AskScience AMA Series: I'm Matthias Hebrok, and my lab has just published a breakthrough in making insulin-producing cells in a dish. My team at UCSF hopes to one day cure type 1 diabetes with transplantable beta cells made from human stem cells. AMA!

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• AskScience AMA Series: I'm Matthias Hebrok, and my lab has just published a breakthrough in making insulin-producing cells in a dish. My team at UCSF hopes to one day cure type 1 diabetes with transplantable beta cells made from human stem cells. AMA!
• Why is static always black and white even on color TVs?
• How does allergy medication stop reactions to allergens, but not your immune responce to actual threats?
• Can you reverse cavities?
• What effects, if any, has the ingestion of BPA (and similar endocrinological disruptive chemicals) had on modern gender identification, sexuality, or masculinity/feminity definitions?
• Does the amount you're sweating increase the rate and severity of sunburn, due to water refraction?
• Why does paralysis never seem to affect your heart? From diseases like MS, ALS and polio to neurotoxins like tetrodotoxin nothing seems to stop the heart only the diaphragm.
• How do plants, for example venus fly traps, "contract" by touch?
• How does the body know when a fever is necessary?
• Is it possible to extract only the specific particles of any element present in air?
• Is there a pressure at which we would no longer be able to identify differences between a liquid/solid?
• How do our ears know where sounds come from?
• Can you squish bacteria with your fingers?
• If a photon has momentum, wouldn't it appear to be going faster than the speed of light relative to the particle that emitted it?
• What can you do to protect yourself from radiation, and is it important?
• How homogeneous is CO2 in the atmosphere? How much does this mixing (or lack of) impact climate change?
• What would a very powerful electromagnet do to the human body?
• Is there weather on the moon?
• Is the Martian atmosphere too thin for a quadcopter drone to operate in conjunction with the rovers?
• Relationship between diastolic blood pressure and arterial compliance?
• If you are 1/6th your weight in water (on earth), are you also 1/6th your weight in water on Mars (or any other planet that has different gravitation)?
• Why do the chromosomes in the U. manicatus species of scorpion vary between individuals?
• Why are superbradyons superluminal?

AskScience AMA Series: I'm Matthias Hebrok, and my lab has just published a breakthrough in making insulin-producing cells in a dish. My team at UCSF hopes to one day cure type 1 diabetes with transplantable beta cells made from human stem cells. AMA! Posted: 28 Feb 2019 04:00 AM PST I'm a stem cell biologist and director of the UCSF Diabetes Center. My lab aims to generate unlimited supplies of insulin-producing cells to unravel the mysteries of diabetes, with the ultimate goal of combating and defeating the disease. We just published a paper demonstrating for the first time the successful creation of mature, functional insulin-producing cells made from stem cells. Read more here: http://tiny.ucsf.edu/7uNbjg My lab focuses on type 1 diabetes (T1D), which is the result of an autoimmune destruction of insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. Currently the only cure for T1D is a pancreas transplant or beta cell transplant, but these options are only available to the sickest patients, who then have to take immunosuppressants for the rest of their lives. One of the biggest problems in diabetes research is that it is really hard to study these beta cells. They sit in the pancreas, an organ tucked away in the back of our bodies, that is hard to access in living people. We can obtain beta cells from cadaveric donors, but often the process of isolation affects the functionality of the cells. Therefore, one can argue that there is still a lot we do not understand about human beta cells, how they function under normal conditions, how they deteriorate in diabetes, and how one can possibly fix them. By producing working beta cells in the lab, we've opened new doors to studying diabetes as well as new options for transplant therapies. Down the line, we hope to use genetic engineering technologies such as CRISPR to produce transplantable cells that don't require lifelong immune suppression. I'm really excited about this work and looking forward to your questions. I'll be starting at 9am PST (12 ET, 16 UT). AMA! submitted by /u/AskScienceModerator [link] [comments]

Why is static always black and white even on color TVs? Posted: 27 Feb 2019 10:53 PM PST submitted by /u/javadft [link] [comments]

How does allergy medication stop reactions to allergens, but not your immune responce to actual threats? Posted: 27 Feb 2019 09:00 PM PST submitted by /u/nerdymixture [link] [comments]

Can you reverse cavities? Posted: 28 Feb 2019 06:20 AM PST I have some and I wonder if I can reverse it in some ways without going to the dentist. submitted by /u/ezname [link] [comments]

What effects, if any, has the ingestion of BPA (and similar endocrinological disruptive chemicals) had on modern gender identification, sexuality, or masculinity/feminity definitions? Posted: 28 Feb 2019 06:38 AM PST Will future generations of humans experience swings in hormone-altering chemicals in their environment, causing eras of abnormally high/low levels of masculinity or femininity? submitted by /u/phrogwing [link] [comments]

Does the amount you're sweating increase the rate and severity of sunburn, due to water refraction? Posted: 27 Feb 2019 10:46 PM PST submitted by /u/Le_6_CD_Changer [link] [comments]

Why does paralysis never seem to affect your heart? From diseases like MS, ALS and polio to neurotoxins like tetrodotoxin nothing seems to stop the heart only the diaphragm. Posted: 28 Feb 2019 05:20 AM PST submitted by /u/BloodyFingerPickles [link] [comments]

How do plants, for example venus fly traps, "contract" by touch? Posted: 28 Feb 2019 05:50 AM PST They don't have nerves to pass on an electric signal, so what is the biology/chemistry behind it? (English is not my native language so please excuse any mistakes or lack of clarity) submitted by /u/Slumdogcindarella [link] [comments]

How does the body know when a fever is necessary? Posted: 28 Feb 2019 07:29 AM PST Is a fever a symptom of some sicknesses? Or is it more of my body's response to a disease? If it's my body's decision to create a fever, how does it know this is the best course of action? submitted by /u/go-fireworks [link] [comments]

Is it possible to extract only the specific particles of any element present in air? Posted: 28 Feb 2019 07:28 AM PST not necessarily air, but say there's an environment and one wants to extract only hydrogen atoms/molecules/particles from it. Is it possible to do it. If not what are the reasons.? submitted by /u/Playfair99999 [link] [comments]

Is there a pressure at which we would no longer be able to identify differences between a liquid/solid? Posted: 27 Feb 2019 10:59 PM PST So I don't know too much about physics, but I read a little on Osmium, and changing states of matter under great pressure. Say we created an enormously deep pool of dense, but still very viscous liquid. Pressure increases viscosity at "low/med" levels, but, by theory, when getting to extreme levels, would the liquid ever reach a point where it became indistinguishable between a liquid/solid? Let me know if this is a confusing question!! Happy to clarify things I did not answer with this post submitted by /u/mygoats [link] [comments]

How do our ears know where sounds come from? Posted: 27 Feb 2019 07:13 PM PST All sounds enter our ear canal...how can the brain distinguish where it comes from when they all hit the ear drum? submitted by /u/jmacker94 [link] [comments]

Can you squish bacteria with your fingers? Posted: 27 Feb 2019 11:30 AM PST submitted by /u/kadir7 [link] [comments]

If a photon has momentum, wouldn't it appear to be going faster than the speed of light relative to the particle that emitted it? Posted: 27 Feb 2019 10:34 PM PST Would the particle be pushed back by the conservation of momentum? Wouldn't the particle be moving away from the photon, relative to the photon, at a speed slightly greater than c? Google had no quick answer, sorry that I'm not great at physics submitted by /u/capsjunior [link] [comments]

What can you do to protect yourself from radiation, and is it important? Posted: 28 Feb 2019 03:21 AM PST this includes natural, everyday radiation, but also people who go somewhere like chernobyl, what do they use for protection? submitted by /u/BOT-JEFF [link] [comments]

How homogeneous is CO2 in the atmosphere? How much does this mixing (or lack of) impact climate change? Posted: 27 Feb 2019 08:58 PM PST I am trying to write an equation describing how much CO2 changes the temperature of the atmosphere as a function of concentration. I am trying to get it as accurate, but also as simple as possible. Basically something one could fit in one lecture and on one white board... If you assume CO2 is homogeneous, it makes this calculation much easier. But how different is it really? How much does it change based on altitude, and location (for example, above the middle of the ocean vs above the rain forest or the Sahara desert)? I'm not an atmospheric scientist, but I would really like to understand the math for myself... Just so I feel better about backing up weather scientists. Any insight or advice very appreciated. submitted by /u/Virophile [link] [comments]

What would a very powerful electromagnet do to the human body? Posted: 27 Feb 2019 03:51 PM PST submitted by /u/dragonflyfoto [link] [comments]

Is there weather on the moon? Posted: 27 Feb 2019 06:19 PM PST I know there is space weather, but are there any "weather" effects that only occur on the moon? submitted by /u/DrVentureWasRight [link] [comments]

Is the Martian atmosphere too thin for a quadcopter drone to operate in conjunction with the rovers? Posted: 27 Feb 2019 01:44 PM PST Sorry if this is an incredible silly question. ​ Considering the fact that Martian gravity is also a lot lower than that of Earth, it could negate the atmospheric density, but the calculations for that are a bit out of my depth. submitted by /u/emperorvinayak [link] [comments]

Relationship between diastolic blood pressure and arterial compliance? Posted: 28 Feb 2019 03:06 AM PST Why does a decrease in arterial compliance cause an increase in systolic blood pressure but a decrease in diastolic? To me it seems counterintuitive, wouldn't both be increased due to an increase in TPR? submitted by /u/segawarfare [link] [comments]

If you are 1/6th your weight in water (on earth), are you also 1/6th your weight in water on Mars (or any other planet that has different gravitation)? Posted: 27 Feb 2019 04:00 PM PST submitted by /u/197708156EQUJ5 [link] [comments]

Why do the chromosomes in the U. manicatus species of scorpion vary between individuals? Posted: 27 Feb 2019 10:24 PM PST submitted by /u/throwaway776593 [link] [comments]

Why are superbradyons superluminal? Posted: 27 Feb 2019 09:57 PM PST I'll start by saying I'm no physicist or even have a remote understanding of any of the maths. I do know nothing can travel faster than light. I have a limited understanding of Lorentz contractions, and mass increase, as well as the causality and ANEC violations that come from any superluminal object. Thanks to reddit I now know why supersymmetry rules out tachyons, and I also understand that superbradyons are probably just theoretical, and just a mathematical construct. But through all my searching, I just can't find why these particles can theoretically break the universal speed limit. From what I can gather they have such great energy that something happens to the surrounding spacetime (something about preonic space or something?), the vacuum energy drops, space is "emptier" than "empty" space, and c increases? Is this correct? If not, then what exactly is it about superbradyons that allow them to violate this physical constant? submitted by /u/AmrlKJaneway [link] [comments]

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How large does building has to be so the curvature of the earth has to be considered in its design?

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• How large does building has to be so the curvature of the earth has to be considered in its design?
• Is elevation ever accounted for in calculations of the area of a country?
• Does the method of drying hands (e.g. cloth towel, paper towel, hand dryer) affect the quantity of microbes left on the hands after washing?
• Ask Anything Wednesday - Economics, Political Science, Linguistics, Anthropology
• I've seen the charts for temperature rise, the scientific models predictions, the consensus statistics of scientific agreement on Climate Change. I believe it to be fact, but I do not actually understand WHY CO2, Methane, Water Vapor, etc.. cause this to occur. Can anyone explain *why*?
• Is human labor and delivery more dangerous than other primates'? Why?
• How do we know how many calories are in food or drinks?
• Why is superheated steam used in turbines since according to Gibbs‘ free energy formula, at higher temperature, the ability to produce work is lowered?
• What is the exact difference between genotype and karyotype?
• Why do gravitational lenses sometimes result in Einstein-crosses rather than full circles?
• how does red shift show that the big bang theory could be a possible theory, for the formation of the universe?
• Can solar panels run out of electrons?
• What does ampicillin target?
• If you placed a Foucault pendulum at the equator, would it fully rotate in one year?
• Can a pair of binary planets share an atmosphere without exceeding the Roche Limit?
• What state of matter is light?
• Do caffeine and amphetamines like adderall affect the same parts of the brain?
• How to quantify political/diplomatic relationships between countries?
• What portion of female cheetahs raise a cub to maturity?

How large does building has to be so the curvature of the earth has to be considered in its design? Posted: 27 Feb 2019 03:40 AM PST I know that for small things like a house we can just consider the earth flat and it is all good. But how the curvature of the earth influences bigger things like stadiums, roads and so on? submitted by /u/harryalerta [link] [comments]

Is elevation ever accounted for in calculations of the area of a country? Posted: 26 Feb 2019 10:19 AM PST I wonder if mountainous countries with big elevation changes, like Chile or Nepal for example, actually have a substantially bigger real area, or if even taking in account elevation doesn't change things much. submitted by /u/green_pachi [link] [comments]

Does the method of drying hands (e.g. cloth towel, paper towel, hand dryer) affect the quantity of microbes left on the hands after washing? Posted: 27 Feb 2019 12:06 AM PST submitted by /u/finnknit [link] [comments]

Ask Anything Wednesday - Economics, Political Science, Linguistics, Anthropology Posted: 27 Feb 2019 07:11 AM PST Welcome to our weekly feature, Ask Anything Wednesday - this week we are focusing on Economics, Political Science, Linguistics, Anthropology Do you have a question within these topics you weren't sure was worth submitting? Is something a bit too speculative for a typical /r/AskScience post? No question is too big or small for AAW. In this thread you can ask any science-related question! Things like: "What would happen if...", "How will the future...", "If all the rules for 'X' were different...", "Why does my...". Asking Questions: Please post your question as a top-level response to this, and our team of panellists will be here to answer and discuss your questions. The other topic areas will appear in future Ask Anything Wednesdays, so if you have other questions not covered by this weeks theme please either hold on to it until those topics come around, or go and post over in our sister subreddit /r/AskScienceDiscussion , where every day is Ask Anything Wednesday! Off-theme questions in this post will be removed to try and keep the thread a manageable size for both our readers and panellists. Answering Questions: Please only answer a posted question if you are an expert in the field. The full guidelines for posting responses in AskScience can be found here. In short, this is a moderated subreddit, and responses which do not meet our quality guidelines will be removed. Remember, peer reviewed sources are always appreciated, and anecdotes are absolutely not appropriate. In general if your answer begins with 'I think', or 'I've heard', then it's not suitable for /r/AskScience. If you would like to become a member of the AskScience panel, please refer to the information provided here. Past AskAnythingWednesday posts can be found here. Ask away! submitted by /u/AutoModerator [link] [comments]

I've seen the charts for temperature rise, the scientific models predictions, the consensus statistics of scientific agreement on Climate Change. I believe it to be fact, but I do not actually understand WHY CO2, Methane, Water Vapor, etc.. cause this to occur. Can anyone explain *why*? Posted: 27 Feb 2019 07:01 AM PST I have done my fair share of trying my best to understand this issue, primarily to help explain to relative/friends/co-workers which are 'non-believers' but the truth is that I must not truly understand the issue either. I feel as though all of those skeptical also see "the charts for temperature rise, the scientific models for the future, and the consensus statistics of scientists agreement of climate change happening rapidly", but if you really think about it - none of those things give reasoning or logic as to WHY this is happening. They are just things that you see that show it is happening. I had one co-worker give me the classic argument, "well yea that chart shows the temperature is rising but that doesn't mean CO2 is causing it." Another statement I get when trying to explain, "The models the scientists have may agree, but you know how many assumptions we have to make for our models here [at work, engineering], imagine how many assumptions they have to input for the globes climate and atmosphere/ocean circulation. WHY is climate change occuring due to CO2, Methane, Water vapor, etc...?? Do the molecules vibrate or hold vibration (temperature?) longer than simple air (O2, N2, etc etc)?? Is it because CO2 is more dense and therefore creates a denser environment which in turn holds the heat down on the surface easier?? Any insight is appreciated. I would like to be able to debate those without facts and actually be able to explain. If this takes further education/reading on my part, I'm not afraid to spend time learning. I hope my question makes sense. Any responses like "It happens because CO2 causes warming" obviously don't understand why I'm asking. I'm asking why that exists. This is my plea for logical understanding. Thanks in advanced for your help. submitted by /u/YoureProbablyRiiight [link] [comments]

Is human labor and delivery more dangerous than other primates'? Why? Posted: 26 Feb 2019 07:06 PM PST submitted by /u/suraaura [link] [comments]

How do we know how many calories are in food or drinks? Posted: 26 Feb 2019 08:44 PM PST submitted by /u/Microwaved_hamster [link] [comments]

Why is superheated steam used in turbines since according to Gibbs‘ free energy formula, at higher temperature, the ability to produce work is lowered? Posted: 26 Feb 2019 03:10 PM PST So Gibbs' free energy is the maximum reversible work that can be produced in a thermodynamic system at constant P and T, and according to the formula, higher T means lower ΔG. Then why is Superheated steam used as means to produce work? Or am I looking at it wrong? submitted by /u/lessavyfav68 [link] [comments]

What is the exact difference between genotype and karyotype? Posted: 26 Feb 2019 10:17 PM PST When I say "genotype" I'm referring to the entirety of the chromosomal configuration or said differently, full genetic makeup of a human.... full, not just one aspect as I've seen used in some cases. Given that we're using genotype in that context, what is the difference between genotype and karyotype? submitted by /u/TheMythof_Feminism [link] [comments]

Why do gravitational lenses sometimes result in Einstein-crosses rather than full circles? Posted: 26 Feb 2019 08:09 AM PST In what way can the light be "bent" by a gravitational lense so that an observer sees two (or more) copies of the object rather than seeing a full circle? E.g. in Einstein-crosses you see 4 copies spaced evenly around the center. What about the spaces between those 4 copies? Why does the light not take these ways? (Btw I asked this several times in different places now and never got an answer, sometimes I just got downvoted - I hope this sub is the right place) submitted by /u/cptviolation [link] [comments]

how does red shift show that the big bang theory could be a possible theory, for the formation of the universe? Posted: 26 Feb 2019 11:50 AM PST submitted by /u/nahverkehsrzug1221 [link] [comments]

Can solar panels run out of electrons? Posted: 26 Feb 2019 01:50 PM PST I understand that photons "bump" electrons, that the movement of electrons transform solar energy into electricity and that the electrons first come from the silicon in the solar panel, but do the electrons leave the solar panel since they are the current? If so, can a solar panel get its electrons back or is it doomed to die even if nothing else fails? If not, do the electrons stay in the solar panel somehow? submitted by /u/AmIDumbOrWhatSerious [link] [comments]

What does ampicillin target? Posted: 26 Feb 2019 09:37 PM PST I know penicillin targets transpepidation, but how do the two differ? What makes one more effective than the other? submitted by /u/__jerbear_ [link] [comments]

If you placed a Foucault pendulum at the equator, would it fully rotate in one year? Posted: 26 Feb 2019 04:45 PM PST So I know the earth rotates under the pendulum, which majes the pendulum appear to rotate to us. What I wonder is if you put a pendulum at the equator and ran it for a year, would it fully rotate or nearly fully rotate over the course of the year? Although at the same time with this logic, it might seem that the foucault pendulum will have to become upside down instead of rotating. Does the pendulum do anything interesting? submitted by /u/instantlightning2 [link] [comments]

Can a pair of binary planets share an atmosphere without exceeding the Roche Limit? Posted: 26 Feb 2019 05:19 AM PST Can the distance between a pair of binary planets be close enough that the gasses making up their atmospheres could mix at the L1 Lagrange point, without either planet being pulled apart by their partner planet's gravitational field? submitted by /u/Legendtamer47 [link] [comments]

What state of matter is light? Posted: 26 Feb 2019 09:51 PM PST Wave particle duality says that light is a particle or a wave depending on how it is observed. It also introduces momentum and mass for light. If light is clearly matter, which state of matter is it in? submitted by /u/sthornr [link] [comments]

Do caffeine and amphetamines like adderall affect the same parts of the brain? Posted: 26 Feb 2019 07:52 AM PST submitted by /u/nohcicwerdna [link] [comments]

How to quantify political/diplomatic relationships between countries? Posted: 26 Feb 2019 07:53 PM PST Hi, I'm not sure if this is the best place to ask this. I'm starting a project that will attempt to estimate the state of political relationships between countries through a set of data. The data set will comprise of certain keywords that indicate hostility, friendliness, etc. I was wondering if there was some equation or theory, paper, idea etc that could help me develop one. I'm searching for something similar to the Drake equation, or a comparable idea. Any help would be greatly appreciated. submitted by /u/Fuser55 [link] [comments]

What portion of female cheetahs raise a cub to maturity? Posted: 26 Feb 2019 07:51 PM PST submitted by /u/benjaminikuta [link] [comments]

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Google, 1600 Amphitheatre Parkway, Mountain View, CA 94043, United States

How close would you have to get to the sun for the vacuum of space to be at room temperature?

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• How close would you have to get to the sun for the vacuum of space to be at room temperature?
• Hi, are there non-lattice solids? My physics textbook mentions most solids are in a crystal lattice.
• 1000kg of cotton, 1000kg of nails, or both?
• According to quantum physics, electrons can technically be anywhere in the universe, but I learned in my physical science class (8th grade) that in each electron shell of an atom, there is a maximum amount of electrons that it can hold. Don’t these two ideas contradict each other?
• Why doesn't it lightning and thunder during snow storms like it does in rainstorms?
• Is it theoretically possible to melt wood in extremely hot temperatures in the absence of oxygen and an ember?
• In regular blended gasoline with some percentage of butane or other volatile hydrocarbons, why do they not just immediately evaporate from the gasoline once stored in a vented tank?
• Why our sight gets blurry when we are tired?
• How do space suits protects astronauts from space?
• Is the stellar life-cycle of a Pop I star affected by the gravitational absorption of heavy elements in its accretion disk from progenitor Pop II and III stars?
• Is lead only dangerous through physical contact and/or ingestion? Can you also get lead poisoning through proximity?
• existence of a triple point?
• How do ring laser gyroscopes work?
• When the daylight per day is longer, why is more daylight added to the evening hours than the morning hours?
• How does Lamotrigine treat depression if it suppresses the release of both glutamate and aspartate?
• How can life exist if it is essentially a form of ‘Anti-Entropy’ ? Does life’s existence defy the law of entropy in the universe?
• Do all isotopes of elements get a unique name?
• Why isn't the entire ocean illuminated at night?
• If you had a ship that can accelerate forever is it possible to maintain a constant perceived (such as 1G) acceleration for all occupants as you approach the speed of light?
• Are visual inputs in the center of your retina processed and perceived faster than those in your retina's periphery?
• Are there any stable/long lifetime exotic atoms that can conceivably be produced with today's technology?
• Are Life Expectancy Calculation Methods Homogeneous Between Countries, Agencies and Organizations?

How close would you have to get to the sun for the vacuum of space to be at room temperature? Posted: 25 Feb 2019 04:08 PM PST submitted by /u/Caz-9 [link] [comments]

Hi, are there non-lattice solids? My physics textbook mentions most solids are in a crystal lattice. Posted: 25 Feb 2019 08:16 AM PST Are there non-lattice solids? submitted by /u/bruhbruhbruhbruh1 [link] [comments]

1000kg of cotton, 1000kg of nails, or both? Posted: 26 Feb 2019 03:49 AM PST There are two trucks, 1 truck contains 1000kg of nails and the other 1000kg of cotton assuming that the trucks are identical with both their drivers being the same person(also run in then same speed),and they have the same starting point and end point .if the two trucks have a race on a football field. Which one will come first? So my science teacher asked the whole class this question and all of our class answered that the two trucks would have a tie(since all of their features are identical). To our surprise our teacher answered that the 1000kg of cotton would be the first them the 1000kg of nails would catch up. Our teacher then asked us why would the cotton win, so my classmates made some hypothesis why the cotton would win. Like the truck with the 1000kg nails on which the nails were bouncing up and down the truck then one of the nails went through the engine which caused the truck to explode or one the other truck was made of cotton. His answer to our hypothesis was that it was wrong since we were making assumptions since there were parts that was not in his given question My question is that does the cotton, the nails or both win? (I really have no idea on why the answer is cotton. For me I strongly believe that the answer is both. The teacher even called us "slow" because we could not explain why the cotton would win.)sorry for the bad grammar submitted by /u/1234Name4321 [link] [comments]

According to quantum physics, electrons can technically be anywhere in the universe, but I learned in my physical science class (8th grade) that in each electron shell of an atom, there is a maximum amount of electrons that it can hold. Don’t these two ideas contradict each other? Posted: 25 Feb 2019 10:03 PM PST I watched a few short YouTube videos about quantum physics, and they said that electrons can technically be anywhere, but this contradicts what I learned in class. If the innermost shell, for example, is already full, but electrons can technically be anywhere, could another electron still just ride over into the innermost shell? Does this mean that there are limits to "electrons can be anywhere"? Or do laws of quantum physics just not apply here (I feel like I heard that before)? Forgive me if this is pretty much a stupid question, but I'm uneducated in physics, especially quantum physics, so when I thought about these two concepts and put them together, they didn't make sense. Thanks! submitted by /u/throwaway1590337 [link] [comments]

Why doesn't it lightning and thunder during snow storms like it does in rainstorms? Posted: 25 Feb 2019 05:13 PM PST Is there something drastically different about the clouds producing the precipitation? submitted by /u/LaBuddaMyBiscuit [link] [comments]

Is it theoretically possible to melt wood in extremely hot temperatures in the absence of oxygen and an ember? Posted: 25 Feb 2019 09:33 PM PST I've always wondered this and I finally remembered to be able to ask this sub submitted by /u/imaaronman [link] [comments]

In regular blended gasoline with some percentage of butane or other volatile hydrocarbons, why do they not just immediately evaporate from the gasoline once stored in a vented tank? Posted: 25 Feb 2019 10:12 PM PST submitted by /u/novaft2 [link] [comments]

Why our sight gets blurry when we are tired? Posted: 25 Feb 2019 10:09 PM PST When i´m tired, my sight starts to get blurry, and I need to rub my eye with my hand to "clean" it, why is this? submitted by /u/SrFodonis [link] [comments]

How do space suits protects astronauts from space? Posted: 25 Feb 2019 09:35 PM PST Is there a limit to how long a person can stay out in space to both hot and cold extremes? submitted by /u/cellardoorProgrammer [link] [comments]

Is the stellar life-cycle of a Pop I star affected by the gravitational absorption of heavy elements in its accretion disk from progenitor Pop II and III stars? Posted: 26 Feb 2019 06:25 AM PST Every observable solid gravitational body in the solar system exhibits impact craters, so it would seem obvious that the Sun would be impacted by as much, and probably much more asteroid and comet material than the planets and moons. It seems the absorption of elements heavier than iron would shorten the lifespan of a star. Just wondering if any astrophysicists have modeled this, or even put any thought into it? One could imagine, that if this is true, heavier elements would tend to build up as the universe ages, forming a trend toward denser bodies over time. submitted by /u/jdouglittle [link] [comments]

Is lead only dangerous through physical contact and/or ingestion? Can you also get lead poisoning through proximity? Posted: 25 Feb 2019 09:40 PM PST How would I check a vacuum insulated bottle for lead? Is it just the solder point on the bottom? Or the powder coated paint as well? Would I need to check the inside of the bottle too? What's the best home kit? submitted by /u/Thomastran911 [link] [comments]

existence of a triple point? Posted: 25 Feb 2019 08:20 AM PST given that water needs to boil to vapourise and needs to freeze to solidify, how is there a certain set of Pressure and Absolute Temperature at which water (or any other substance) exist as solid, liquid and gas? submitted by /u/legitmxn [link] [comments]

How do ring laser gyroscopes work? Posted: 25 Feb 2019 09:05 PM PST I heard (I think) they were used in an experiment to measure the rotational speed of the Earth. I dunno how though submitted by /u/Archlor [link] [comments]

When the daylight per day is longer, why is more daylight added to the evening hours than the morning hours? Posted: 26 Feb 2019 05:28 AM PST The shortest period of daylight in my area is 7:30 am - 4:30 pm and the longest period of daylight is 5:30 am - 8:30 pm. There's a 2 hour difference in the starting point and a 4 hour difference in the end point. Why is that? submitted by /u/BlueSky1877 [link] [comments]

How does Lamotrigine treat depression if it suppresses the release of both glutamate and aspartate? Posted: 25 Feb 2019 09:51 PM PST I've been trying to understand Lamictal's mechanisms of action for someone with unipolar depression since it's mainly prescribed for bipolar disorder and epilepsy. I have major depressive disorder and general anxiety disorder, however the medication actually decreases GABA levels, which should, in theory, increase anxiety; I've been prescribed gabapentin for anxiety in the past and it was effective. The only information I've found regarding Lamictal's action on depression is that it has some effect on sigma receptor activity. Since the medication is approved by the FDA for bipolar disorder and mania, and is only given off-label for depression, wouldn't Lamictal bring down my mood as well? submitted by /u/mayagabby [link] [comments]

How can life exist if it is essentially a form of ‘Anti-Entropy’ ? Does life’s existence defy the law of entropy in the universe? Posted: 25 Feb 2019 10:51 PM PST submitted by /u/FreeSpeechEnthusiast [link] [comments]

Do all isotopes of elements get a unique name? Posted: 25 Feb 2019 12:42 PM PST So I was learning about isotopes today, and I learned that the main three stable Hydrogen isotopes all have a unique name: Protium, Deuterium, and Tritium. When I looked at Helium, I noticed that there is Diproton and Helion, but I couldn't find a name for H-4, which is the most stable of the Helium isotopes. Is there a name? Do all of the stable isotopes have a unique name, and where can I see them? submitted by /u/runningforpresident [link] [comments]

Why isn't the entire ocean illuminated at night? Posted: 26 Feb 2019 12:41 AM PST On a clear night by the sea, I can visibly see a light source coming down from the moon and illuminating a section of the ocean. This section has a width of maybe 10 meters. Now here's the interesting part, no matter how far I walk across the shore, I am NEVER in-front of that light source. It is always just ahead of me, never changing in width and intensity. Therefore, why isn't the entire ocean illuminated by this light and why is it always just ahead of me. If it is always just ahead of me then in reality the whole ocean should be lit up and there should be no dark parts. I can obviously assume it's a optical illusion, but I'd like to understand the mechanics of what is actually happening. Thanks Login submitted by /u/Loginwars [link] [comments]

If you had a ship that can accelerate forever is it possible to maintain a constant perceived (such as 1G) acceleration for all occupants as you approach the speed of light? Posted: 25 Feb 2019 12:38 PM PST I imagine the energy requirement increases as the Lorenz factor increases, but I'm not sure what the subjective acceleration experience is as one approaches the speed of light. submitted by /u/LaconicLacedaemonian [link] [comments]

Are visual inputs in the center of your retina processed and perceived faster than those in your retina's periphery? Posted: 25 Feb 2019 09:53 PM PST Ok, so perfect example: I'm sitting here in my car looking at my phone, scrolling up and down Reddit. In the upper left corner of my left eye, I can see my phone's reflection in my left front window. Now, I SWEAR TO GOD, I'm seeing the reflection in the corner of my eye happen slightly after the scrolling that I see happening on my phone in the center of my vision. Like maybe a few miliseconds after. Every time I scroll. Now, assuming light speed is too fast to notice this difference, my guess is the time dilation happens in my brain somewhere. I know the fovea is the most sensitive part of vision. But, is it actually so important to survival that the brain processes information in the fovea before it processes information outside the fovea? Meaning, we become consciously aware of phenomena from our fovea before we become aware of phenomena from outside our foveas? So, am I crazy? Or, am I really seeing the same event essentially happen twice in my head due to seeing it from different places in my eye? submitted by /u/Master_Vicen [link] [comments]

Are there any stable/long lifetime exotic atoms that can conceivably be produced with today's technology? Posted: 25 Feb 2019 08:34 PM PST By "long lifetime" I mean a timescale comprehensible by good ol' human intuition. By "conceivable" I mean within 1ish order of magnitude of current accelerator energies, and involving particles with long enough lifetimes to interact with each other. Like, positronium and positronium compounds have already been identified, but they decay on the scale of nanoseconds. Alternatively: Is there any theoretical obstacle to producing macroscopic collections of exotic atoms, under laboratory conditions? submitted by /u/semiconductress [link] [comments]

Are Life Expectancy Calculation Methods Homogeneous Between Countries, Agencies and Organizations? Posted: 25 Feb 2019 05:50 PM PST Is there some set standard on how to calculate life expectancy for a population? Is it simply some sort of leading average of the age in which people died? Or is it more complicated than that? Where can I find the data sets that are used to calculate life expectancy? I want to better understand death rates and I feel like the only way to do that is to understand how it is calculated first. submitted by /u/Tasty-Tyrone [link] [comments]

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