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Wednesday, May 1, 2019

Why does beta plus (β+) decay happen in proton-proton chain reactions; why don't the two protons just form helium instead of deuterium?

Why does beta plus (β+) decay happen in proton-proton chain reactions; why don't the two protons just form helium instead of deuterium?


Why does beta plus (β+) decay happen in proton-proton chain reactions; why don't the two protons just form helium instead of deuterium?

Posted: 30 Apr 2019 06:26 PM PDT

Is there any medium that sound travels through faster than light can?

Posted: 30 Apr 2019 10:22 PM PDT

I learned recently that a team of scientists (lead by Lene Hau) managed to slow light down as slow as 38 mph using a supercooled medium.

I was wondering if there is anything out there that sound can travel through faster than light can. Or would the properties required for such a material make it unable to propagate sound?

submitted by /u/Toymos
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Did the asteroid impact that killed the dinosaurs significantly reduce the air pressure on Earth?

Posted: 30 Apr 2019 11:12 PM PDT

As i understand it, the impact blasted a significant amount of the atmosphere into space. Would sea level pressure have noticeably decreased, if only for a few hours?

submitted by /u/Matt32145
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A picture of a clear blue sky has greater entropy / information content than a busy painting: true, and if so, how?

Posted: 01 May 2019 06:08 AM PDT

The professor had put up two pictures: One was the famous Song Dynasty painting Along the River During the Qingming Festival, full of fine, rich details; the other was a photograph of the sky on a sunny day, the deep blue expanse broken only by a wisp of a cloud ... The photograph's information content - its entropy- exceeded the painting's by one or two orders of magnitude.

Cixin Liu, The Three Body Problem (fiction)

So I've attended some lectures on entropy, but not being a physicist and never having to apply the concept, the counterintuitive parts of it always just escape my brain's long-term comprehension.

Is this passage correct, and what's the explanation that someone with a PhD in a lowly subject like biology could follow?

(I've found this attempt at a discussion, but the top explanation jumps straight to algebra, and none of the others are very fluent. Link also includes the painting in question.)

submitted by /u/Glaselar
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Does environment affect personality?

Posted: 30 Apr 2019 04:55 PM PDT

Let's imagine we have two identical worlds. Two earths.

Let's imagine that we place two newborns with identical families with identical traits, one on each earth, in the same town or city.

The newborns grow into young adults experiencing and seeing all of the same things as the other. They share the same exact environment.

Do they have identical personalities?

submitted by /u/DoodiePootie
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How is the placebo effect mitigated in experiments studying effect of meditation?

Posted: 30 Apr 2019 08:25 PM PDT

For the studies on effect of drugs, I can easily imagine it being done by some fake pills and stuff. But how are the control groups designed for studying effect of meditation?

submitted by /u/TraditionalCourage
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What is the difference between a magnetar and a millisecond pulsar?

Posted: 01 May 2019 12:55 AM PDT

Are the two interchangeable? Both spin many, many times a second and I assume both have very strong magnetic fields.

submitted by /u/Vorpal_Lacrimation
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Why does a gases Mach Number affect whether it’s velocity increases or decreases when entering a convergent or divergent nozzle?

Posted: 30 Apr 2019 10:47 AM PDT

I'm looking for an intuitive explanation. The math makes perfect sense to me but I'm trying to get a better feel for why it happens. It must have something to do with whether or not a pressure wave can propagate through the gas, but I can't quite put my finger on why that would make a difference.

submitted by /u/bnpm
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Some moons are coplanar and some are not, what makes some of these moons non-coplanar?

Posted: 30 Apr 2019 08:02 PM PDT

Is it planetary impact, or gravitation from other nearby moons? Or something else?

submitted by /u/ENP2900
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Why is mortality from measles in the Philippines so high?

Posted: 30 Apr 2019 02:45 PM PDT

Hello. I am not asking why there is an outbreak of measles. I am asking why so many people are dying.

This source for the U.S. indicates that the expected mortality rate is one per thousand cases: https://physiciansforinformedconsent.org/measles/dis/

This source indicates that 12,700 cases of measles have been reported, leading to 203 deaths: https://www.who.int/philippines/news/feature-stories/detail/questions-and-answers-on-the-measles-outbreak-in-the-philippines

That's one death per 63 cases. That's 150x higher than expected in the U.S.

submitted by /u/uiuctodd
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How do woodpeckers not get concussions from hitting their heads against trees so hard?

Posted: 30 Apr 2019 10:03 PM PDT

What attribute determines sex?

Posted: 30 Apr 2019 10:03 AM PDT

In humans, males are the heterogametic sex (XY) and females are the homogametic sex (XX). But in the the ZW-sex determination system this inverse (ZZ is male and ZW is female). Other sex-determination systems have even different ways of determining sex (XO, ZO system).

In humans, females are the sex that get pregnant. However, in some fish males are the ones that get pregnant.

In humans, females carry the most care for their child. However, in some species paternal care is more common.

Therefore, what attribute makes males males, and females females? If it isn't anything of these, what is it?

Edit: I thought I had explained myself pretty well, but seeing the answered I guess my question wasn't clear enough. So here's it formulated differently.

This question isn't about humans, it's about classifying different organisms. Obviously there's going to be abornormalities within species that cause differences in sex-outcome, but that shouldn't be included within the scope of this question.

Just imagine we lost all data on all species in the world. And we go back to redetermining the sex of all known species. Why would we call the male of the Hippocampus genus (seahorses) males, because the males get pregnant. What attribute made us decide they were the males.

Then we look at Varanus komodoensis (Komodo dragons), and want to know which ones are males. We look at their karyotype; the males have the ZZ chromosome pair. What attribute made us decide these were the males?

submitted by /u/PaperStreetss
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Is it possible to split a helium nucleus (or an alpha particle) in half?

Posted: 30 Apr 2019 09:20 AM PDT

How high do mountains have to be to affect precipitation?

Posted: 30 Apr 2019 02:45 PM PDT

This one has been bothering me pretty much as long as I've known: Obviously, mountains cause rain shadows by blocking rain, so there's a dry area right next to the ocean. However, where's the limit? For example, is like half a kilometer high enough?

submitted by /u/BringBackByzantium
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Why do some wines get better with age, and some wines go bad?

Posted: 30 Apr 2019 10:43 AM PDT

Why/how does soap clean are skin when we take a shower/wash our hands?

Posted: 30 Apr 2019 04:13 PM PDT

If, as suspected, the earth was hit by Theia early in its creation, why don’t we have a ring of debris around us like Saturn?

Posted: 30 Apr 2019 05:12 AM PDT

Tuesday, April 30, 2019

Why do some birds hop while some of them walk?

Why do some birds hop while some of them walk?


Why do some birds hop while some of them walk?

Posted: 29 Apr 2019 05:05 PM PDT

AskScience AMA Series: I'm an expert on all things springtime and the correspondent on a PBS Nature series about spring, phenology, and citizen science. Ask me anything!

Posted: 30 Apr 2019 04:00 AM PDT

Author and biologist Thor Hanson is a Guggenheim Fellow, a Switzer Environmental Fellow and winner of the John Burroughs Medal. His books include Buzz, The Triumph of Seeds, Feathers and The Impenetrable Forest, as well as the illustrated children's favorite Bartholomew Quill. Hanson's work has been translated into more than 10 languages and earned many accolades, including the Phi Beta Kappa Award in Science and two Pacific Northwest Book Awards. His many media appearances have included "Fresh Air", "Science Friday", "On Point", "To the Best of Our Knowledge", and "Book Lust" with Nancy Pearl.

Thor Hanson is the science correspondent for Nature: American Spring LIVE, a three-part series that showcases the transformations of plants and animals as the season changes. From bears leaving their dens to flowering trees to birds embarking on their epic migrations, the series highlights these natural springtime wonders while acknowledging the impact climate change is having on once predictable patterns and behaviors. Another goal of the event is to inspire people to go outside and get involved with citizen science, helping to collect data that is so important for climate change and seasonal research.

The second episode, "Migrations", will air tonight on PBS and Facebook at 8/7c (check local listings). To catch up on the first episode ("Birth and Rebirth"), visit http://pbs.org/americanspringlive.

Please join us with Thor at Noon ET (16 UT) and ask him anything!

submitted by /u/AskScienceModerator
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How do spiders know where to build their webs?

Posted: 29 Apr 2019 03:22 PM PDT

Do they have any way of knowing where bugs generally fly? Is the one in my bathroom exceptionally stupid or is it just unlucky?

submitted by /u/angermoth
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What makes someone a light sleeper or a heavy sleeper?

Posted: 29 Apr 2019 05:15 PM PDT

And is it possible for a light sleeper to become a heavy sleeper and vice versa? If so, why?

submitted by /u/O_93_
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Why does having a bigger particle accelerator help reach higher energy collisions? Can't we just spin around in a smaller one for longer?

Posted: 30 Apr 2019 12:59 AM PDT

Do violent video games increase aggression in people?

Posted: 30 Apr 2019 04:54 AM PDT

Is it possible to have 0 resistance?

Posted: 29 Apr 2019 07:50 PM PDT

Surely in the formulas this would break everything like V=IR and seems to break every rule, but what about firing singular electrons across a complete vacuum, surely there's no forces generating any resistance on it yet you're sending a current?

submitted by /u/Jmlolz360
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Why can the first electron orbital only hold 2 electrons?

Posted: 29 Apr 2019 08:41 PM PDT

Why doesn't diarrhea kill us when it used to be so fatal?

Posted: 30 Apr 2019 07:38 AM PDT

When we get diarrhea, we generally don't take medicine for it & we don't die from it. Why was diarrhea so fatal back in the day?

submitted by /u/morkani
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Is it possible for their to be "Dark Systems" I.e. Solar systems with no star at the center but rather massive gas giants?

Posted: 29 Apr 2019 02:50 PM PDT

If so how would we ever detect them and what type of planets would surround it?

submitted by /u/miguelsz2
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How much do crumple zones affect a cars stopping time?

Posted: 29 Apr 2019 11:49 PM PDT

Im doing research for a physics project and i cannot find how long a car without crumple zones takes to stop online, its usually just stated to stop abruptly, does anyone actually know how long on average a car without crumple zones takes to stop??

submitted by /u/Udiree
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Do new elements form at the center of a nuclear bomb explosion?

Posted: 30 Apr 2019 01:18 AM PDT

Obviously I'm not well versed in this subject but based on what I've heard, the center of the explosion is as hot as the sun for a very short time. Is that enought to form new and exotic metals or elements? If it does will be in meaningful quantities?

Thanks!

submitted by /u/felinidguardsman
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Why can we vaccinate against some diseases (measles, chickenpox, hepatitis B) but cannot vaccinate against others (HIV, gonorrhea, Ebola)?

Posted: 29 Apr 2019 06:30 PM PDT

What are the atmospheric levels of ethanol from wild sources?

Posted: 30 Apr 2019 01:36 AM PDT

Sorry if the word "wild" seems vague or incorrect, I couldn't think of a better word, but I refer to any source that isn't controlled by humans for human benefit, ie decomposition out in the natural environment. I can't find a clear answer with Google possibly due to not using the right words, but since matter is decomposing all the time, there will be ethanol created by yeasts etc around the world. What if anything is there in the way of a global "average" for the composition of air being ethanol?

submitted by /u/jghunter
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Is their an actual cause/effect relationship between smoking and lung cancer, or is it just correlation?

Posted: 29 Apr 2019 07:30 PM PDT

I've noticed lots that we don't actually know what causes cell mutation, its more or less just a link. e.g. if you smoke you have higher chances of getting cancer. Does this mean they don't actually know if smoking itself causes cancer but some aspect of smoking. So it could be the taste of nicotine affects cells leading to cancer? Just not sure..

submitted by /u/wackojacko666
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How do relativistic jets escape the singularity of black holes when nothing else can?

Posted: 30 Apr 2019 04:51 AM PDT

Black hole gobbles up star and an accretion disk forms. Makes sense. But how does the matter fall into the black hole then get blasted back out? Maybe it never falls past the singularity? Big space nerd but this has eluded me.

submitted by /u/SometimesHelpful123
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Based on the available statistics and every other thing being equal, is it safer to give birth naturally or by Caesarian sectioning?

Posted: 30 Apr 2019 04:45 AM PDT

How far do slugs travel?

Posted: 29 Apr 2019 07:59 PM PDT

Like if you pick up a slug and put it down somewhere else, how far do you have to move it so it won't come back? What's the typical range for a slug?

submitted by /u/GonzoAbsurdist
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Why do excited electrons fall to intermediate orbitals before falling to ground state?

Posted: 29 Apr 2019 01:11 PM PDT

When an electron in an atom is excited it jumps up in energy levels, and then falls back down to a lower energy level and emits a photon. For the Balmer series, the visible emission spectrum of hydrogen, the wavelengths of light are produced by electrons falling to the second energy level. What causes it to stop there, if its just going to then fall to ground state immediately anyway

submitted by /u/jgraham1
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Why, quantum mechanically, is chemical stability dictated by the filling of orbitals?

Posted: 29 Apr 2019 03:29 PM PDT

Elemental fluorine is highly reactive, while Argon is not. Antiaromatic compounds are highly reactive, while aromatics are not.

The chemist's explanation is along the lines of "Argon has a closed shell with all orbitals full, while fluorine does not, and aromatic compounds have their lowest pi-orbitals full, while antiaromatic compounds do not.

Why does this make sense from the perspective of first-principles quantum mechanics?

submitted by /u/throwaway159357n
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Why is it when you crush something plastic (like a water bottle), you can't get it back to its original form?

Posted: 29 Apr 2019 09:51 PM PDT

What determines a child’s temperament? Can the temperament of the parents predict what their future child might be not including external environmental and social upbringing?

Posted: 30 Apr 2019 01:20 AM PDT

Monday, April 29, 2019

Should I trust the spedometer of my car or the speed stated by my GPS? Which one is correct and even more important, which one do the cops use?

Should I trust the spedometer of my car or the speed stated by my GPS? Which one is correct and even more important, which one do the cops use?


Should I trust the spedometer of my car or the speed stated by my GPS? Which one is correct and even more important, which one do the cops use?

Posted: 28 Apr 2019 11:43 PM PDT

Can someone explain why Saturn has a hexagon at its uppermost pole?

Posted: 28 Apr 2019 06:18 PM PDT

I saw this image on Reddit and am completely dumbfounded. Thanks!

submitted by /u/SaltHealer
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Why does the water exiting the nozzle of a water bottle rocket create waves?

Posted: 28 Apr 2019 07:06 AM PDT

So my classmate and I created a water bottle rocket and have decided to record it with a 60fps camera zoomed to the rocket itself. From what we can see in this frame, there seems to be some sort of oscillation in the water being pushed out of the nozzle. Why does this occur?

Edit 1: Will be uploading launch video in a few hours.

Edit 2: Video

submitted by /u/BuckyCheese
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What actually kills us from lack of sleep?

Posted: 29 Apr 2019 12:12 AM PDT

Sleep deprivation for a long enough period of time is capable of killing people. We know sleep is necessary to live, but do we know why that's the case? What actually causes you to die if you're so severely sleep deprived that you reach that point?

submitted by /u/CanadianCartman
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Are there any desert regions that are currently becoming wetter / greener?

Posted: 28 Apr 2019 12:59 PM PDT

what determines the perceived frequency of tinnitus?

Posted: 28 Apr 2019 12:51 PM PDT

How does our handwriting develop?

Posted: 28 Apr 2019 02:34 PM PDT

We have just started experimenting with Haptics and technology that expresses the feelings of touch recently. And we have had visual and auditory media for decades, what is the likelyhood "Smell-o-vision" technology or even taste?

Posted: 28 Apr 2019 08:58 PM PDT

How likely are we to start simulating the other senses?

It seems like itd be exceedingly complex, but so does television until you realize its just 3 colors and that our speakers are just a vibrating diapgram. But things like smell and taste arent exactly on the same level. Id assume that smell and taste are just uniqe things about life and not fundamental concepts of reality. But im usually wrong about the difficulty of things.

submitted by /u/OCHNCaPKSNaClMg_Yo
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Does a cat’s vision change when their pupils are narrow slits vs. huge ovals that take up the entire area of the eye?

Posted: 28 Apr 2019 01:38 PM PDT

Do all birds lay eggs consistently like chickens do? And if so how do they know which ones are fertilized (and therefore should be protected)?

Posted: 28 Apr 2019 01:05 PM PDT

What happens to the material that's eaten away by acid?

Posted: 28 Apr 2019 03:19 PM PDT

How does a ribosome know to traffic a protein with a hydrophobic signal sequence and signal recognition particle to the ER vs. the plasma membrane?

Posted: 28 Apr 2019 05:34 PM PDT

I have always assumed that some SRP receptors make it to the Golgi/plasma membrane during forward transport. If they are degraded, how are they selectively chosen? Is this assumption wrong? Or is this just a matter of proximity? Thanks!

submitted by /u/Dr_Brooklyn
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How do different anti particles interact? This post is going to have a bunch of different questions, so sorry for the confusion

Posted: 28 Apr 2019 10:53 AM PDT

1) is it possible for there to be, somewhere in the universe, planets made of antiparticles? I know that theoretically half matter half antimatter was created, but since our solar system exists, could there are ossicle be an "inverse" with antimatter?

2) I recently read an article about neutrinos which said that neutrinos might be their own anti particles. If (hypothetically) that was the case, could you create energy by only making neutrinos and making them collide?

3) what are the "unwanted emissions" when matter and anti matter collide ( the equivalent of radiation for nuclear fusion, CO2 for fossil fuels, etc...)?

4) I saw a video about strange quarks and strange matter and how( in theory) everything it comes in contact with also turns to strange matter. How does that process work?

Sorry that I have so many questions!

submitted by /u/pongo-the-kitty
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Why is the Atacama desert so dry?

Posted: 28 Apr 2019 12:51 PM PDT

What's the theoretical size limit of a star?

Posted: 28 Apr 2019 04:35 PM PDT

So I know that our sun is a third generation star. And that stars used to be more massive. So if I went back let's say 11 billion years ago what would the average mass of a star be? And what would be the behemoths of that generation?

submitted by /u/raveallnight
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Do quantum particles "collapse" the wave function of other quantum particles?

Posted: 28 Apr 2019 04:41 PM PDT

Why didn’t Pre-Columbian North America have great civilizations like their Mesoamerican and Andean counterparts?

Posted: 28 Apr 2019 04:30 PM PDT

Do battery in new unpack electronic degrade over time ?

Posted: 28 Apr 2019 12:32 PM PDT

Does octave equivalency show any sort of property in physics, or is it a completely perceptual phenomenon?

Posted: 28 Apr 2019 08:43 AM PDT

How do we distinguish gravity waves?

Posted: 28 Apr 2019 08:29 AM PDT

For instances how do we distinguish between them from a collision of neutron stars or a collision of black holes?

submitted by /u/QuantumPhyZ
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What is the chemical composition of pre-ejaculate?

Posted: 28 Apr 2019 07:20 AM PDT

There's a ton of research out there about whether or not pre-ejaculate from the Cowper's Gland contains sperm, but I can't find a single article (scholarly or otherwise) that actually breaks down the chemical composition of pre-cum.

Searching in this sub, I see this question has been asked only once 10 months ago and didn't get a response.

Can someone please tell me or link me to an article that breaks down the composition? Thank you.

submitted by /u/indexicalization
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Did Earth increase the speed of its revolution at any point in its history?

Posted: 28 Apr 2019 07:16 AM PDT

Someone recently told me that the meteor that caused the mass extinction and the gulf gulf of Mexico sped up the revolution of the earth causing days to be shorter. He also claimed that impact is what caused the formation of the moon as we see it today.

Is any of this true or even plausible?

submitted by /u/Reykjavik2017
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Before the modern world, what caused the Earth's temperature to regularly vacillate 15 degrees (C)?

Posted: 28 Apr 2019 07:47 AM PDT

I'm speaking to this graph here: https://i.imgur.com/HpVkWti.png

You can see that the earth is rather steadily moving between periods of warm and cold. What were the factors that contributed to the climate shifts that caused these dramatic changes in both directions at what looks like regular intervals?

submitted by /u/wreathe_everyst
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