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Monday, April 22, 2019

How does Aloe Vera help with sunburns?

How does Aloe Vera help with sunburns?


How does Aloe Vera help with sunburns?

Posted: 21 Apr 2019 03:22 PM PDT

AskScience AMA Series: We are Andrea Copping, Biological Oceanographer, Genevra Harker-Klimes, Physical Oceanographer, and Meg Pinza, Coastal Scientist. We study the environmental effects of marine energy at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. Ask us anything!

Posted: 22 Apr 2019 06:17 AM PDT

Hi Reddit!! Marine energy is a huge, largely untapped energy resource. So huge that more than 10% of Pacific states' electricity demand could be satisfied by developing a fraction of the wave energy available off the West coast.

Imagine a future where we could harness ALL of our oceans' energy, including energy from moving water, like waves, currents, tides, and offshore winds. Renewable energy like this is not only immense, but its predictable nature allows power grid managers to offset more established, yet variable renewable resources such as wind and solar power. And on a regional scale, widespread marine energy has the potential to provide localized power sources in isolated coastal regions and areas susceptible to extreme events, such as hurricanes, flooding, and storm surge.

But are there environmental costs to widespread installation of marine energy devices in our oceans? How does marine life react to these devices? And is this approach safe?

At the U.S. Department of Energy's (DOE) Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, we are tackling these exact research questions here. Ask us Anything!

We're looking forward to this! We'll be on at 9 AM PT (12 ET, 16 UT). Ask us anything!

submitted by /u/AskScienceModerator
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Where does the flu virus go when it's not flu season? What is the reservoir it uses to come back from each year?

Posted: 21 Apr 2019 03:22 PM PDT

What degree of refurbishment is required for Space X's boosters between launches? How many times can they be used before retirement?

Posted: 21 Apr 2019 10:06 PM PDT

I know little on the topic but one would assume that the abuse incurred from the rocket launch, atmosphere re-entry and landing would have at least some level of impact on the boosters. Rockets seem to blow up pretty regularly even when everything is crafted for absolute precision, it seems like reusing boosters is throwing an unknown variable into the equation resulting in a greatly increased probability for failure

submitted by /u/Tormund___Giantsbane
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Is an aerodynamic object inherently hydrodynamic and vice versa?

Posted: 21 Apr 2019 06:34 PM PDT

How many tumours/would-be-cancers does the average person suppress/kill in their lifetime?

Posted: 22 Apr 2019 07:53 AM PDT

Not every non-benign oncogenic cell survives to become a cancer, so does anyone know how many oncogenic cells/tumours the average body detects and destroys successfully, in an average lifetime?

submitted by /u/Kylecrafts
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What if you measure only one slit in the double slit experiment?

Posted: 21 Apr 2019 10:06 PM PDT

I was watching a Sixty Symbols video about the wave function and they mentioned that, in the famous double-slit experiment, measuring the slits to actually see which one the particle goes through stops all the quantum-mechanical effects, and you're left with no interference pattern.

My question is this: say you measure only one of the two slits. Then, when the particles is sent out, it goes through the slit you are not measuring. Since you know it didn't go through the slit you are measuring, that also should exhibit the observer effect, right? But this is insane, because your measurement never actually interacts with or observes the particle. It just observes somewhere that it isn't.

So I guess I'm asking if this is actually what would happen, or if it would still exhibit an interference pattern somehow. And importantly, why, because this whole thing seems crazy to me.

submitted by /u/marshalpol
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humans can over eat and beconme obese, is it possible for flight capable birds to over eat and become unable to fly?

Posted: 21 Apr 2019 01:24 PM PDT

What happens if we take too much C02 out of the atmosphere?

Posted: 22 Apr 2019 07:59 AM PDT

If we were to try and reverse climate change by planting 1.2 trillion trees ( https://e360.yale.edu/digest/planting-1-2-trillion-trees-could-cancel-out-a-decade-of-co2-emissions-scientists-find ), is there any risk of over correction? Is there any risk with putting too much oxygen in the atmosphere or taking too much C02 out?

submitted by /u/alecwith
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How would photons hitting each other/ light waves hitting each other behave?

Posted: 21 Apr 2019 11:04 PM PDT

Say you shined a laser onto a plane mirror in a vacuum at a perfect 90º angle and therefore, the ray would reflect back perfectly onto the source right? but since the photons act as particles as well wouldn't the like hit each other or something? maybe slow each other down? maybe change the amplitude or something?

submitted by /u/NOT_the_MI6
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Do nightmares affect your body differently than regular dreams? Like, do they add stress, give you less rest, etc?

Posted: 22 Apr 2019 06:35 AM PDT

I get anxiety nightmares pretty often, and never really thought much of it... until I told a friend about them, and they said it must be hard on my body. I wondered if that was true.

I know that stress/anxiety hurts your body during waking life, so does it do the same (or something similar) while you're sleeping?

Thanks!

submitted by /u/palmfranz
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Does glass flow or not at room temperature over time?

Posted: 21 Apr 2019 12:58 PM PDT

So I am a Polymer Science student and I have heard and read contradictory statements regarding this. Being a pseudofluid (amorphous) material glass flows with gravity over time indicative by window glasses thicker at the bottom..But I have also read that that's how glass windows are made and that the former is a myth.

submitted by /u/M_Killjoy
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What is the mechanism for energy released by a black hole merger?

Posted: 22 Apr 2019 06:37 AM PDT

I've heard that when two black holes merge there is an incredible amount of energy released. And that this energy which is released is often equivalent to the mass energy of a few solar masses at least, in the case of the merger first detected by LIGO. As I understand, nothing can escape from within the Event Horizon of a black hole but somehow something must get out because there is energy released when two black holes merge together.

My question is, how can energy be released by to merging black holes? Is this some form of Hawking radiation? What is the mechanism that allows for this release of energy?

Bonus Q: how is it that merging black holes which are orbiting each other can have their orbits decay? I would expect, since the mass inside is a singularity, that tidal forces, which are usually the mechanism for bleeding off orbital energy, wouldn't really make sense between two point masses.

submitted by /u/Metastatic_Autism
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The 2nd Law of Thermodynamics dictates that a black body is a perfect absorber AND emitter of light. How does a black body emit light?

Posted: 21 Apr 2019 03:23 PM PDT

This also means the sun is a perfect absorber of light. How does the sun absorb light?

submitted by /u/iiSystematic
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Why do snails have swirls on their shells?

Posted: 21 Apr 2019 01:45 PM PDT

So you know how some animals can “smell fear”? Well, I was wondering, do humans actually emit a scent when they’re afraid, that other animals can smell?

Posted: 21 Apr 2019 06:02 AM PDT

How long would a building need to be for it to account for the curvature of the Earth and how do architects build structures like that?

Posted: 21 Apr 2019 10:50 AM PDT

So in nukes, the "atom is split", but why is it that when they are split specifically gamma rays and neutrons are released?

Posted: 21 Apr 2019 04:04 PM PDT

I dont know much about chemistry as school doesnt help much but can someone explain this to me?

submitted by /u/Reeksofsteelwolf
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Does polyurethane coatings (enamel or varnish) emit harmful substances (formaldehyde) even after polymerization? or do they become chemically neutral?

Posted: 21 Apr 2019 07:58 AM PDT

When is Dead really Dead? (What is the recent Yale study telling us?)

Posted: 21 Apr 2019 04:55 AM PDT

Is it possible to dehydrate and then rehydrate human cells, so that they are alive after rehydration?

Posted: 21 Apr 2019 07:52 AM PDT

If so I think it may help with long distance space exploration, as one problem of cryofreezing humans is that the cells explode, due to the expansion of water in the cells, and if the person is dehydrated then they might be able to freeze then be rehydrated later.

Might be impossible just thought I'd ask, cause it seemed interesting.

submitted by /u/BladedVengence
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If rivers erode the landmass, eventually carrying sediments into the sea, how don't rivers erode away the entire mass of continents over millions of years?

Posted: 21 Apr 2019 07:45 AM PDT

I know it's a slow process, but rivers erode their nearby land and carry sediments, eventually depositing them downstream. But the water of rivers eventually ends up in the sea and then in the oceans, feeding the oceans with sediments from inland all the time. How didn't the rivers wash away the entire landmass from the continents into the ocean over millions of years?

submitted by /u/MartinaS90
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Sunday, April 21, 2019

Is it possible for a single, random atom to split on its own, at any time?

Is it possible for a single, random atom to split on its own, at any time?


Is it possible for a single, random atom to split on its own, at any time?

Posted: 20 Apr 2019 11:07 PM PDT

How do we know what dinosaurs' skin looked like?

Posted: 20 Apr 2019 08:37 PM PDT

Every depiction of dinosaurs shows them with leathery, reptilian like skin. Yet they say chickens are closely related to dinosaurs. How do we know dinosaurs didn't have feathers? Or fur? How do we know anything about their outer appearance from fossils alone?

submitted by /u/danath34
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Do planets always form around stars?

Posted: 20 Apr 2019 09:27 PM PDT

Do planets ever form in space independent of a central star? Ie a small enough mass of dust that instead of a star forming at the center and one or more planets forming in orbit around it, just one planet forms and is an unassociated planet just floating around in space?

submitted by /u/sluttyjamjams73
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What about a lack of oxygen makes a cell die?

Posted: 20 Apr 2019 09:18 PM PDT

Why does a lack of oxygen kill a cell? What is changing that causes this?

submitted by /u/invinciblewalnut
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Is there a limit to how fast a black hole can spin?

Posted: 20 Apr 2019 07:13 AM PDT

If there is no surface on a singularity, is it exempt from the speed of light when figuring in rotational speed?

submitted by /u/forestcridder
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Spin is an intrinsic property of a particle; how does it interact with other particles' spin if it isn't a force?

Posted: 20 Apr 2019 10:13 PM PDT

Been thinking about this one for a while. Title is quite self explanatory. For example, two electrons forming a covalent bond due to opposite spins (1/2,-1/2), this spin is said to "overcome" the Coulombic repulsion between then and from RK this bond. But, from what I've understood and heard, which, mind you isn't a lot (only a highschool student) spin has no interactive "force carrier"/Guage boson or whatever your like to call it. So, my question is, how does the spin of one particle interact with the spin of another and overcome this repulsiv electrostatic force... If it isn't a force and only a sort of angular momentum symmetry??? It's just really been bothering me. Any explanation will help, thanks!

submitted by /u/artelingus
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Does entropy apply at the quantum level?

Posted: 21 Apr 2019 06:29 AM PDT

In space, why can't you accelerate at 9.8m/s^2 (for like an hour or whatever) and then turn the vehicle around and decelerate at 9.8m/s^2 (for the same amount of time) - in order to simulate gravity?

Posted: 21 Apr 2019 03:20 AM PDT

Why is your funny bone so sensitive?

Posted: 20 Apr 2019 04:30 PM PDT

How do computerised eye tests work?

Posted: 20 Apr 2019 09:35 PM PDT

What do they do, how is it that they can determine spherical and cylindrical power so quickly?

submitted by /u/TheBlindArch3r
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How does bacteria exactly evolve to be antibiotic resistant?

Posted: 20 Apr 2019 06:37 PM PDT

I just cannot wrap my mind around this. How does giving someone antibiotics encourage the bacteria to evolve to be antibiotic-resistant? If someone already has even a little antibiotic-resistant bacteria, then antibiotics are useless anyways, right? So if someone doesn't have antibiotic-resistant bacteria, then antibiotics should kill all the bacteria, right? Why should we worry about it evolving if it is all dead?

submitted by /u/BombBurper
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How did engineers on Apollo 11 and similar missions test their code for bugs for the final mission without having to shoot a test rocket into orbit?

Posted: 20 Apr 2019 12:53 PM PDT

Or at least, I very much assume they didn't have the budget for a test rocket, even with the Space Race.

submitted by /u/PeregrineZ
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Why do they say that impedance slows down signals in a wire?

Posted: 21 Apr 2019 05:06 AM PDT

Impedance should only be about current resistance no? A wire with more impedance would have less current than a wire with lower impedance, but I don't see how the signal speed isn't the same for both.

Why does it change the speed of a signal? This means the more impedance a wire has, the fewer Hz my signal's wave must have or it gets "muted"?

submitted by /u/throw123awae
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How does computer fill the CPU registers with the data fetched from the memory?

Posted: 20 Apr 2019 04:32 PM PDT

Hi,

I want to understand what happens at the hardware/electric circuitry level. For example, how does computer know that this particular 0 bit goes to the X transistor/gate in the register cell A, and that particular 1 bit goes to Y transistor/gate in the register cell B. How does computer organise massive amount of bit/data allocation?

I know that memory and CPU are connected via data bus. Is this data bus actually a collection separate wires or one single lane to different parts of CPU?

Thanks for your explanation

submitted by /u/Purple_Sheikh
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Sound waves exist in the third dimension as 2d waves, in all directions. Do sound waves exist in the 4th dimension, in all directions 3 dimensionally? Are we those waves? (Serious, no really.)

Posted: 21 Apr 2019 03:42 AM PDT

If you were a 4th dimensional being, could you make sound 3 dimensionally? How does it exist? What is it?

A 5th dimensional being sees all 3d beings as 4d objects. Therefore, they could make 3d sound waves, right?

submitted by /u/xiccit
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How do scientists distinguish one species to another?

Posted: 20 Apr 2019 04:19 PM PDT

If neutron stars are simply made only from neutrons, where do they get fuel to still support their glow? If normal stars fuse atoms to create energy then what is the energy-producing process of neutron stars?

Posted: 20 Apr 2019 07:35 AM PDT

Where is the Astrophysics flair, by the way?

submitted by /u/Will_the_Jedi
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Is there a maximum number of times that a liver can regrow itself? Does regrowing reduce the functionality of a liver or does it always return to 100%?

Posted: 20 Apr 2019 02:48 PM PDT

Why is it that, if the power series for f'(x) converges at an endpoint of its interval of convergence, the power series for f(x) will also converge at that endpoint?

Posted: 20 Apr 2019 02:29 PM PDT

Title more or less says it all. My textbook stated that "it can be shown" that this is true, but didn't show it, and google has turned up nothing.

submitted by /u/gorrillagoal
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Saturday, April 20, 2019

If the nuclear fusion cycle of a star ends at iron, how do heavier elements get made?

If the nuclear fusion cycle of a star ends at iron, how do heavier elements get made?


If the nuclear fusion cycle of a star ends at iron, how do heavier elements get made?

Posted: 19 Apr 2019 05:08 PM PDT

Is the amount of time an organism takes to achieve sexual maturity proportional to its lifespan?

Posted: 19 Apr 2019 09:36 PM PDT

That may be a weird way to pose the question, but do most species achieve sexual maturity the same amount through their lifespan (e.g. humans take 20 years in an 80 year lifespan and some species with a 100 year lifespan takes 25 and another species with a lifespan of 4 years takes only 1 year)? Or does it change depending on the species (humans achieve sexual maturity after 20 years in an 80 year life span, but some species with a 100 year lifespan takes 2 years and another species with a lifespan of 4 years takes 3)?

If it's nothing set, are there any trends? Why do these trends occur? And if it's completely random, why? Do different organisms take different amounts of time because they have different needs evolutionarily?

Thanks in advance!

Edit: said "sexual maturity" because I didn't think "maturity" was a quantifiable term. If it is, that's what I meant

submitted by /u/Printedinusa
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How exactly do we get more stamina?

Posted: 19 Apr 2019 02:52 PM PDT

So when we workout and get muscles we can increase our strength. that's simple. But how are we getting more stamina? What change occurs in our bodies that gives us ability to for example run longer. Whats the difference between gaining strength and stamina. How is it different.

submitted by /u/Pietszek
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What (as far as we know) is the physical mechanism which allows us to "see" our dreams?

Posted: 19 Apr 2019 03:18 PM PDT

If, to oversimplify, we see normally from light hitting our eye and processing in the brain of this sensory info, then what is the "light that illuminates our dreams," so to speak? How can we "see?"

submitted by /u/_imhigh_
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What is the inside of Europa like?

Posted: 20 Apr 2019 03:18 AM PDT

I know the core is heated due to gravitational friction with Jupiter, but does the liquid water ocean touch the ice shell? What temperature is the water?

submitted by /u/Zackvad
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Why does lead absorb radiation so well? Do other materials do the same?

Posted: 20 Apr 2019 04:12 AM PDT

Why do fluffy blankets not seem as cold to the touch as bed sheets when they been in the same temperature room?

Posted: 20 Apr 2019 07:01 AM PDT

Why is Nuclear Decay a probabilistic event? Are there any environmental influences that can affect the half life of an isotope or is it an intrinsic property?

Posted: 20 Apr 2019 12:58 AM PDT

If every land and water animal disappeared at the same time from the Earth, would that have an effect on our orbit since the total mass would decrease?

Posted: 20 Apr 2019 07:30 AM PDT

Was every desert once a body of water?

Posted: 19 Apr 2019 03:47 PM PDT

I know a lot of fish fossils and such have been found deserts and such, but is every desert the result of a past body of water? If so, is the sand in deserts made of microscopic shell fragments like ocean sand is, or is it more granulated rock?

submitted by /u/Obscurly-Incognito
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What are those curvy distortions in the air above a hot stove?

Posted: 19 Apr 2019 10:59 PM PDT

How do self-adhesive/cohesive bandages work? Why do they stick to themselves but not to skin, etc.?

Posted: 19 Apr 2019 04:01 PM PDT

How does the immune system tell "bad" antigens apart from "harmless" antigens?

Posted: 20 Apr 2019 04:17 AM PDT

If there isn't a specific mechanism behind that, why isn't the immune system going crazy on *everything* it ever comes in touch with?

submitted by /u/Nytrobound
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Has nuclear weapons testing had any appreciable effect on the planet’s background radiation and/or surface temperature?

Posted: 20 Apr 2019 12:28 AM PDT

In the 20th century, over 2000 nuclear bombs were detonated in unpopulated areas. We know that the bombs in Nagasaki and Fukushima left many people who were not in the immediate fallout to suffer (and often die) from radiation sickness and terrible burns. As the test sites were far away from human habitats (namely the Pacific Ocean and depopulated Kazakhstan) my question is regarding how the blasts would have dissipated across the planet and its atmosphere. Did they contribute to global warming (knowing that the blasts release immense amounts of heat) or is the effect negligible compared to the proliferation of fossil fuel use.

submitted by /u/battery_farmer
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Is there an upper limit to the size of a black hole?

Posted: 19 Apr 2019 06:04 PM PDT

This article states

Modeling this process, Inayoshi and Haiman demonstrate that at such high rates, the majority of the gas instead gets stuck in the disk, causing star formation at radii of tens to hundreds of light-years and never getting close enough to fuel the SMBH. The remaining trickle of gas that does accrete onto the SMBH is not enough to allow it to grow to more than 1011 solar masses in the age of the universe.

I'm a little stuck on "in the age of the universe". Based on this, does that mean that that limit will increase or decrease over time? If it means that it will increase over time, is there something else that prevents it from getting bigger?

The biggest galaxy is about 1014 solar masses. What could/would happen if that entire galaxy collapsed into a black hole? Is it possible that the Big Bang was the result of a similar collapse of matter and spacetime on a universal level like a black hole is on a stellar level?

submitted by /u/_McDrew
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How is the best before date calculated on food?

Posted: 20 Apr 2019 01:05 AM PDT

If binary star systems are common, are there scenarios in which one will expire faster and turn into a black hole?

Posted: 20 Apr 2019 12:45 AM PDT

If so, what effects if any does this have on the remaining star?

submitted by /u/foramsgalorams
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When talking about climate change, the argument against it's human cause is often that the models regarding it are not validated. What does this actually mean, is it entirely true, and what other things should laymen know about model validation?

Posted: 19 Apr 2019 04:05 PM PDT

This question comes from a conversation with my dad. He has a doctorate in electrical engineering, so he isn't by any stretch uneducated, and I genuinely don't completely grasp what he means by this. I figured AskScience would be a good resource to learn a bit about it! Thanks!

submitted by /u/Christofray
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Suppose we have a computer program randomly choosing 6 digit number. What is the probability that this program will choose a number which 3 first and 3 last digits are the same (e.g. 203203, 100100, 888888)?

Posted: 19 Apr 2019 03:08 PM PDT

Starting from 000000 ending with 999999

submitted by /u/MarekBekied
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Can ethylmercury methylate to methylmercury in the body?

Posted: 19 Apr 2019 10:27 PM PDT

Does glycogen require insulin to be used?

Posted: 19 Apr 2019 04:21 PM PDT

I know muscles store glycogen for release during exercise. But when the glycogen is actually released, does it go into the booodstream (and then into cells using insulin) or is it broken down into glucose inside the cell? Thanks

submitted by /u/KhabibAirlines
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How is the “habitable zone” of a star calculated?

Posted: 19 Apr 2019 05:22 PM PDT