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Saturday, May 4, 2019

Can we get information from outside of the Observable Universe by observing gravity's effect on stars that are on the edge of the Observable Universe?

Can we get information from outside of the Observable Universe by observing gravity's effect on stars that are on the edge of the Observable Universe?


Can we get information from outside of the Observable Universe by observing gravity's effect on stars that are on the edge of the Observable Universe?

Posted: 03 May 2019 10:36 PM PDT

For instance, could we take the expected movement of a star (that's near the edge of the observable universe) based on the stars around it, and compare that with its actual movement, and thus gain some knowledge about what lies beyond the edge?

If this is possible, wouldn't it violate the speed of information?

submitted by /u/BadassGhost
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Are there any trinary stars systems?

Posted: 03 May 2019 08:44 AM PDT

What determines the frequency of lightning in a storm?

Posted: 04 May 2019 04:36 AM PDT

I know this is probably a dumb question but some storms have lightning every two seconds while others can have a minute between strikes. I'm just curious as to why.

submitted by /u/cristianthechinch
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Can undersea cables undergo creep rupture?

Posted: 04 May 2019 04:28 AM PDT

The pressure down there must be quite high. Is there any proof that undersea cables have undergone creep?

submitted by /u/Sumage
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Why can't magnet bend light when light is made out of electromagnetic wave?

Posted: 04 May 2019 07:00 AM PDT

Light is made out of electric field and magnetic field. So why can't magnet interact with the magnetic field part of light?

submitted by /u/Prayut-Chan-o-cha
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How would matter behave in a negative temperature (negative Kelvin)? Is the phenomenon observable in nature?

Posted: 04 May 2019 02:43 AM PDT

How do astronomers differentiate gravitational waves originating from the merging of two black holes, a black hole and a neutron star or two neutron stars?

Posted: 03 May 2019 08:18 PM PDT

Question in the title. Was reading a post from r/space and they mentioned that the 4th gravitational wave originated from the merger of a black hole and a neutron star

submitted by /u/brandon92121
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How do computers generate random numbers for various probability density functions (PDFs)?

Posted: 03 May 2019 02:01 PM PDT

I'm more-or-less familiar with how uniform random numbers are generated, but what about other distributions, like normal random values? Can we take a uniformly-generated random value and then transform it to some arbitrary PDF, or does each PDF require a new method of hardware generation?

submitted by /u/jammin-john
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How good is a dog’s long term memory?

Posted: 03 May 2019 04:53 PM PDT

I have two dogs of my own. One of which we adopted from the humane society about 6 years ago. We estimated he was about 2 when we got him. He's not the smartest dog and he seems to forget things very easily or at least we think he does. I always wondered if he remembers his old home.

My other dog is just a puppy. We adopted her when she was 3 months old and lived with her litter and mom. She is now almost 7 months old and she has settled into our home very nicely. I wonder if she has any recollection of her other home, her siblings, or her mom. Would she remember them if she saw them again?

submitted by /u/bowlmyshoes
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Do microscopic life like protozoa die of old age?

Posted: 03 May 2019 01:51 PM PDT

How does light absorption/reflexion/transmission work on an atomic level?

Posted: 04 May 2019 02:59 AM PDT

Hello all!

What I'm trying to understand is this:

Why do materials have a specific wavelength of light which gets absorbed the most? The best explanation I could get is based on the Bohr atom model and states that the (material-specific) difference in energy required for an electron to jump to a higher orbit dictates the wavelength which is needed to stimulate those electrons. Meaning that materials with a high energy gradient between the orbits absorb light with a lower wavelength because it carries more energy. However, that doesn't sound right to me because that implies that a shorter than needed wavelength will always be absorbed since it carries more energy (E=hv) - which isn't always true (Just look at silver, it absorbs nearly 95% of the light at ~300 nm but less than 75% at ~260 nm).

For me, it looks like the electrons have something like a resonance frequency and respond much better to photons swinging in a similar band, but I couldn't find any source to back up my theory.

Reddit, help me out :)

submitted by /u/wictor1992
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Does the brain experience the REM cycle under general anesthesia?

Posted: 03 May 2019 03:55 PM PDT

How is zero gravity different from weightlessness?

Posted: 03 May 2019 10:06 PM PDT

Is there any difference? Are there any mathematical differences between the two scenarios?

submitted by /u/Shinigamii_
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How do normal cells around a cancer affect its ability to spread?

Posted: 03 May 2019 05:03 PM PDT

As title says.

How do normal cells in tumour microenvironment contribute to processes such as EMT?

submitted by /u/Spoonhands123
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Is there a minimum size for a star?

Posted: 03 May 2019 12:04 PM PDT

I know that the biggest stars can be many times the size of Earth's sun, but how small is the smallest star? Is there a minimum size required to make a star? If so, why?

submitted by /u/HerbalTeaParty
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Is a blue object blue because its excited electrons emit blue light, or because blue wavelengths are reflected?

Posted: 03 May 2019 06:05 PM PDT

We teach the kids in chemistry that excited electrons fall back to its ground state to emit a photon of a certain wavelength. The wavelength define its colour.

So let's say we are in a sealed room with a red light; I've always assumed we perceive the objects as red because the red light will excite the electrons in all objects to an energy level that results in the objects emitting a red photon back to us. While a blue light excite the electrons with a higher energy level, giving us blue light back. However, because of vibrational/rotational relaxation, the wavelength absorbed should have less energy when emitted back, resulting in a different colour.

There is also the reflection aspect, suggesting that it's not the emission of blue photons that makes objects blue, but just sheer reflection of the exact same wave (while red and green waves get absorbed).

Last example is when something is transparent in a certain colour. A regular glass window is transparent because it doesn't absorb anything in the VIS-spectrum. Consequentially a green window will absorb all of the red and blue light, letting only the green through, thus appearing green transparent. How is that different from a green opaque wall, that also absorbs red and blue light. Does a green window and a green wall treat the blue/red wavelengths the same (absorbing), while the green light is either reflected or just not absorbed. And what causes the difference?

submitted by /u/LupusX
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What happens when underground mammals die in their dens/tunnels?

Posted: 03 May 2019 11:15 AM PDT

Are they buried underground? Carried out from the den? I'm thinking of mainly foxes, rabbits, moles, badgers, and such.

Cheers!

submitted by /u/JPUF
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Why is better to set the sails against the wind to go faster sometimes?

Posted: 03 May 2019 11:20 AM PDT

I recently learned in physics about how every action has equal opposite reaction. On the topic of gravitational force the opposite is normal force. Where does this force originate from?

Posted: 03 May 2019 05:30 PM PDT

Is there a limit on how massive a blackhole can be?

Posted: 03 May 2019 02:56 PM PDT

Are we using energy when we think? If so how much?

Posted: 02 May 2019 10:10 PM PDT

I was in a lecture the other day after a poor night's sleep and came across a pretty basic math problem that I could usually do in my head. I started working it out and then 3 seconds later decided I couldn't be bothered, which made me wonder, do we use up energy when we think hard enough just like we use energy when doing physical work? Why else would I be so opposed to working a problem in my head?

submitted by /u/rapsohelpme
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Friday, May 3, 2019

Why don’t starch and cellulose taste sweet like sugars, although they’re polymers of sugars?

Why don’t starch and cellulose taste sweet like sugars, although they’re polymers of sugars?


Why don’t starch and cellulose taste sweet like sugars, although they’re polymers of sugars?

Posted: 02 May 2019 08:14 AM PDT

What caused the continents to drift apart from Pangea?

Posted: 02 May 2019 11:19 PM PDT

How do we know that Electromagnetism doesn't override the strong force, rather than the strong force becoming repulsive?

Posted: 03 May 2019 02:38 AM PDT

We know that the strong force has a very short range of about 5fm, and within 0.5fm it becomes repulsive to stop particles hitting each other.

However, since electromagnetism becomes stronger with decreased distance, how do we know that the electromagnetic repulsion of same charge particles doesn't override the strong force, and therefore eliminate the need for the S.F. to becomes repulsive?

submitted by /u/Carso107
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Why does fire point up?

Posted: 03 May 2019 06:06 AM PDT

Why do galaxies form superclusters throughout the universe instead of being evenly or randomly distributed in space?

Posted: 02 May 2019 08:13 AM PDT

Every model of the universe shows "webs" of galactic clusters with gaping voids between them (Boötes void being the most famous of them). But on a universal scale, galaxies are tiny, so I couldn't imagine that they're so dense that they'd have that amount of attraction to each other across gigaparsecs of distance.

Much in the same way that diffuse galaxies have no apparent shape (despite often having huge amounts of stars), I'd think that the same would occur with the universe as a whole.

Or maybe physics works differently at such massive scales?

submitted by /u/faux_noodles
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What kind of cameras are mounted on Space-X rockets? How're they designed?

Posted: 02 May 2019 01:13 PM PDT

I noticed Space-X's rocket mounted cameras are of a slightly lower quality than the cameras that don't go to SPACE.. This got me wondering-

  • How does one design a camera that can go to space on the outside of a rocket?

  • What're the design challenges and considerations?

  • On the Falcon rockets are they mounted in plexi-glass housings or some other material?

  • How're they not destroyed by vibrations from the motor or the drastic atmospheric temperature changes?

  • Does anyone know what brand and model of Camera Space-X uses? It'd be one hell of a marketing tactic.. "Buy our cameras, they're able to ride rockets to SPACE!!!"

submitted by /u/Jpf123
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What causes seeds to germinate only when inside the soil, but not when inside the fruit?

Posted: 02 May 2019 12:15 PM PDT

How are large flocks of birds and schools of fish able to stay so well coordinated?

Posted: 02 May 2019 01:23 PM PDT

Can a vaccinated person still get sick with measles?

Posted: 02 May 2019 07:01 AM PDT

I mean why is it such big problem to be near a sick person if you're vaccinated? What is the biology of this issue?

submitted by /u/Fretful_Hobbit
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What makes roasting vegetables go soft?

Posted: 02 May 2019 12:18 PM PDT

Just eating some roasted broccoli thinking, how did heat make it softer?

submitted by /u/JallTT
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What does it mean for a black hole to be rotating?

Posted: 02 May 2019 12:48 PM PDT

It seems unintuitive to me to describe a single point as rotating. In what direction does a singularity rotate?

submitted by /u/mrmcbastard
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What happens if a non depressed person takes depression medication?

Posted: 02 May 2019 09:45 AM PDT

Or what happens if a depressed person takes a higher dosage than needed?

submitted by /u/conservio
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How do underwater cables support massive bandwidth?

Posted: 02 May 2019 10:00 AM PDT

I know there are underwater cables running from the US to Europe and Asia connecting international networks. How do these cables support the massive amount of data that would need to be transferred to serve the many thousands (if not millions) of people requesting that data?

submitted by /u/ZachofArc
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Is Loschmidt's paradox considered resolved?

Posted: 02 May 2019 09:13 AM PDT

Loschmidt's paradox deals with the fact that our laws of physics are time symmetric, yet our macroscopic universe is irreversible. Do physicists currently consider Loschmidt's paradox as resolved? If yes, how do time symmetric laws give rise to irreversible macroscopic dynamics?

submitted by /u/whichton
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What differentiates a breed and a species within the same genus?

Posted: 02 May 2019 11:58 AM PDT

Is it needed to consider "aerodynamics" for spaceships traveling only in the space?

Posted: 02 May 2019 07:16 AM PDT

Even so the open space is considered "void", there must be some particles dispersed, and probably random accumulation of dust distributed in the space. But more importantly, with enough speed, and enough ship size, the amount of particles colliding with the ship in a period of time could be the same as a car traveling at high speed in the Earth in that same period of time. Or not? Is it too void the space to even consider this?

submitted by /u/jgomo3
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Why close the LAA?

Posted: 02 May 2019 04:18 PM PDT

Why would you close the LAA to prevent strokes as opposed to the other places in the heart? Laymans terms please?

submitted by /u/GrayMatters0901
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Code for simple General Circulation Models

Posted: 02 May 2019 10:14 AM PDT

I sometimes like to play around with simulations, and have gotten interested in general circulation models. I know the ones they use now are extraordinarily complex, but I also know they go way back to the mid 20th century and the simplest versions have only a few layers and deal only with things like surface heating and angular momentum. That's the sort of thing I'm interested in playing around with. Are there any modern examples with code available of these, made just as an example of how they work?

submitted by /u/atomfullerene
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Was complex life on Mars ever really possible?

Posted: 02 May 2019 09:23 AM PDT

I know we've found some evidence of microbial life and water and such but would mars have ever been capable of forming more complex life? I would think it sits outside of the Goldilocks zone and that even with an atmosphere would it help enough?

submitted by /u/Linxous1
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Thursday, May 2, 2019

Why doesn't the crust of the Earth melt?

Why doesn't the crust of the Earth melt?


Why doesn't the crust of the Earth melt?

Posted: 01 May 2019 10:50 AM PDT

Dumb question: if the planet is filled with magma, why doesn't the outer crust melt into it? At some point deep down, melted rock is touching un-melted rock, so why aren't we all living on a Mustafar-like planet?

Edit: wow so many food metaphors! Thanks for the responses.

submitted by /u/sagressa
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Does being exposed to the common cold constantly like in a work environment strengthen your immune system?

Posted: 01 May 2019 09:21 PM PDT

Ask Anything Wednesday - Physics, Astronomy, Earth and Planetary Science

Posted: 01 May 2019 08:16 AM PDT

Welcome to our weekly feature, Ask Anything Wednesday - this week we are focusing on Physics, Astronomy, Earth and Planetary Science

Do you have a question within these topics you weren't sure was worth submitting? Is something a bit too speculative for a typical /r/AskScience post? No question is too big or small for AAW. In this thread you can ask any science-related question! Things like: "What would happen if...", "How will the future...", "If all the rules for 'X' were different...", "Why does my...".

Asking Questions:

Please post your question as a top-level response to this, and our team of panellists will be here to answer and discuss your questions.

The other topic areas will appear in future Ask Anything Wednesdays, so if you have other questions not covered by this weeks theme please either hold on to it until those topics come around, or go and post over in our sister subreddit /r/AskScienceDiscussion , where every day is Ask Anything Wednesday! Off-theme questions in this post will be removed to try and keep the thread a manageable size for both our readers and panellists.

Answering Questions:

Please only answer a posted question if you are an expert in the field. The full guidelines for posting responses in AskScience can be found here. In short, this is a moderated subreddit, and responses which do not meet our quality guidelines will be removed. Remember, peer reviewed sources are always appreciated, and anecdotes are absolutely not appropriate. In general if your answer begins with 'I think', or 'I've heard', then it's not suitable for /r/AskScience.

If you would like to become a member of the AskScience panel, please refer to the information provided here.

Past AskAnythingWednesday posts can be found here.

Ask away!

submitted by /u/AutoModerator
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Why is Saturn the only planet in the Solar System to have a stable polygon shaped (hexagon) storm?

Posted: 01 May 2019 08:21 PM PDT

As far as I know, storms on other planets can be unpredictable, but what makes those storms last for centuries forward, especially Saturn's special hexagonal storm on its north pole?

submitted by /u/Skelyro
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Do animals have a sense of "good" smells and "bad" smells like humans?

Posted: 01 May 2019 08:35 PM PDT

Do animals (dogs, chimps, etc) find things that humans usually find pleasant to smell, also pleasant? (cologne, flowers, perfume etc.)

submitted by /u/m-a-k-o
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How do oil companies know where to drill for oil reserves?

Posted: 01 May 2019 11:33 PM PDT

How fast does something have to travel in earths atmosphere before it begins to heat up?

Posted: 02 May 2019 02:47 AM PDT

When I hold my hand out of a car window it gets colder so I was wondering how much faster something would have to travel before it heats up like objects from space do when entering the atmosphere.

submitted by /u/Voltaire1778
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What are the deternining factors for how much scar tissue a wound will grow?

Posted: 01 May 2019 07:04 PM PDT

How can we know half-life without observing nuclear decay rate?

Posted: 01 May 2019 10:48 PM PDT

From Nature: Dark-matter detector observes exotic nuclear decay

This article describes how scientists just observed a nuclear decay from Xenon-124 for the first time ever. They then give the half-life of this isotope at a trillion times the age of the universe, or 1.8 × 1022 years.

How is it that they can arrive at a number for the half-life if we can never measure the decay rate experimentally? Why isn't more than a single data point necessary for what they call "statistical" uncertainty?

submitted by /u/slushpilot
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How do anthropologists and paleontologists clarify that a discovered bone is from a separate pre-modern species and not just an old bone from a modern species that had a physical abnormality?

Posted: 01 May 2019 05:26 PM PDT

Why does the gulf stream make the temperatures of western/northern europe so moderate yet doesn't seem to have a similar affect on much of the east coast of the US?

Posted: 01 May 2019 08:40 PM PDT

Do our taste buds react differently to tastes as we age?

Posted: 01 May 2019 02:21 PM PDT

Not sure if this is the right subreddit to ask, but anyways, do our taste buds react differently as we age?

I remember loving chocolate so much when I was young, but now I do not like chocolate, nor do I crave it.

Same thing goes with foods like Bell Peppers. I hated them so much as a kid but now I love them, cooked or straight from the fridge.

submitted by /u/TacoJones2
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How does a child have a different blood type from its mother? Doesn't it get the blood through the umbilical cord?

Posted: 01 May 2019 08:16 PM PDT

Will the total amount of radioactive material in the universe decrease over time?

Posted: 01 May 2019 04:03 PM PDT

Since all radioactive material has a half life, shouldn't that cause the total amount of radioactive materials to decrease? For example: In 5730 years, will the universe only have half as much carbon-14?

submitted by /u/dashwsd
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Now that the Xiahe mandible has been identified as denisovan, what does it tell us about denisovan's appearance/anatomy in comparison to modern humans?

Posted: 01 May 2019 03:42 PM PDT

Does it tell us more about their skull shape?

Also, I've always heard speculation that denisovans are somwhat larger than humans, due to the size of their teeth in comparison. Has this been confirmed or contradicted by this revelation?

submitted by /u/TheDwarvenGuy
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Could we have a FinFET tranistor with 4 control surfaces rather than 3?

Posted: 01 May 2019 11:05 PM PDT

Here a "control surface" means contact between the gate and the source-drain circuit.

My understanding is that FinFET has an advantage over previous transistors because the raised gate now surrounds the path of the electrons on three sides, whereas previously it only had contact with one side. Having more contact area allows for greater control and thus less leakage, which can compensate for decreased control area as the length of tranistor shrinks.

If the gate entirely wrapped around the source-drain path, wouldn't the extra side reduce leakage? Is this impossible because one side needs to be the silicon substrate, or is it just infeasible with current manufacturing techniques?

Bonus question: Since going from 1 side of contact to 3 sides of contact between the gate and the circuit gave substantial improvements, would adding another side be a minor improvement or would it have disproportional benefits. e.g. a 4th side is only a 33% increase in contact area, but this might reduce quantum tunneling by 50%.

submitted by /u/Bananacity
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What component in drowsy drugs makes you drowsy?

Posted: 01 May 2019 07:05 PM PDT

How the human body chooses an energy source? (in other words: how it decides when to use either lipids(fats) or sacharides (glucose, glycogen...?)

Posted: 01 May 2019 11:58 AM PDT

Reading a Patent about aging spirits, it mentions a compound called m-2-gallic acid, what is it?

Posted: 01 May 2019 05:27 PM PDT

Okay, so I am reading this US Patent for accelerated aging of spirits, and in it the inventor mentions that oak bark contains a compound called m-2-gallic acid (amongst other tannins). He also mentions that this m-2-gallic acid can be divided into "2 particles" of gallic acid, indicating it's a dimer of some sort?

What is m-2-gallic acid? Does anyone here know? I have been searching google for about 30min now trying to figure out what it is, but I can't find any reference to m-2-gallic acid anywhere via google.

Could it be as simple as 2 gallic acid molecules bonded at their meta- positions, making it digallic acid (m-digallic acid)? But they made an error in naming it when writing the patent?

Any help would be appreciated.

If you want to read the patent, here it is. The m-2-gallic acid part is on page 4 of 6, and starts around line 35 (#s in middle of document)

US Patent on Google

submitted by /u/adaminc
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Why does water have a high freezing point compared to its parts?

Posted: 01 May 2019 08:58 PM PDT

Water's melting point is 0° C. Yet hydrogen and oxygen's melting point is super duper low. Why is this? Please explain!

Thanks!

submitted by /u/TerraWarriorPro
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Can and How do submarines 'float' still in the water without sinking further or going up further?

Posted: 01 May 2019 11:59 AM PDT

I need to make a small submarine for a project. It can already float on the water, sink and go up thanks to the Archimedes' principle, but I can't get it to be still on a certain depth. Does it have to something with Fp and its buoyancy Fa when equal in size. (like when floating on the surface.) If you can, linking your sources would be very helpful.

submitted by /u/ASnowyBird
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