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Wednesday, March 20, 2019

Since batteries are essentially reduction-oxidation reactions, why do most batteries say not to charge them since this is just reversing the reaction? What is preventing you from charging them anyway?

Since batteries are essentially reduction-oxidation reactions, why do most batteries say not to charge them since this is just reversing the reaction? What is preventing you from charging them anyway?


Since batteries are essentially reduction-oxidation reactions, why do most batteries say not to charge them since this is just reversing the reaction? What is preventing you from charging them anyway?

Posted: 19 Mar 2019 10:25 PM PDT

What would happen if you smoked a cigarette on the ISS?

Posted: 19 Mar 2019 10:26 PM PDT

I just accidentally watched Event Horizon (1999) instead of the reputable science fiction movie Interstellar (2014) that I meant to. Half of the space crew in this movie are smoking. What would really happen if someone was to smoke a cigarette on the ISS? What if people chain smoked on the ISS as they do in Event Horizon (1999)?

Would these chemicals ever dissipate enough to avoid detection? or would they forever be detectable within the air supply and monitoring systems?

submitted by /u/RobBoblobula
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If you receive an organ transplant from a child, does the organ continue to grow until the organ would reach the child’s adult age?

Posted: 19 Mar 2019 09:07 PM PDT

If you were to spectate a person falling into a black hole, what would you see once they’ve passed the event horizon?

Posted: 19 Mar 2019 09:55 PM PDT

Why do we itch?

Posted: 19 Mar 2019 04:48 PM PDT

What's happening in our bodies when we get that really deep itch that we can't get? Is it a misfiring nerve? (I'm not asking about the itch you can get rid of by scratching - I mean when you scratch and scratch and there's no relief)

submitted by /u/RachelSays-
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How much of the deadliest toxin known to man, botulinum toxin, is present in Botox and how is it distributed uniformly in Botox in such small quantities?

Posted: 19 Mar 2019 10:37 PM PDT

Botulinum toxin has an LD50 of 1.3–2.1 ng/kg. Billionths of a gram are deadly. A fraction of the lethal dose is used in Botox; how can such a small amount of proteins be measured and distributed uniformly? Their exact process is proprietary so i'm not expecting a definitive answer, but I would like to know more about how such a small quantity can be reliably measured and handled, and how much of the potent toxin is likely present in Botox.

submitted by /u/So_What_If_I_Litter
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Ask Anything Wednesday - Biology, Chemistry, Neuroscience, Medicine, Psychology

Posted: 20 Mar 2019 08:13 AM PDT

Welcome to our weekly feature, Ask Anything Wednesday - this week we are focusing on Biology, Chemistry, Neuroscience, Medicine, Psychology

Do you have a question within these topics you weren't sure was worth submitting? Is something a bit too speculative for a typical /r/AskScience post? No question is too big or small for AAW. In this thread you can ask any science-related question! Things like: "What would happen if...", "How will the future...", "If all the rules for 'X' were different...", "Why does my...".

Asking Questions:

Please post your question as a top-level response to this, and our team of panellists will be here to answer and discuss your questions.

The other topic areas will appear in future Ask Anything Wednesdays, so if you have other questions not covered by this weeks theme please either hold on to it until those topics come around, or go and post over in our sister subreddit /r/AskScienceDiscussion , where every day is Ask Anything Wednesday! Off-theme questions in this post will be removed to try and keep the thread a manageable size for both our readers and panellists.

Answering Questions:

Please only answer a posted question if you are an expert in the field. The full guidelines for posting responses in AskScience can be found here. In short, this is a moderated subreddit, and responses which do not meet our quality guidelines will be removed. Remember, peer reviewed sources are always appreciated, and anecdotes are absolutely not appropriate. In general if your answer begins with 'I think', or 'I've heard', then it's not suitable for /r/AskScience.

If you would like to become a member of the AskScience panel, please refer to the information provided here.

Past AskAnythingWednesday posts can be found here.

Ask away!

submitted by /u/AutoModerator
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How does the number of passengers of a bus/train affect its speed?

Posted: 20 Mar 2019 04:21 AM PDT

Let's say the maximum speed of a empty bus is 100 km/h. Can it reach this speed when full of people? This sounds like a silly question but I need to know the answer

submitted by /u/lordzn
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If the neutron cannot be deflected by magnetic fields, how did scientists theorize its existence and how was it discovered?

Posted: 19 Mar 2019 09:14 PM PDT

Do we all have the same amount of blood?

Posted: 19 Mar 2019 09:38 PM PDT

Do people generally have the same amount of blood, or does it vary from person to person? For example, does a 400 lb man have more bold than a 130 lb man?

Can certain people lose more blood than others before passing out?

Are there people who can produce new blood faster than others?

At what age does our heart/circulatory system stop growing and produces a consistent amount of blood?

submitted by /u/FriscoBorn
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How does spicy food works in our mouth?

Posted: 19 Mar 2019 11:02 PM PDT

We all have experienced the hotness of chilli peppers and the ramen things. It is really hot and sometimes i realized that when we eat something really spicy, our mouth secrete a lot of saliva. Is it the saliva trying to cool down the temperature inside our mouth??and if that so, that means spicy food really "hot" right? In term of temperature? . Isn't it?

submitted by /u/Eddy_Danish
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When a plant triggers a distress signal, what does it accomplish?

Posted: 19 Mar 2019 09:24 PM PDT

This comes up because I found out that the fresh cut grass smell is a distress signal.

submitted by /u/professional_novice
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Is it possible to know a molecule's properties based on nothing but its chemical makeup?

Posted: 19 Mar 2019 08:51 PM PDT

Can a chemist look at the chemical makeup of a molecule and know, for instance, what state of matter it will be at room temperature, what other elements it will react with, what its half life will be, what color it is, or anything like that? Or does a molecule have to be synthesized to figure that stuff out?

submitted by /u/graaahh
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Why does angular velocity and angular momentum follow the 'right hand rule' for direction?

Posted: 19 Mar 2019 08:51 PM PDT

I've scoured youtube and did a cursory search here and on EI5 but i can't find a good explanation. Every youtube video i look up just says "yeah use the right hand rule to find direction!" (of L and w) without ever explaining WHY we use it. WHY does the direction of angular momentum, for example of a "spinning ice skater" (classic example) who is spinning clockwise when viewed from above, point DOWN? Nothing is actually going down! (is it?!)

I watched one video and some guy said it's just a convention we decided on. But then i watched professor Lewin's demonstrations and it can't just be a convention because the objects actually follow these rules in the real world. Did we just decide to use this convention so it matches observation?

Can anyone explain why ang. momentum and ang. velocity vectors have these odd directions?

submitted by /u/sonofpicard
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Why are there no non-composite images of the Earth?

Posted: 19 Mar 2019 07:45 PM PDT

My flat earther father would like to know this. Thanks.

submitted by /u/FatalTalon
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Have there been any large scale physics experiments (e.g. LIGO, LHC) that ended up a failure due to an inaccurate predictive model?

Posted: 19 Mar 2019 07:57 PM PDT

A lot of time, development, and money go into devices aimed at bettering our understanding of the universe. I frequently hear of the findings enabled by various particle accelerators or other particle detectors.

But has there ever been a large-scale investment made in a system whose very underlying theory proved faulty? I suppose this could apply to space probes and science satellites as well.

submitted by /u/Phormicidae
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How does helium actually increase the pitch of your voice?

Posted: 19 Mar 2019 11:51 AM PDT

If the planets (including the sun) orbited around the earth, what differences would it make?

Posted: 19 Mar 2019 02:03 PM PDT

I remember learning in history that at some point people believed that the planets orbited the earth rather then the sun, later on in my science class we were talking about something similar when I asked my science teacher a question, "What differences would be seen in a hypothetical system where the planets orbited around the earth rather then the sun?" I didn't get an answer. I have had this question bounce around my head for a while now and recently discovered this subreddit. So here I am, doing the thing, in hopes of getting an answer.

submitted by /u/GLasStringed
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Why does baryonic matter curve SpaceTime?

Posted: 19 Mar 2019 12:48 PM PDT

Why does common matter/energy curve SpaceTime? I've seen in countless shows the heavy ball in the middle of a rubber sheet. But that doesn't explain why matter and energy actually curve SpaceTime. Can someone explain this in layman's terms?

submitted by /u/Mrglock426
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What are spider webs made of? How much can a spider web, and how does it regenerate it?

Posted: 19 Mar 2019 12:35 PM PDT

Why is Saturn full of Helium 3 but very rare on Earth? And what makes it such a great source of energy?

Posted: 19 Mar 2019 05:30 AM PDT

Tuesday, March 19, 2019

Is it possible for animals to be allergic to humans?

Is it possible for animals to be allergic to humans?


Is it possible for animals to be allergic to humans?

Posted: 19 Mar 2019 03:08 AM PDT

Humans can be allergic to dogs, cats, etc. Is it possible for animals to be allergic to us?

submitted by /u/hsym
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If a body rejects an organ transplant, can that organ be used for someone else, or is it no longer usable?

Posted: 18 Mar 2019 07:54 AM PDT

If my body rejects a kidney, can it be used for the next applicable person on this list, or is it toast?

submitted by /u/Theonlykd
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What do tiny spiders eat?

Posted: 18 Mar 2019 05:13 PM PDT

I've got a tiny spider, not more than 1-2cm across, living in the frame of my shower door. My wife hates cobwebs, so removes its newly spun web every few days, but the little fella always spins another. I can never see anything on the web, and I doubt it could hold a fly, even if one flew into it. But Incy is still there, spinning away. So what is it eating and how is it catching it, if not on the web?

submitted by /u/gjs78
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How exactly does nothing (or almost nothing) react with glassware?

Posted: 18 Mar 2019 08:42 PM PDT

I've been watching CodysLab and HTME on YouTube and seeing them put all those incredible reactive and dangerous into glass started wondering why/how it works? Are there other things that are as resistive to chemicals as glass is?

submitted by /u/torohangupta
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How do statins work to reduce blood cholesterol?

Posted: 19 Mar 2019 03:14 AM PDT

If you were standing on the moon's surface, would you be able to see the horizon curve?

Posted: 18 Mar 2019 08:52 AM PDT

If not, how small would a planet/moon have to be to be able to notice a curve of the horizon?

submitted by /u/adarco23
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How long does it take sedimentary rock to form?

Posted: 19 Mar 2019 03:19 AM PDT

For example, let say a depression was flooded with silt, clay, sand and the like. After this flood it remained arid and dry. How long would it take to turn into rock?

submitted by /u/dredawg1
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If you wanted to push an orbital object towards it’s gravitational well, *as fast as possible*, (say, like, using rockets to push Europa into Jupiter...) would you slow the object’s orbital speed (x)? Or push the object directly towards the gravitational center, at equal force (y)?

Posted: 18 Mar 2019 05:50 PM PDT

Would that depend only upon relative speed vs mass? Or is there a line between l speed/mass v constant(0 Speed)/mass to determine the best direction? Never really got into this class in college. But I wanna know now..

submitted by /u/Wickedpissahbub
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Why do hot things typically turn red?

Posted: 18 Mar 2019 02:09 PM PDT

What is the Adam's apple and what is its function?

Posted: 18 Mar 2019 11:47 AM PDT

What is happening in our lips/mouth that causes spicy foods we eat to feel hot or "spicy"?

Posted: 18 Mar 2019 03:06 PM PDT

Can a micro burst rains occur at high elevations? IE high mountain territory ~5000 feet

Posted: 19 Mar 2019 03:01 AM PDT

I know they happen in the desert sometimes, could they happen in a place like Denver or Flagstaff?.

submitted by /u/branflakes4547
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Does atmospheric pressure change over geologic time, or has the barometer always been about 1 atmosphere?

Posted: 18 Mar 2019 06:05 PM PDT

Does atmospheric pressure change over geologic time, or has it always been about 1 atm? We have so much evidence for wildly different climates, sea levels, gas concentrations, to the point where humans couldn't have survived at points in Earth's history. But is there a geologic barometer we can check?

submitted by /u/Simplethrowaway4828
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If someone is having a nightmare will his/her heart rate increase or be the same?

Posted: 18 Mar 2019 08:16 AM PDT

Could Earth’s Climate Become Like Venus’?

Posted: 18 Mar 2019 12:47 PM PDT

There's a lot of talk about Climate Change here on Earth and often I hear that the worst case scenario is for Earth to become like Venus. 471C and runaway Climate Change.

1) But, is it even physically possible for Earth to become like Venus with our carbon sinks in the Oceans/plate tectonics, magnetosphere, relatively fast rotation on our axis?

2) If 1 is true, how likely is it that climate change here on Earth could push us to runaway climate change where Earth becomes like Venus?


-None of this is to dampen the severity of the rate of climate change.

-Please try to link academic sources if you can

submitted by /u/urunclejack
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How Does the Extra Food Mass Exit the Body of an Exerciser?

Posted: 18 Mar 2019 03:59 PM PDT

Two people consume the exact same diet. One exercises and does not gain weight. The other sits and does gain weight.

Which bodily excretion accounts for the extra loss of mass from the active person? Sweat, exhalation, urine, feces, or other?

submitted by /u/wingalls13
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How do websites like google give you search results?

Posted: 18 Mar 2019 07:44 PM PDT

Do they scan the whole internet?

submitted by /u/hzeme1
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Would a Pangean year be longer than 365 days?

Posted: 18 Mar 2019 06:22 PM PDT

Or is the distance from the sun the determining factor of a day? I was going to ask this on r/nostupidquestions , but I couldn't find anything on it during a google search, so I thought you all may know.

submitted by /u/Sentient_Sloth2
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Why are microwaves effective at heating food but not plates?

Posted: 18 Mar 2019 09:13 AM PDT

What makes vegetables edible when compared to simple grass and bushes?

Posted: 18 Mar 2019 06:52 AM PDT

Monday, March 18, 2019

AskScience AMA Series: I am Fabien Cousteau, an Aquanaut, Oceanographic Explorer, Environmental Advocate, Documentary Filmmaker, Founder of the Fabien Cousteau Ocean Learning Center, and Grandson of Jacques Cousteau. Ask me anything!

AskScience AMA Series: I am Fabien Cousteau, an Aquanaut, Oceanographic Explorer, Environmental Advocate, Documentary Filmmaker, Founder of the Fabien Cousteau Ocean Learning Center, and Grandson of Jacques Cousteau. Ask me anything!


AskScience AMA Series: I am Fabien Cousteau, an Aquanaut, Oceanographic Explorer, Environmental Advocate, Documentary Filmmaker, Founder of the Fabien Cousteau Ocean Learning Center, and Grandson of Jacques Cousteau. Ask me anything!

Posted: 15 Mar 2019 04:00 AM PDT

As the first grandson of Jacques-Yves Cousteau, I spent my early years aboard my grandfather's famous ships, Calypso and Alcyone; learning how to scuba dive on my fourth birthday.

I am known for my study of sharks and from 2000-2002, I was an Explorer-at-Large for National Geographic and collaborated on a TV special aimed at changing public conceptions about sharks called, "Attack of the Mystery Shark". Then in 2003-2006, I produced the documentary, "Mind of a Demon", that aired on CBS. With the help of a large crew, I created a 14-foot, 1,200-pound, lifelike shark submarine called "Troy" that allowed me to immerse myself inside the shark world, providing viewers with a rare view of the mysterious and often misunderstood creatures. This also led to the inspiration behind my new book, GREAT WHITE SHARK ADVENTURE.

For the next four years (2006-2010), I was part of a multi-hour series for PBS called, "Ocean Adventures" with my father, Jean-Michel Cousteau, and sister, Celine. This was inspired by my grandfather's famous 1978 PBS series, "The Cousteau Odyssey".

In the following years, and as a member of multiple cause-driven and charitable boards I have been working with local communities and children worldwide to help restore local water ecosystems.

In June 2014, my team of aquanauts embarked on Mission 31, the longest science expedition to take place at Aquarius, the world's only underwater marine laboratory located in Florida. Mission 31 broke new ground in ocean exploration and honored the 50th anniversary of his grandfather's original underwater living experiment (Conshelf Two) by going deeper, longer and further, while broadcasting each moment live on multiple channels exposing the world to the adventure, drama and mystique of what lies beneath.

Early in 2016 I founded the Fabien Cousteau Ocean Learning ("OLC") to fulfill my dream of creating a vehicle to make a positive change in the world.

Last week, the first book in my new graphic novel series, GREAT WHITE SHARK ADVENTURE, came out from the Margaret K. McElderry Books, an imprint of Simon and Schuster Children's Publishing. You can learn more about me at my website, on Twitter, or on Facebook.

I will be on about 2pm (ET, 18 UT), ask me anything!

submitted by /u/AskScienceModerator
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Why does rain have a smell before it starts to rain?

Posted: 17 Mar 2019 09:47 PM PDT

During pregnancy, how does the mother's immune system know to avoid attacking the baby?

Posted: 17 Mar 2019 08:58 AM PDT

What are the differences between Quantum Mechanics and Classical Mechanics, and how and why do they manifest?

Posted: 18 Mar 2019 04:13 AM PDT

The equation

x̂(t) = x̂(0) + p̂(0) t/m

is arrived at after applying the commutator value [x̂, p̂] = iħ to the Heisenberg Equation of Motion for position of a free mass which says

dx̂/dt = i[Ĥ,x̂].

In classical mechanics, x and p can be determined simultaneously with infinite precision, that is to say, the Uncertainty relation, the Quantum Commutator is at the heart of which, does not exist in CM, and yet the classical analogue of the Quantum Commutator, the Poisson Bracket {x,p} = 1, leads to the same equation as above for the classical position of a free mass after using a classical Hamiltonian.

So why do these apparent similarities lead to different (for ex., the abovementioned uncertainty principles, which I know arises due to Cauchy-Schwarz inequality restrictions on the Hilbert vector space, but what prevents this in CM vector spaces?) as well as similar (equation of motion) results? What actually makes CM different than QM?

And what are some more such examples where CM and QM differ in results?

submitted by /u/lAPPYc
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Are we the only animal to predominantly use one arm/hand?

Posted: 18 Mar 2019 06:18 AM PDT

When I open my blinds in the morning, is it "too bright" for my eyes, the optical nerve, or the part of my brain interpreting the data? Where does the pain of bright light come from?

Posted: 17 Mar 2019 08:05 AM PDT

If a person with light skin got a skin graft from a person with dark skin, would the skin color eventually change?

Posted: 17 Mar 2019 12:48 PM PDT

How far away are we really from quantum computing?

Posted: 17 Mar 2019 09:41 PM PDT

I feel like I keep seeing sensationalist articles on the implications, but it appears that there are still problems regarding scalability and other concepts I can't fully grasp.

submitted by /u/Pasdesoucie
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Do solid planets like Earth have a size/mass limit?

Posted: 17 Mar 2019 10:06 PM PDT

After seeing a post showing the immensity of some stars, and even seeing how small we are compared to Jupiter I got to wondering; is there a limit to how big a hard surfaced object can be? And if so, what are the limiting factors?

submitted by /u/typhereous
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How do computers decide random numbers?

Posted: 17 Mar 2019 08:45 PM PDT

Does a woman truly share cells with her baby during pregnancy?

Posted: 17 Mar 2019 09:41 PM PDT

I was told that while pregnant my growing son's cells were replenishing or providing healing processes to any tissue and organs of mine that had been previously scarred or injured during my lifetime. I honestly don't feel any different, but apparently it's supposed to happen on a tiny cellular level. Is there any scientific evidence of this?

submitted by /u/guyette_fox
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Dying lake Chicago River green?

Posted: 18 Mar 2019 12:49 AM PDT

Just wondering, what repercussions are there for dying the Chicago River green? It just doesn't seem like a very environmentally conscious decision

submitted by /u/McGoodMate
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Do fish drink water? Do they pee? How do they hydrate?

Posted: 17 Mar 2019 07:12 PM PDT

Answering the deep questions...

submitted by /u/tanafras
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Is it possible to create a device similar to an electronic device that uses photons instead of electrons?

Posted: 17 Mar 2019 10:43 AM PDT

Do playing mind or strategy games like chess improve your IQ or brain performance?

Posted: 17 Mar 2019 02:14 PM PDT

Why do we get white hair as we age?

Posted: 17 Mar 2019 11:44 AM PDT

Does an object traveling at twice the speed of sound great a boom louder than an object traveling just slightly faster than the speed of sound?

Posted: 17 Mar 2019 11:12 AM PDT

Create*

Sorry.

submitted by /u/HasSomeSelfEsteem
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Do spider's spinnerets use quantum mechanics?

Posted: 17 Mar 2019 10:02 PM PDT

I was watching yet another story on a science show about the "spider goats" at Utah State University and it got me thinking about the amount of energy and fuel it takes for the facility to produce the silk. Spiders do this at room temperature and we haven't got a complete understanding of the process.

Given the recent findings of quantum mechanics being utilised in photosynthesis, could a quantum process be the fundamental mechanic that allows for the generation of the silk protein to culminate into an effective biological process?

submitted by /u/SuperDeadlyNinjaBees
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Are Band-Pass Light Reflectors a Thing?

Posted: 17 Mar 2019 07:46 PM PDT

I was recently thinking about a Mythbusters episode where they tested various methods of hiding a car's license plate from a camera. I realized that any method of attempting to block the plate within the visible spectrum are in vain as these would be plainly visible to the human eye, but I remembered reading that a cell phone (and I assume other cameras) could pick up the infrared light from a TV Remote due to being poorly filtered. My idea revolves around using an infrared LED array to shine on the license plate, but I'm worried that the black lettering might absorb light in the IR spectrum. I initially thought, ironically enough, that an IR filter might work, but upon research most sources seem to say that light filters simply absorb rather than reflect light.

Addendum: I have no intention of using such a device without first researching its legality as I suspect it to be illegal. I might, however, do some testing as IR LEDs seem to be fairly cheap. For science, of course.

submitted by /u/Throwmeaway5423
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Do minor head injuries damage the brain?

Posted: 17 Mar 2019 01:07 PM PDT

I'm talking about the kind of thing where you hit your head and it hurts, but only for a few moments. Obviously there's a bit of damage being done to your scalp/skull, but is the brain being hurt at all? I remember hearing that a concussion is caused when the brain hits the inside of the skull because of a sudden change of motion in the whole head.

So like, does a weak punch hurt the brain, or just the outside of my head?

submitted by /u/Bronze_Dragon
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What actually goes to sleep when we sleep?

Posted: 17 Mar 2019 10:47 AM PDT

Is it similar to when a computer is put to sleep? Since everything is still working, lungs, heart, brain, and such, as we sleep. Does anything turn off or it all just slows down enough that we won't die while sleeping.

submitted by /u/Mongo_Fifty
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How is a vaccine made?

Posted: 17 Mar 2019 01:01 PM PDT

In light of the return of the measles, I got curious about how a vaccine is ACTUALLY physically made.

I know that a vaccine contains a weaker version of the disease for the immune system to develop an immunity to it, but I also know there are other ingredients to it (I assume to weaken the virus?). It made me curious how it's put together?

Is it boiled in a beaker? Or frozen? Or both? Do you store it at room temperature, or in a fridge?

I know these are probably some silly questions, but I was just wondering about it.

PS: I am pro-vaccine all the way, I'm not asking to collect evidence of "the evil vaccines." Was just curious.

submitted by /u/OliveTheNerd
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Does hair grow at a constant rate?

Posted: 17 Mar 2019 06:14 PM PDT

I was wondering if hair grew at a constant rate. For instance, if I grew 1 inch of hair in a month after a haircut, would I expect 2 inches after the end of two months? If not, what are factors that affect hair growth rate?

submitted by /u/Dog_behind_a_screen
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