. Any help/ideas would be much appreciated submitted by /u/BYRDMAN25 [link] [comments]

Could Gravitational Time Dilation be a factor as to why we haven't found extraterrestrial life? Posted: 01 Aug 2019 06:25 PM PDT Since Gravity essentially "slows time down" and mass (i.e. Earth) warps space and time, could this be why we haven't found extraterrestrial life on other planets? Is it possible that civilization could be rising and falling, rising and falling, rising and falling, at such a "fast" rate relative to us that we aren't even noticing it? Alternatively, could life be assembling at such a "slow" rate relative to us that we aren't even noticing it? Would it mean that in order to find life elsewhere, it would have to be experiencing similar Gravitational Time Dilation relative to Earth? submitted by /u/Nick_Writes [link] [comments]

What causes deathly food allergies and how can just merely touching something trigger a fatal reaction? Posted: 01 Aug 2019 06:44 AM PDT There are people with very severe reactions to foods like peanuts or bananas for example who go into anaphylactic shock after just coming in contact with an allergen. They break out into hives, start turning colors, their throat starts closing up, etc. So how does it work? What's going on at the cellular level to cause such a severe chain reaction? Surely there's no evolutionary benefit to dying from touching something that's entirely harmless to the vast majority of the rest of the species, so is it some sort of mutation? And are there other animals that have similar allergies, or is it just humans? submitted by /u/Observer2594 [link] [comments]

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Why does bitrate fluctuate? E.g when transfer files to a usb stick, the mb/s is not constant.

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• Why does bitrate fluctuate? E.g when transfer files to a usb stick, the mb/s is not constant.
• Why are there multiple stop codons (UAA, UGA, UAG) but only one start codon (AUG)?
• Could a GPU be custom built for a specific problem so that it solves it faster than a standard GPU?
• Can dogs percieve the 60 Hz flickering of a light bulb?
• In my experience, English speakers tend to have an exceptionalist view of our language. How diverse is English in depth and breadth of vocabulary in comparison to other languages?
• At what point are related species unable to breed together?
• How is the mass of a black hole determined?
• I just read about a potentially life-sustaining world 31LY away. Cool, but it probably won't work for us "out of the box". Is there a plan or strategy in place for a more mild version of terraforming for worlds like this?
• Does having multiple wounds in different places of the body slow down healing compared to having only one wound?
• Just as humans have different names for each other, do any other animal species have differing "calls" for other members of that same species?
• How is the lithosphere affected by global warming?
• Energy of the electrons, How does it allow metals to actually conduct electricity?
• Why don’t the space probes get fried at the End of the Heliosphere?
• Which type of energy is meant when we read the calories of food; gross, digestible or metabolizable?
• Did/do insects evolve faster than say, an elephant with a much longer lifespan?
• Did organisms evolve brains independently, or do most/all organisms share a common ancestor who "created" the brain?
• How does the jaw heal after pulling a tooth?
• Why is increasing pressure needed in the discharging valve of the centrifugal pump?
• How do we know what colors animals see?
• I understand that mating of close relatives is genetically disadvantageous. Is the converse true? Is it genetically better to mate with your 4th cousin than your 3rd cousin?
• Ask Anything Wednesday - Engineering, Mathematics, Computer Science
• Do astronauts or cosmonauts suffer vertigo while out on a spacewalk?
• Why do Hydrogen and Helium have such high thermal conductivity compared to other gases?

Why does bitrate fluctuate? E.g when transfer files to a usb stick, the mb/s is not constant. Posted: 01 Aug 2019 04:58 AM PDT submitted by /u/Alphad115 [link] [comments]

Why are there multiple stop codons (UAA, UGA, UAG) but only one start codon (AUG)? Posted: 31 Jul 2019 05:49 PM PDT submitted by /u/tofutian [link] [comments]

Could a GPU be custom built for a specific problem so that it solves it faster than a standard GPU? Posted: 31 Jul 2019 10:49 PM PDT I've heard some problems take weeks to solve, even on some of Google's processors used in research . Do GPU's sacrifice speed for 'versatility?' Or is the hardware already fully optimized to a variety of machine learning problems? submitted by /u/FakeNewsFlash [link] [comments]

Can dogs percieve the 60 Hz flickering of a light bulb? Posted: 31 Jul 2019 07:21 PM PDT I learned today that human stop perceiving flickering of a light source above 55Hz. I also learned that dogs can percieve that flickering up to 80Hz. Does that mean that every night when I turn my lights on, which flicker at 60Hz, my dog thinks he is living in an insane strobe-light madhouse? submitted by /u/zenandphysics [link] [comments]

In my experience, English speakers tend to have an exceptionalist view of our language. How diverse is English in depth and breadth of vocabulary in comparison to other languages? Posted: 01 Aug 2019 07:40 AM PDT This is prompted by a discussion on a translation of an English book into German. A favorite truism online is that English does not "just borrow words; on occasion, [it pursues] other languages down alleyways to beat them unconscious and rifle their pockets for new vocabulary", as if it is something unique to our tongue. I've also seen many statements that on pure word count, ours is one of, if not the largest vocabularies in the world. As a Germanic language with heavy influence from Greek, Latin, and French, I know English has a diverse vocabulary, with a lot of nuance between very similar words. For example, huge, giant, titanic, colossal, and enormous all mean large but definitely have different contextual meanings, as do pleased, contented, satisfied, elated, cheerful, and ecstatic. In the discussion I was reading, the example that prompted this question was that, in German, the word for both "hound" and "dog" is "Hund", requiring the name of The Hound from A Game of Thrones to be changed to Bluthund for contextual story reasons (he is called Dog derogatorily by another character) and that grew into a larger conversation on the subtleties of synonyms across languages and now this thread, where I'm looking for more of a learned answer. Is English particularly expressive? submitted by /u/208327 [link] [comments]

At what point are related species unable to breed together? Posted: 01 Aug 2019 07:34 AM PDT I saw an repost about human/Neanderthal interbreeding and wondered at what point in an species' evolution it couldn't be interbred with related species/those with a common ancestor. submitted by /u/AdmiralAlluahAkbar [link] [comments]

How is the mass of a black hole determined? Posted: 01 Aug 2019 07:16 AM PDT submitted by /u/CynicalWoof9 [link] [comments]

I just read about a potentially life-sustaining world 31LY away. Cool, but it probably won't work for us "out of the box". Is there a plan or strategy in place for a more mild version of terraforming for worlds like this? Posted: 31 Jul 2019 11:08 PM PDT Is there a tipping point where a planet's atmosphere and other factors make it suitable for making it habitable? If so, what are they looking for? submitted by /u/SpaceForceAwakens [link] [comments]

Does having multiple wounds in different places of the body slow down healing compared to having only one wound? Posted: 31 Jul 2019 08:52 AM PDT Is there a sort of diminishing return on healing based on how much the body needs to do? For instance if I have two similar cuts on each hand, will they heal slower than if I had only one cut on one hand? submitted by /u/Sergelid [link] [comments]

Just as humans have different names for each other, do any other animal species have differing "calls" for other members of that same species? Posted: 01 Aug 2019 04:41 AM PDT For example, a mother bird having different chirps for each of her chicks. Or a monkey having an individual calls for each friend. submitted by /u/Gekyumes_4skin [link] [comments]

How is the lithosphere affected by global warming? Posted: 01 Aug 2019 04:08 AM PDT Global warming affects the entire planet in numerous ways. It affects the atmosphere by having higher concentrations of CO2, it affects the biosphere because living things need oxygen to survive. It affects the hydrosphere with ocean temperatures increasing each year. It affects the cryosphere with mass ice sheet loss. However, I cannot understand how the lithosphere is affected (for a science assignment). Any ideas? submitted by /u/Rakeshmathsgod [link] [comments]

Energy of the electrons, How does it allow metals to actually conduct electricity? Posted: 01 Aug 2019 12:08 AM PDT I'm a high school student going into the 10th grade, I'm wanting to pursue some sort of electrical engineering job, after college. One thing that I want to understand before I figure out how to engineer the stuff, is how does metal conduct electricity? Also, how does the energy of the electrons in the metals allow them to conduct electricity? How fast is the transfer of energy to create electricity? submitted by /u/Bromsson [link] [comments]

Why don’t the space probes get fried at the End of the Heliosphere? Posted: 31 Jul 2019 06:08 PM PDT I've read that the heliosphere (especially the termination shock) is where all the the solar wind converge, and then smack into the interstellar wind, and abruptly drop off. Would that mean because of the drop off the spacecraft can safely pass? But then what about the interstellar wind? Why doesn't that hurt the spacecraft? I've always wondered about this, but haven't found any answers online. submitted by /u/WonderMoon1 [link] [comments]

Which type of energy is meant when we read the calories of food; gross, digestible or metabolizable? Posted: 01 Aug 2019 03:28 AM PDT submitted by /u/redditmember192837 [link] [comments]

Did/do insects evolve faster than say, an elephant with a much longer lifespan? Posted: 31 Jul 2019 11:08 AM PDT submitted by /u/MrWilee [link] [comments]

Did organisms evolve brains independently, or do most/all organisms share a common ancestor who "created" the brain? Posted: 01 Aug 2019 01:23 AM PDT submitted by /u/lordknight330 [link] [comments]

How does the jaw heal after pulling a tooth? Posted: 31 Jul 2019 03:41 PM PDT I had a wisdom tooth surgically removed today. How does the bone in my jaw heal? What will the space where the roots of my tooth be filled with? After the tooth was removed, the doctor stiched my gum together, covering the hole. What will happen to the blood that filled the hole when my gum heals and seals the space with "loose" blood in it? submitted by /u/WarriorNN [link] [comments]

Why is increasing pressure needed in the discharging valve of the centrifugal pump? Posted: 01 Aug 2019 12:20 AM PDT submitted by /u/TreeHuggerMM [link] [comments]

How do we know what colors animals see? Posted: 31 Jul 2019 04:36 PM PDT How can we know that dogs see yellows/greys/blues? On top of this, i have heard that babies only see in black and white for the first weeks/months, (if this is true) how can we know all this? submitted by /u/SickBabyKidneys [link] [comments]

I understand that mating of close relatives is genetically disadvantageous. Is the converse true? Is it genetically better to mate with your 4th cousin than your 3rd cousin? Posted: 31 Jul 2019 08:44 AM PDT Or, does it only matter that you not mate with your sibling or close cousin? submitted by /u/asaltandbuttering [link] [comments]

Ask Anything Wednesday - Engineering, Mathematics, Computer Science Posted: 31 Jul 2019 08:13 AM PDT Welcome to our weekly feature, Ask Anything Wednesday - this week we are focusing on Engineering, Mathematics, Computer Science Do you have a question within these topics you weren't sure was worth submitting? Is something a bit too speculative for a typical /r/AskScience post? No question is too big or small for AAW. In this thread you can ask any science-related question! Things like: "What would happen if...", "How will the future...", "If all the rules for 'X' were different...", "Why does my...". Asking Questions: Please post your question as a top-level response to this, and our team of panellists will be here to answer and discuss your questions. The other topic areas will appear in future Ask Anything Wednesdays, so if you have other questions not covered by this weeks theme please either hold on to it until those topics come around, or go and post over in our sister subreddit /r/AskScienceDiscussion , where every day is Ask Anything Wednesday! Off-theme questions in this post will be removed to try and keep the thread a manageable size for both our readers and panellists. Answering Questions: Please only answer a posted question if you are an expert in the field. The full guidelines for posting responses in AskScience can be found here. In short, this is a moderated subreddit, and responses which do not meet our quality guidelines will be removed. Remember, peer reviewed sources are always appreciated, and anecdotes are absolutely not appropriate. In general if your answer begins with 'I think', or 'I've heard', then it's not suitable for /r/AskScience. If you would like to become a member of the AskScience panel, please refer to the information provided here. Past AskAnythingWednesday posts can be found here. Ask away! submitted by /u/AutoModerator [link] [comments]

Do astronauts or cosmonauts suffer vertigo while out on a spacewalk? Posted: 31 Jul 2019 08:09 PM PDT The reason I ask this is that I feel queesy once I get above 5 stories in a high-rise.. i ain't great with high elevations, ( yeah I know. A wuss 😂 ) and after scrolling through Twitter, then seeing a photo from NASA's Twitter account from a spacewalk on the ISS. the thought occurrenced to me... Do astronauts or cosmonauts suffer from similar feelings while out on space walks? The apprehension and weak knees from looking down upon the earth from 250 miles above the surface. Can you even get into a astronaut program if you suffer from a fear of high places? submitted by /u/Berzerker-SDMF [link] [comments]

Why do Hydrogen and Helium have such high thermal conductivity compared to other gases? Posted: 31 Jul 2019 09:01 AM PDT "The value of thermal conductivity for most gases and vapors range between 0.01 and 0.03 W/mK at room temperature. Notable exceptions are Helium (0.15) and Hydrogen (0.18)" www.electronics-cooling.com/1998/09/the-thermal-conductivity-of-gases/ Why is this? submitted by /u/gg_ezgame [link] [comments]

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Google, 1600 Amphitheatre Parkway, Mountain View, CA 94043, United States

Why is 18 the maximum amount of electrons an atomic shell can hold?

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• Why is 18 the maximum amount of electrons an atomic shell can hold?
• How does the brain perform computation?
• Feyman diagrams and gauge bosons?
• Isn't the zeroth law of thermodynamics essentially the transitive property?
• How do spacecraft/rovers/space probes communicate back to earth from such long distances?
• What did South America look like 30-40k years ago?
• How do we know the structure of molecules?
• How are objects recognized from colors?

Why is 18 the maximum amount of electrons an atomic shell can hold? Posted: 31 Jul 2019 05:03 AM PDT submitted by /u/999horizon999 [link] [comments]

How does the brain perform computation? Posted: 30 Jul 2019 05:46 PM PDT Computers perform computation by executing instructions at a CPU ( or group of CPUs ). I've read that an advantage the human brain has over typical modern computers is that it is massively parallel and every neuron acts somewhat like a CPU, where every neuron is able to perform some computation locally? In contrast programs on a computer have to compete with each other for execution time at the CPU. What does computation look like in the human brain? submitted by /u/rational_rai [link] [comments]

Feyman diagrams and gauge bosons? Posted: 30 Jul 2019 05:27 PM PDT Beta- Decay https://imgur.com/gallery/MHJJ57N Hey, so I just have a couple of "little" questions which have been bugging me while "learning" this stuff for fun. One of the questions I have is about the diagrams used for these quantum interactions, is the axis on the left there for time? And if so, why does the electron travel back in time (along with the boson seemingly) when it is actually being emitted. The other question I have (and I'm totally prepared to get no answer or a completely incomprehensible one for) is about gauge bosons, a quick search tells you that it is with these bosons that forces can have particles interact, but to my knowledge photons are not the particles with which electromagnetic fields act upon things (if that makes any sense? Like gluons allow the strong force to colour change particles, but photons don't really do anything?). So are gluons the only way forces can act is what I'm trying to ask. Thank you very much to anyone willing to read through this and answer any of the questions :) Sorry for any formatting or spelling errors as I am on mobile and am also new to this subreddit tl;dr: am very confused submitted by /u/pickle68 [link] [comments]

Isn't the zeroth law of thermodynamics essentially the transitive property? Posted: 30 Jul 2019 08:20 PM PDT submitted by /u/A_Sweet_Lemon [link] [comments]

How do spacecraft/rovers/space probes communicate back to earth from such long distances? Posted: 30 Jul 2019 02:29 PM PDT submitted by /u/CarCrazy24 [link] [comments]

What did South America look like 30-40k years ago? Posted: 30 Jul 2019 08:41 AM PDT From a landscape side of things, was it the rain forest we have today? Or would Green Sahara have interfered with that process? submitted by /u/bluefirecorp [link] [comments]

How do we know the structure of molecules? Posted: 30 Jul 2019 12:12 PM PDT submitted by /u/Flipdip35 [link] [comments]

How are objects recognized from colors? Posted: 30 Jul 2019 10:22 AM PDT When I see a tree, what I am actually seeing is brown, black, different shades of color, some green and such. And also the colors that are not part of the tree such as possibly the blue of the sky and such. How is the outline of the tree formed from the colors? Where does the recognizance of tree come from? submitted by /u/relishingcarpenter [link] [comments]

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Google, 1600 Amphitheatre Parkway, Mountain View, CA 94043, United States

How did the planetary cool-down of Mars make it lose its magnetic field?

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• How did the planetary cool-down of Mars make it lose its magnetic field?
• Do earthworms in a small-scale closed vermicompost system (a home worm-box) show physiological or behavioural adaptations to the specific types of waste added to the system?
• What are Planck units (mostly Planck time, but also the others) actually used for?
• Does being exposed to confrontation/danger on a daily basis naturally increase testosterone levels?
• Is the universe quantized or continuous?
• How do doctors determine if a tumor is benign or malignant?
• How long does water spend in the human body?
• Can you tell the date and your location from the stars?
• How are the calories in food calculated?
• Do climate models account for water being removed/added by growth and/or decomposition of total global organic materials? What is the magnitude of this effect compared to other factors affecting sea levels such as the water cycle and global ice loss?
• What is this chemical structure that was spray-painted onto this van?
• Why can't we use the sine relation to pi to find the digits of pi instead of all the diverging series?
• If we had a Coelacanth from 65 million years ago, could it mate with a modern day Coelacanth of the opposite sex?
• Why are rare earth metals good luminescence activators?

How did the planetary cool-down of Mars make it lose its magnetic field? Posted: 30 Jul 2019 02:41 AM PDT submitted by /u/dracona94 [link] [comments]

Do earthworms in a small-scale closed vermicompost system (a home worm-box) show physiological or behavioural adaptations to the specific types of waste added to the system? Posted: 30 Jul 2019 01:12 AM PDT For example: a system where at least 20% of all incoming waste is coffee grounds, vs a system that gets none of that. Let's assume the timescale we're talking about is 10 to 15 years. That would be (?) ~100 generations of worms. submitted by /u/Bastionna [link] [comments]

What are Planck units (mostly Planck time, but also the others) actually used for? Posted: 29 Jul 2019 11:11 PM PDT I read somewhere that there were more Planck time units in one second than there were seconds that had elapsed since the beginning of the universe. Whether that statistic is actually true or not, what could possibly happen so quickly that a unit of time that short is needed to measure it? And, if I understand correctly, the other Planck units are also extremely small. What are they actually used for as well? submitted by /u/bcmatt25_ [link] [comments]

Does being exposed to confrontation/danger on a daily basis naturally increase testosterone levels? Posted: 30 Jul 2019 02:13 AM PDT submitted by /u/Strea_M [link] [comments]

Is the universe quantized or continuous? Posted: 30 Jul 2019 02:26 AM PDT Perhaps with the exception of energy levels. Is there a shortest lenght, time etc implied by plank units or are they just useful scaling factors? submitted by /u/squiryl [link] [comments]

How do doctors determine if a tumor is benign or malignant? Posted: 29 Jul 2019 10:50 PM PDT submitted by /u/Ab1156 [link] [comments]

How long does water spend in the human body? Posted: 29 Jul 2019 01:10 PM PDT Is there a half-life to it? Given that some will pass right through, but (most?) will be absorbed into the bloodstream etc., there must not be a single answer, but all I can find online is short term answers talking about when that which passes through quickly will leave. What about the water that's more thoroughly absorbed, like that in bone marrow? submitted by /u/TheLateAvenger [link] [comments]

Can you tell the date and your location from the stars? Posted: 29 Jul 2019 12:49 PM PDT Hi, I'm writing a story where the characters wake up and they don't know where they are and don't know how much time has passed. Since many of them are experienced sailors, one decides to use the stars to figure out where they are, and it turns out that it's the Atlantic ocean and 150 years in the future. Is that the kind of thing that's possible, and if it is, how accurate/precise would it be? submitted by /u/gmrm4n [link] [comments]

How are the calories in food calculated? Posted: 29 Jul 2019 03:40 PM PDT submitted by /u/megamogul [link] [comments]

Do climate models account for water being removed/added by growth and/or decomposition of total global organic materials? What is the magnitude of this effect compared to other factors affecting sea levels such as the water cycle and global ice loss? Posted: 29 Jul 2019 08:38 PM PDT Typical examples of the Carbon cycle follow the process of organic matter growth/burial and decay with respect to CO2. I'd like to find out what impact the hydrogen in this organic matter has on global H2O and sea levels. Additionally how does this compare to other sea level variables? submitted by /u/Tnediluc [link] [comments]

What is this chemical structure that was spray-painted onto this van? Posted: 29 Jul 2019 09:36 AM PDT The chemical structure in question is on this photo. https://imgur.com/a/OgljeW6 I pass by it a few times and wondered what could possibly be so important, it was spray-painted onto the side of the person's van. I've done google search and found nothing exactly like it. I've asked chemistry and chemically-inclined friends, all to no avail. submitted by /u/cooleyandy [link] [comments]

Why can't we use the sine relation to pi to find the digits of pi instead of all the diverging series? Posted: 29 Jul 2019 08:56 AM PDT *converging, made a mistake. submitted by /u/spaceraygun [link] [comments]

If we had a Coelacanth from 65 million years ago, could it mate with a modern day Coelacanth of the opposite sex? Posted: 29 Jul 2019 02:52 AM PDT Coelacanth are said to be living fossils, but as I understand, the mark of a species is to be able to produce fertile offspring, if the Coelacanths from 65 million years ago are indeed the same species as today they should be able to procreate, otherwise they would just be 2 closely related species that look very similar, right?. submitted by /u/Frigorifico [link] [comments]

Why are rare earth metals good luminescence activators? Posted: 29 Jul 2019 11:30 AM PDT submitted by /u/lampsforsale [link] [comments]

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