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Saturday, July 20, 2019

AskScience Panel of Scientists XXI

AskScience Panel of Scientists XXI


AskScience Panel of Scientists XXI

Posted: 20 Jul 2019 06:28 AM PDT

Please read this entire post carefully and format your application appropriately.

This post is for new panelist recruitment! The previous one is here.

The panel is an informal group of redditors who are either professional scientists or those in training to become so. All panelists have at least a graduate-level familiarity within their declared field of expertise and answer questions from related areas of study. A panelist's expertise is summarized in a color-coded AskScience flair.

Membership in the panel comes with access to a panelist subreddit. It is a place for panelists to interact with each other, voice concerns to the moderators, and where the moderators make announcements to the whole panel. It's a good place to network with people who share your interests!


You are eligible to join the panel if you:

  • Are studying for at least an MSc. or equivalent degree in the sciences, AND,

  • Are able to communicate your knowledge of your field at a level accessible to various audiences.


Instructions for formatting your panelist application:

  • Choose exactly one general field from the side-bar (Physics, Engineering, Social Sciences, etc.).

  • State your specific field in one word or phrase (Neuropathology, Quantum Chemistry, etc.)

  • Succinctly describe your particular area of research in a few words (carbon nanotube dielectric properties, myelin sheath degradation in Parkinsons patients, etc.)

  • Give us a brief synopsis of your education: are you a research scientist for three decades, or a first-year Ph.D. student?

  • Provide links to comments you've made in AskScience which you feel are indicative of your scholarship. Applications will not be approved without several comments made in /r/AskScience itself.


Ideally, these comments should clearly indicate your fluency in the fundamentals of your discipline as well as your expertise. We favor comments that contain citations so we can assess its correctness without specific domain knowledge.

Here's an example application:

 Username: /u/foretopsail General field: Anthropology Specific field: Maritime Archaeology Particular areas of research include historical archaeology, archaeometry, and ship construction. Education: MA in archaeology, researcher for several years. Comments: 1, 2, 3, 4. 

Please do not give us personally identifiable information and please follow the template. We're not going to do real-life background checks - we're just asking for reddit's best behavior. However, several moderators are tasked with monitoring panelist activity, and your credentials will be checked against the academic content of your posts on a continuing basis.

You can submit your application by replying to this post.

submitted by /u/AskScienceModerator
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When a star goes super nova, is the gold fused inside the star's core, or does the shockwave fuse matter in it's outer orbit? Neither/both?

Posted: 19 Jul 2019 05:47 PM PDT

Just wondering. You folks are great.

submitted by /u/JackDragon88
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How small can a nuclear reactor core assembly be?

Posted: 19 Jul 2019 04:10 PM PDT

After bingeing HBO's Chernobyl, I then found myself delving into all kinds of nuclear reactor-related videos. I ended up fixating on reactor startup and shutdown vids that showed how the Cherenkov radiation varied with different power levels.

After watching some school's small research reactor glowing away, a thought struck me:

How small could a core comprised of standard fuel pellets be, and still undergo self-sustaining fission?

submitted by /u/yeliaBdE
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Why is the Earth's magnetic field weakening?

Posted: 20 Jul 2019 12:22 AM PDT

Are humans born with a sense of aesthetic where we prefer certain color combinations/patterns or is it a byproduct of the environment we are raised in?

Posted: 19 Jul 2019 02:36 PM PDT

[optics] How small can focus spot be?

Posted: 20 Jul 2019 03:20 AM PDT

There is a great post on XKCD about how you cannot focus light to a hotter spot than the source. I kinda understand that, but then again - not quite. Specifically, what limts the size of a focal spot? The smaller the focus spot size, the bigger density of photons and, thus, hotter it is.

I cant seem to find information about this. Maybe im just googling wrong.

submitted by /u/KaktitsM
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Is it possible for heavy rains and floods to affect the sublayers of the Earth's crust enough to cause earthquakes?

Posted: 20 Jul 2019 02:08 AM PDT

There have been record floods in my state this year with a highly flood affected area a few hundred kilometres from where I am at right now. There have been 3 earthquakes in the past two days, the latest at 4:50am this morning. Each of small magnitudes around 3.5 to 5 on the Richter scale.

How much is the possibility that a bigger one is coming? Should I prepare my disaster kit?

Edit: I'm sorry if these kinds of posts are not allowed. Mods, please remove it if needed.

submitted by /u/Chanzy94
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What biological processes are involved in Sun Poisoning?

Posted: 19 Jul 2019 03:55 PM PDT

Basically how does it happen? What causes it? What is actually happening physiologically?

Id assume since it mostly happens to kids it is some sort of vitamin D "allergy"? But then again it doesn't make much sense either.

submitted by /u/mrBatata
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To achieve the Theory of Everything we need to unify all the fundamental forces, one of which being Gravity. But why is gravity even considered as a force if it is experienced due to the curvature of spacetime. Isn't it a fictitious force?

Posted: 19 Jul 2019 10:22 AM PDT

"95 degrees F but feels like 104" Saw this on my weather app. Isn’t a temperature just a temperature? How can some thing measure at one degree but it feels like another. And in turn how is that determined?

Posted: 19 Jul 2019 03:17 PM PDT

Why was Iceland so disproportionately affected by the 2009 (H1N1) flu pandemic?

Posted: 19 Jul 2019 04:35 PM PDT

According to Wikipedia, Iceland had the highest per capita infection rate, and the numbers from this research paper on flu surveillance in Iceland seem to corroborate the high infection rate.

Are there any reasons/theories as to why Iceland was so disproportionately affected?

submitted by /u/Hydromancy
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Given fixed humidy, temperature, and pressure, is sweat more volatile than just water in air?

Posted: 19 Jul 2019 04:08 PM PDT

Why can't a geosynchronous orbit be achieved at a lower altitude ?

Posted: 19 Jul 2019 03:40 PM PDT

A geostationary orbit is located at 35,786 km above Earth's equator and following the direction of Earth's rotation. Satellites need to travel at a speed of 3.07 km/s or 11,052 Km/h to match Earth rotation speed and so be at the same position wrt to Earth's surface.

But why it is not possible for satellites to also be geostationary at a lower orbit given they travel at a lower linear speed (same angular velocity) ?

submitted by /u/kitelooper
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How does alcohol effect the bio-availability and absorption of certain plant compounds in the human body?

Posted: 19 Jul 2019 03:17 PM PDT

for example, does the rate the body absorbs caffeine change if coffee is mixed with a spirit?

EDIT : example 2 : ginseng in a alcohol-based distillate.

submitted by /u/bumblezoo
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Does animal eyesight fluctuate depending on the individual even in the same species, like people’s do?

Posted: 19 Jul 2019 02:36 PM PDT

What happens to a synesthete that loses one of the two senses involved in their synesthesia?

Posted: 19 Jul 2019 01:10 PM PDT

In a very abstract sense, if their body has lost the ability to experience the sense triggered by their synesthesia, can they still experience it if the input sense is still there?

submitted by /u/ObsoletePixel
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How does a liver regenerate? Why aren't other organs (apart from our skin) able to regenerate?

Posted: 19 Jul 2019 12:40 PM PDT

How can exoplanets in systems whose planes do not allow transits visible to earth be detected?

Posted: 19 Jul 2019 11:32 AM PDT

Wikipedia lists astrometry and thermal imaging as being the two methods that don't require earth to be within the system's plane, but they are very limited in comparison to transits. Are there any promising methods that may eventually allow reliable detection of exoplanets in systems whose planes don't align nicely with earth? I imagine only a very small percentage of systems' planes allow allow transits observable from our system.

If all systems were aligned such that their exoplanets were observable by transit, what's an estimate of the increase in detectable planets that would occur? That is, what percentage of exoplanets that would otherwise be detectable are expected to exist but are undetectable because of the angles of their planes?

submitted by /u/natejgardner
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How was the Earth's 23.4 degree axial tilt measured so accurately?

Posted: 19 Jul 2019 08:41 AM PDT

How does the brain react to pain while unconscious?

Posted: 19 Jul 2019 10:28 AM PDT

Do we have fMRI scans of patients under general anesthesia or otherwise unconscious who would be feeling pain? At which point in the nervous system is the pain blocked?

submitted by /u/tomatoslashfiction
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Friday, July 19, 2019

How did the "right side up" view of the Earth, aka North = up, become the norm for all globes and maps?

How did the "right side up" view of the Earth, aka North = up, become the norm for all globes and maps?


How did the "right side up" view of the Earth, aka North = up, become the norm for all globes and maps?

Posted: 18 Jul 2019 05:35 PM PDT

Couldn't South have just as easily been chosen to be "up", and all maps and globes have the South pole on top?

submitted by /u/zimmwisdom
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Does the universe spin?

Posted: 18 Jul 2019 07:19 PM PDT

So I know that pretty much everything is in motion within the universe. Stars, planets and galaxies spin right.

I'm curious if our entire universe is spinning as well?

submitted by /u/nwo97
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Once urine is in the bladder, is there any way for the body to recoup the water in it?

Posted: 19 Jul 2019 06:14 AM PDT

Say your bladder is full of urine, but your body is also becoming dehydrated. Can it get anything useful out of the urine in the bladder without you having to pee it out?

submitted by /u/viva_la_aigle
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Firefighter here: how much Force is applied to the end of a 45mm hose filled with water flowing 200litres per minute at 700 KPA?

Posted: 19 Jul 2019 12:14 AM PDT

I'm working on a project and I need to find out the Force in Kilonewtons that is applied. Thanks!

submitted by /u/3platoonslacker
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If rivers slowly erode through rock and try and go through the most direct route, won't rivers be nearly completely straight if given enough time?

Posted: 19 Jul 2019 05:27 AM PDT

When an atoms electron drops an orbital and the atom shoots out a photon with momentum p, does the atom then have a momentum of -p?

Posted: 18 Jul 2019 05:39 PM PDT

It's the only way I can think of this scenario with momentum being conserved.

submitted by /u/Trolulz
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If galaxies are so wide as in millions of light years, when we look at a galaxy so far away, do we look at it at a different stage of its life at the same time? (As in the back is older than the front) How do we know they are so wide? Do we see a different shape that they really are?

Posted: 18 Jul 2019 06:13 PM PDT

Is the human liver always functioning?

Posted: 18 Jul 2019 05:55 PM PDT

Does liver function ever completely stop, or at least slow down in certain situations; like on an empty stomach?

submitted by /u/toxicxarrow
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How stable are lagrangian points really?

Posted: 19 Jul 2019 04:54 AM PDT

Lagrangian points are supposed to be points, where gravitational and centrifugal forces are in equilibrium. And spacecrafts and -stations are supposed to be easy to build and keep there. However my understanding is that an equilibrium like this is only possible at one exact spot. Let's say we put a space-station at a lagrangian point. How much would the shifting center of mass due to spacecraft docking/undocking and people moving around affect the stability of the station at a lagrangian point? If all people and equipment would move to one side of the station, would it "fall off" the lagrangian point?

submitted by /u/PancakeZombie
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What factors determine the radius of a rainbow?

Posted: 18 Jul 2019 02:44 PM PDT

When you make a lemon battery or potato battery and the use all the energy, will it be less nutritional for you if you eat it after?

Posted: 18 Jul 2019 06:31 PM PDT

I truly don't even know what flairs to give this because I don't know if this is and electrical engineering thing or maybe a biochemistry related question or what, so I'm sorry for that.

I've been trying to google the answer to this, and so far I think I understand that when you do that elementary school science project where you make a battery to power a really small light bulb with a lemon or potato or whatever, it's using a chemical reaction between copper, zinc, and the electrolytes within the juices of the produce you're using that creates electricity (I really hope that's at least somewhat correct or I'll look even more silly than I already do). I'm wondering if, after you do that, is that potential energy that your body could use from eating whatever it is using gone, or is it using an entirely different kind of energy.

Thanks in advance. I know it sounds like a very silly question.

submitted by /u/kettlebear
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Thousands of species are said to have already gone extinct or are going extinct due to human activity. Are there any known species that are currently going extinct unrelated to human activity, and if so how is that measured?

Posted: 18 Jul 2019 04:58 PM PDT

A secondary question, are there species that should currently be going extinct naturally, but are being kept alive because of humans, even though they shouldn't be?

submitted by /u/GeorgieWashington
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How does a broken bone know how to exactly replicate how it was before it was broken? Position, thickness, ect?

Posted: 18 Jul 2019 01:43 PM PDT

What is the meaning of ancestory proportion?

Posted: 19 Jul 2019 01:43 AM PDT

What does 10% r1b means? Does it mean that only 10% of male ancestors had r1b y DNA? How can yDna be composite? Thanks

submitted by /u/Chrom177
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Is there complex angles? And is there application for them?

Posted: 18 Jul 2019 10:58 AM PDT

I just love and confused by imaginary numbers. My teacher told me that they work because they act like place holders between the question and the answer. They always seem to blow my mind!

submitted by /u/Cesco5544
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How did Ernest Rutherford know that the the positively charged particles in a nucleus were equal in magnitude of charge to electrons?

Posted: 18 Jul 2019 04:04 PM PDT

For example, how did he know that a hydrogen atom had one proton to balance out its electron and not multiple positively charged particles? How did he know that a proton wasn't just the same size as an electron but that there were more of them?

submitted by /u/willyj_3
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What, if any, ecological / biological benefits does an old growth forest have compared to a young forest?

Posted: 19 Jul 2019 12:08 AM PDT

Environmentalists / activists frequently attempt to save old growth forests from logging and development, but I'm not sure why. What benefits do old growth forests have over second-growth or younger forests, given that younger forests will also sequester more carbon than old growth forests...

submitted by /u/GlobalClimateChange
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If water drops in a vacuum, would it still form a raindrop shape?

Posted: 18 Jul 2019 08:14 PM PDT

Would a child raised by an autistic parent develop behavior/ thought processes indicative of the autism?

Posted: 18 Jul 2019 04:26 PM PDT

What's the difference between a hydrogen ion and a regular proton?

Posted: 18 Jul 2019 02:16 PM PDT

Do one's preferences for art (your artistic taste) have a strong connection to your personality?

Posted: 18 Jul 2019 10:23 PM PDT

So I was wondering if the way one has developed their tastes for art be it through visual or auditory stimuli, (say your liking or disliking for a particular UI/ typography design or your liking/dislike for a particular kind of music to state random examples) can have any relevant connection to your personality (say the big 5 traits). By relevant, I mean if there's some definitive observations rather than just so-so correlations from some of the research papers. (As I've come across a lot of that).

submitted by /u/YippiKiYayMoFo
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Thursday, July 18, 2019

How much adrenaline is released by our adrenal glands in an "adrenaline rush", compared to the dose administered in an Epi-Pen?

How much adrenaline is released by our adrenal glands in an "adrenaline rush", compared to the dose administered in an Epi-Pen?


How much adrenaline is released by our adrenal glands in an "adrenaline rush", compared to the dose administered in an Epi-Pen?

Posted: 17 Jul 2019 06:02 PM PDT

I am interested in comparing (a) the ability of our adrenal glands to release and adrenaline/epinephrine bolus when needed, to (b) the amount of adrenaline in an Epi-Pen (which is 0.3 mg for an adult).

Beyond this, I am trying to figure out why our adrenal glands do not produce enough adrenaline during an anaphylactic episode. Is it because (a) adrenal glands cannot produce enough adrenaline, (b) their adrenaline stores have been depleted, (c) for some reason, they are not stimulated to release adrenaline during anaphylaxis, or (d) they release too much noradrenaline along with adrenaline.

submitted by /u/Erasmus_B_Draggin
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AskScience AMA Series: I study the mutualistic relationship between alligators and wading birds in the Everglades. AMA!

Posted: 18 Jul 2019 04:00 AM PDT

Hi everyone!

My name is Wray Gabel, I'm a Masters student at the University of Florida advised by Dr. Peter Frederick.

A little about my research--my thesis explores the mutualistic relationship between nesting wading birds and the American Alligator. Basically, wading birds get protection from nest predators (like racoons) and alligators get food from discarded nestlings. I'm looking to 1) better understand what alligators might be getting out of the deal and 2) how this mutualism might be changing wading bird colony location preferences when alligators are not around. I conducted my field work for part 1) in the Everglades and used existing wading bird colony location data from North and South Carolina for part 2).

A little about me--I actually grew up wanting to become a paleontologist, which was really what ignited my passion for field work and biology, but ultimately I found currently existing animals to be more fun than rocks.

I got my undergrad degree in Biology from Skidmore College, and after graduating I worked with seabirds in Japan (Hokkaido University), wading birds/waterbirds in San Francisco (San Francisco Bay Bird Observatory), and seabirds in Maine (Audubon's Project Puffin).

I'm mainly interested in the conservation of coastal and wetland ecosystems and hope to do something with wading bird, waterbird, and/or seabird monitoring in my future career as a wildlife biologist. I also minored in Studio Art while at Skidmore and plan to create an illustrated version of my thesis, and I'll be attending an Art-Science residency this fall! I've always been passionate about bridging the (artificial) divide between the two disciplines.

In what little spare time I have I enjoy hiking, traveling, playing video games/board games/rpgs, listening to/collecting music, and doing crossword puzzles!

I am doing this as part of an AMA series with the UF/IFAS Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation. I'll be on at noon (ET, 16 UT), AMA!

submitted by /u/AskScienceModerator
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Can you explain me quantum decoherence in simple language?

Posted: 18 Jul 2019 07:43 AM PDT

Do we have any concepts for the psychological differences between a human raised to learn language and a human raised without language? If so, what are they?

Posted: 18 Jul 2019 12:05 AM PDT

I apologize in advance if this question has been asked before.

Modern day life is a bit hard to imagine without language. We read and talk with one another on a daily basis, and social interaction has become pretty deeply rooted in our psyche. That said, I'd like to pose a situation that removes language from a human's life, yet keeps social interaction. What sorts of behaviors would be exhibited by a human who does not learn a human language, but who does have interaction with other humans? Do we have any way of knowing?

submitted by /u/Some-Weeb0874
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If we don’t observe good dental hygiene we tend to lose our teeth. How did early man cope without toothbrushes, toothpaste, floss, etc?

Posted: 17 Jul 2019 05:23 PM PDT

How did early man cope without all the things we associate with good dental hygiene today? Did they continually lose their teeth and just deal with it? Or did they also observe rudimentary dental hygiene practices to slow tooth loss? Also, isn't tooth loss due to decay a kind of evolutionary flaw?

submitted by /u/compostmentis
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What happens to your blood sugar levels when you wake up, and is it different if you wake up on your own as opposed to being woken up by an alarm clock?

Posted: 17 Jul 2019 07:35 PM PDT

Assuming you are an average healthy person: What happens to your blood sugar levels when you first wake up and is there a significant difference in you blood sugar levels if you wake up on your own vs. being woken up by an alarm clock?

submitted by /u/jitchua
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With telescopes and technology advancing. Do you think it is possible for us to take photos of exoplanets?

Posted: 18 Jul 2019 07:51 AM PDT

Where can you find a source of true unpolarized light in the universe?

Posted: 17 Jul 2019 04:38 PM PDT

In our tiny lightbulbs, the emitted light either passes through air or glass, both dielectrics, and in gigantic stars, the light from the core passes through thick layers of gas, and then through the atmosphere of the Earth to reach our eyes.

I cannot think of a situation where you find true unpolarized light in the universe. The best I can come up with is in maybe an ideal vacuum chamber where you then have something emit blackbody radiation.

submitted by /u/_Sunny--
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What element determines the colours of our eyes?

Posted: 17 Jul 2019 04:09 PM PDT

[Physics/Computing] Why can't we make silicon transistors smaller than 10 nm?

Posted: 17 Jul 2019 01:30 PM PDT

I don't entirely remember why but I think it was due to some sort of electron leakage, where something related to quantum physics took effect and the electrons would start teleporting from one side of the gate to the other side without the gate opening.

If possible could you include a source supporting your answer

submitted by /u/MexiAxel
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How much energy does a blackhole radiate through Hawking radiation?

Posted: 17 Jul 2019 11:51 AM PDT

Is it EXACTLY equal to the total mass-energy it consumed during its creation and lifetime?

submitted by /u/DrProfJoe
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Is the Tibialis the same thing as the Peroneus?

Posted: 17 Jul 2019 09:09 PM PDT

If not what is the difference?

submitted by /u/mackenzor
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Do wind turbines need any starting propulsion to get them going?

Posted: 17 Jul 2019 09:15 AM PDT

Do they have any motors that aren't for turning the wind into energy but only for starting it's spin? Would it depend on the design of the turbine?

submitted by /u/DriggyGio
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Can you express an irrational number, e.g. pi, as as a product which doesn't have that number as a factor?

Posted: 17 Jul 2019 03:58 PM PDT

So pi/2 *2 wouldn't be allowed, for example.

submitted by /u/cherry_doughnut
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Is it possible for me to make a universal root function? Not sure of a use for this but I am sure it would be nice to have.

Posted: 17 Jul 2019 07:05 PM PDT

Most math libraries only have sqrt(num) I want root(rt, num) not sure of a use for this but it seams like it would be nice to have btw im only in middle school so i havent been exposed to any more complex math that i didnt research myself

submitted by /u/Meatball084
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In a void, where does the energy of the sound goes ?

Posted: 17 Jul 2019 10:19 AM PDT

From what I understand, sound is produced by a pressure difference between 2 mediums, and propagates through matter (and therefore, not in a void). Now, I imagine since sound displaces matter less and less as it travels, it has some kind of energy dissipating progressively, right ? What happens to that initial energy when I try to produce sound in a void ? Does it just not exist at any point, or does it diffuse in its source instead of escaping it ? Also, what happens when a sound wave reaches a void ? Is it "reflected" in its original medium or does the matter right next to this void gets displaced farther/longer before coming back to its initial position (or maybe it is projected in the void instead ?) ?

Sorry for the long post and formatting

submitted by /u/Kounro
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Why Coriolis effect also affects East/West movement?

Posted: 17 Jul 2019 10:11 AM PDT

I get the intuition of apparent deflection with North/South movements: the difference of linear velocity and whatnot. I just don't get how it could act in movement parallel to Equator.

submitted by /u/Ateleus
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Can a woman get pregnant from two different men at the same time?

Posted: 17 Jul 2019 07:45 AM PDT

For example, say she has no protection and two men finish inside of her at roughly the same time. Can two eggs be fertilized by sperms from different men? Does this cause any health risks for the mother or the children?

submitted by /u/Jason0h11
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