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Wednesday, February 20, 2019

How are underwater tunnels built? (Such as the one from Copenhagen to Malmö) Additionally, what steps and precautions are taken to ensure it will not flood both during and after construction?

How are underwater tunnels built? (Such as the one from Copenhagen to Malmö) Additionally, what steps and precautions are taken to ensure it will not flood both during and after construction?


How are underwater tunnels built? (Such as the one from Copenhagen to Malmö) Additionally, what steps and precautions are taken to ensure it will not flood both during and after construction?

Posted: 19 Feb 2019 03:40 PM PST

Why can we understand a language but not speak it?

Posted: 20 Feb 2019 05:03 AM PST

For example, my parents are Arabic, we can all speak it pretty well except for my brother, he understands perfectly what we say, but he answers in a different language, he didn't grow up in a different environment than ours, so I was wondering how is it possible to understand a language but not being able to talk it. P.S. I don't know if the flair is correct, if it's wrong can the mods change it?

submitted by /u/ReallyIntoIcedTea
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How did the suez canal affect the Mediterranean and the red sea?

Posted: 19 Feb 2019 07:46 AM PST

So how did it affect these?

I don't mean how it affected humankind but did it create a new current? Did it bring fish and other sea life from one to the other and has it flourished?

Basically how did it affect nature? Or did it simply not?

submitted by /u/DeafeningMilk
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How long ago did the platypus split off from other mammals? Why does the platypus have several distinct features not found elsewhere in combination? What genetic or fossil evidence supports the theories?

Posted: 20 Feb 2019 12:04 AM PST

AskScience AMA Series: We are Massive Science. We're closing the gap between scientists and the public. We're here to answer your questions about science communication and the best ways to merge art and science. AUA!

Posted: 20 Feb 2019 04:00 AM PST

Writing about science is hard. How do you get people to read and care about, let alone believe in, scientific research? We're Nadja Oertelt and Allan Lasser. In 2017 we founded Massive Science, a science media company. We had the idea that scientists could work closer with real editors to tell more interesting and accurate stories themselves. We're creating new opportunities for scientists in storytelling and communication so the public can get access to insights only they have. Joining us are our two scientist editors, Dan Samorodnitsky and Gabi Serrato-Marks, as well as some members of our science community. AUA!

PS: Don't forget to sign up for our newsletter here!

submitted by /u/AskScienceModerator
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What type of protection do astronauts have from cosmic radiation while in space and how effective is it?

Posted: 20 Feb 2019 05:47 AM PST

does amount of self-esteem and amount of compassion have some relation?

Posted: 20 Feb 2019 01:56 AM PST

Are stars in different locations than we perceive?

Posted: 19 Feb 2019 10:23 PM PST

I was listening to a podcast and it got me thinking, how much does gravity effect starlight? Is our perception of a stars location altered by gravity?

submitted by /u/cornu63
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Ask Anything Wednesday - Biology, Chemistry, Neuroscience, Medicine, Psychology

Posted: 20 Feb 2019 07:11 AM PST

Welcome to our weekly feature, Ask Anything Wednesday - this week we are focusing on Biology, Chemistry, Neuroscience, Medicine, Psychology

Do you have a question within these topics you weren't sure was worth submitting? Is something a bit too speculative for a typical /r/AskScience post? No question is too big or small for AAW. In this thread you can ask any science-related question! Things like: "What would happen if...", "How will the future...", "If all the rules for 'X' were different...", "Why does my...".

Asking Questions:

Please post your question as a top-level response to this, and our team of panellists will be here to answer and discuss your questions.

The other topic areas will appear in future Ask Anything Wednesdays, so if you have other questions not covered by this weeks theme please either hold on to it until those topics come around, or go and post over in our sister subreddit /r/AskScienceDiscussion , where every day is Ask Anything Wednesday! Off-theme questions in this post will be removed to try and keep the thread a manageable size for both our readers and panellists.

Answering Questions:

Please only answer a posted question if you are an expert in the field. The full guidelines for posting responses in AskScience can be found here. In short, this is a moderated subreddit, and responses which do not meet our quality guidelines will be removed. Remember, peer reviewed sources are always appreciated, and anecdotes are absolutely not appropriate. In general if your answer begins with 'I think', or 'I've heard', then it's not suitable for /r/AskScience.

If you would like to become a member of the AskScience panel, please refer to the information provided here.

Past AskAnythingWednesday posts can be found here.

Ask away!

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Are there any known logical paradoxes in 3 valued logic systems?

Posted: 20 Feb 2019 06:54 AM PST

Many logical paradoxes seem to resolve with the edition of a "null" truth value, like the Liar's Paradox. It just made curious if adding a third values solves all known paradoxes, or if it's sort of like trying to slay a hydra and more stuff just keep cropping up.

submitted by /u/iaswob
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Why do we get brain Freeze?

Posted: 19 Feb 2019 09:03 PM PST

Why do eukaryotes have introns?

Posted: 20 Feb 2019 05:38 AM PST

Why do prokaryotes not? Introns early? Late? Somewhere in between?

submitted by /u/mouldymushrooms
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How common is egg temperature sex selection in reptiles? What evolutionary advantages does this confer?

Posted: 19 Feb 2019 04:24 PM PST

I'm aware that in some large reptiles (alligators, crocodiles, sea turtles) the sex of individuals is determined by the average egg temperature rather than X/Y chromosomes or other similar mechanism. Is this very common amongst reptiles?

I'm also curious about how this trait developed. Are there some advantages to having more males/females born when it is warmer or cooler? Perhaps food availability relative to future breeding conditions?

On a side note, I'm assuming that global warming is going to start negatively impacting these species' demographics, if it hasn't already.

submitted by /u/PsychoPhrog
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If it takes approximately three days to get to the moon. How much of that time would be spent decelerating to make a safe landing?

Posted: 19 Feb 2019 09:15 PM PST

Do planetary rings rise and set from the perspective of someone on the surface of a planet?

Posted: 19 Feb 2019 07:51 PM PST

If I were standing on the surface of Saturn and there were no clouds between me and the rings, would they move in reference to me? The Earth's moon rises and sets but would rings do the same thing?

submitted by /u/Valjeann
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How does acetic acid (vinegar) work to kill off bacteria and germs? Why won't it kill off your good gut bacteria?

Posted: 19 Feb 2019 08:32 PM PST

Who discovered the optical prism? How?

Posted: 19 Feb 2019 04:08 PM PST

I'm aware of Newton's discoveries using the prism, I'm asking how the prism itself came to be. Was it just by chance someone came across the prisms shape?

So far my googling has only turned up Newton's results and how he discovered the spectrum of colors.

Thank you in advance.

submitted by /u/wvurower
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How are mountain ridges formed?

Posted: 19 Feb 2019 10:34 PM PST

Can a pendulum clock run in centrifugal artificial gravity?

Posted: 19 Feb 2019 01:01 PM PST

On theoretical space habitats where gravity is simulated by the habitat being a spinning ring where 'down' is 'out', would a pendulum clock like a grandfather clock be able to run? It's been a while since high school physic but as far as I can tell the (main? only?) forces acting on the clock would be the acceleration to the side from it's outward movement being deflected and possibly normal force with the floor but I think they might be the same force in this case.

So, without the constant acceleration from gravity but with the as far as I can guess constant centrifugal force would a pendulum clock work? Would you have to mount it on an angle because 'gravity' wouldn't go straight down? Could a pendulum of a given length have a different period because of the potential difference in magnitude of the centrifugal force compared to gravity?

submitted by /u/gooby_the_shooby
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how are the Inflammatory response and depression linked?

Posted: 19 Feb 2019 05:49 PM PST

I am analyzing a study "Depressive-Like Behavior, its Sensitization, Social Buffering and Altered Cytokine Responses in Rhesus Macaques Moved from Outdoor Social Groups to Indoor Housing" it talks a lot about interleukin-1β plus tumour necrosis factor-α but i am having trouble understanding their relationship in depression. How would increased inflammatory markers be a sign of depression? How are they related?

submitted by /u/oneofthewaiting
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Do masculine and feminine nouns in romance languages shape gender roles in those countries where it's primarily spoken?

Posted: 19 Feb 2019 09:16 AM PST

I know that all nouns in Spanish are masculine and feminine but some occupations like lawyer is"el abogado" and teacher is " la profesora". Does that affect gender roles in those countries? Are men more likely to become lawyers because of the association of lawyer with men via the noun (same with women and teachers)?

Not sure of the occupational demographics of those countries so these terms could be bad examples.

Marking this a social science since it deals with more in the realm of sociology more than linguistics but I would really love to know the origin of these nouns as well!

submitted by /u/Guardian_Of_Pigs
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How does flash photography affect paintings?

Posted: 19 Feb 2019 12:29 PM PST

How often do we expect to see new stars?

Posted: 20 Feb 2019 12:52 AM PST

After reading that "What's at the edge of the universe" article on Gizmodo this week, I got to wondering: Based on the distribution of known stars, how often would we expect new ones to become visible? Assuming we pointed a telescope at a specific spot in the sky and captured an image today of all of the stars in its field, how long would we expect it to take before a snapshot of the same section of sky showed something new (to us)? Understanding that the nearest star to our solar system is 4.3 light years away, would we expect to see something new ~ every 4 years? Much longer? Much shorter?

submitted by /u/Stig707
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Tuesday, February 19, 2019

Do men and women have different wrinkle patterns due to genetic or facial expression dimorphisms?

Do men and women have different wrinkle patterns due to genetic or facial expression dimorphisms?


Do men and women have different wrinkle patterns due to genetic or facial expression dimorphisms?

Posted: 18 Feb 2019 08:32 AM PST

How do islands, created entirely from volcanic activity, eventually become fertile? How does the volcanic glass deteriorate into fertile soil?

Posted: 18 Feb 2019 08:20 AM PST

Why do advances in animal models rarely translate to equally functional & effective therapies?

Posted: 19 Feb 2019 05:38 AM PST

I understand that there are fundamental differences in biology between animal models and humans. However, I don't think I have a clear answer as to what broad categories of issues might be responsible for the aforementioned failure of successes in animal models to translate to human therapeutics and I was hoping someone could explain. Enormous amounts of funding go to these therapeutic developments each year, surely someone must have discussed this discrepancy.

submitted by /u/ambystom4
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How are electromagnetic waves used to detect aircraft?

Posted: 19 Feb 2019 03:22 AM PST

Pretty much what the title says - I'm wondering about the way in which electromagnetics can be used to detect things such as aircraft and missiles? And what types of commonly used electromagnetic 'fields' (if this is the right term) there are?

Thanks

submitted by /u/fenbug
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Medicine where a side effect is weight gain- does the medicine increase your appetite, or slow down your metabolism?

Posted: 19 Feb 2019 04:21 AM PST

does the torque required to pop a wheelie change with wheelbase?

Posted: 19 Feb 2019 06:36 AM PST

I know the basics of a vehicle getting front tires off the ground. Changing the weight balance and guaranteeing a lot of traction. My question is as the title says, torque.

submitted by /u/Hrdcorjewsbox
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Can someone with multiple personality disorder develop different physiological characteristics (allergies, for example) for different personalities?

Posted: 19 Feb 2019 06:35 AM PST

It is said that altitude sickness generally sets in at around 8,000 feet. If someone lives above sea level (say 5,000 feet or so) do they have to go higher before experiencing altitude sickness?

Posted: 18 Feb 2019 03:42 PM PST

I'm wondering if someone who lives higher up (but below the "normal" threshold for altitude sickness) has a higher tolerance than someone living at sea level. For instance, it might take the average person living at 5,000 to go up to 12,000 feet to really feel the effects instead of 8,000. Or even more interesting, would someone who lives at 1,000-2,000 feet (which is very low still) have a slightly higher tolerance vs. someone who lives at sea level? Or is it totally irrelevant and you don't start acclimatizing until 8,000 feet or so?

submitted by /u/LicensedAttorney2016
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What is DDos? And how does a 'DDos protection service' like CloudFlare work?

Posted: 18 Feb 2019 10:38 PM PST

What is the sound of the "crack" of a baseball bat?

Posted: 18 Feb 2019 01:45 PM PST

Spring training is upon us as are the sights and sounds of baseball. One of the most recognizable sounds is the sound made when the bat makes contact with the ball. Its a great sound to anyone who loves baseball. I was curious though, what is that sound, and what is happening there? Also why the sound is slightly, for lack of a better word, different when it comes to certain players? Thanks for any help on this and continuing to count down the days until April!

submitted by /u/Zoomspoon
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Black Holes exist under every solar system or just spread around the universe without any same location? (Sorry for the bad English, I am Brazilian)

Posted: 19 Feb 2019 05:37 AM PST

Edit: I am not saying all Brazilians don't speak well English and also I am using Grammarly.

submitted by /u/LFDA1411
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What is the reason people aren’t supposed to eat very much after starving for a prolonged period?

Posted: 18 Feb 2019 12:45 PM PST

How exactly does the body "burn" fat?

Posted: 19 Feb 2019 05:22 AM PST

Is it transformed to something else? Is it eliminated from the body?

submitted by /u/NachoSpy01
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Why is the potential difference across a diode constant after breakdown voltage even if the battery voltage is increased?

Posted: 19 Feb 2019 12:21 AM PST

What happens to our body when we train ourselves to hold our breathe for longer periods of time?

Posted: 18 Feb 2019 09:46 PM PST

Chemically, what makes a substance a good lubricant?

Posted: 18 Feb 2019 06:26 AM PST

What material to use for IR reflector?

Posted: 19 Feb 2019 02:43 AM PST

I need a very reflective material in the NIR-spectrum (about 850nm) but easily deformable like a plastic.

I know this is not the right subreddit for it but it's the best I know and it's not against the rules.

submitted by /u/Shrevel
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What happens to animals that migrate to spawning grounds they came from if those same spawning grounds have now disappeared?

Posted: 18 Feb 2019 06:57 PM PST

Let's say a new dam went up, or a landslide, or some other event took away spawning grounds. Do those animals just find the nearest one to that?

submitted by /u/jimmy__jazz
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Are larger numbers "closer" to infinity?

Posted: 18 Feb 2019 01:50 PM PST

For example: is 10 closer to infinity than 1?

submitted by /u/DtownMaverick
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How do doctors know the prescription for glasses for babies/children who are too young to do the usual sight tests?

Posted: 18 Feb 2019 07:18 AM PST

Can we completely replace someone’s blood with another person’s blood? Assuming compatible blood types, what are other conditions?

Posted: 18 Feb 2019 01:16 PM PST

Is the moon in perpetual motion? Can we create a perpetual motion using Earth's orbit, or at least something very close to it?

Posted: 19 Feb 2019 01:28 AM PST

We can't achieve a perpetual system due to entropy. What about something like the moon? Throughout human history, has it distanced itself in anyway from the Earth?

And do satellites stay up there forever?

submitted by /u/oxhaed
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How do plants heal damaged tissue?

Posted: 18 Feb 2019 03:37 PM PST

How do rockets keep themselves stable during liftoff when the main source of thrust if coming from the bottom?

Posted: 18 Feb 2019 10:58 AM PST

I always imagined it like balancing a pencil on the table, but what keeps the rocket from tipping over?

submitted by /u/itisme123see
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Monday, February 18, 2019

Research is suggesting that hormones in the womb are a major factor in determining a person's sexuality. Has there been any research on whether the hormones and hormone analogs we use in modern industrial society are influencing this process?

Research is suggesting that hormones in the womb are a major factor in determining a person's sexuality. Has there been any research on whether the hormones and hormone analogs we use in modern industrial society are influencing this process?


Research is suggesting that hormones in the womb are a major factor in determining a person's sexuality. Has there been any research on whether the hormones and hormone analogs we use in modern industrial society are influencing this process?

Posted: 17 Feb 2019 04:58 PM PST

How do driverless cars detect and deal with ice and snow, especially when it comes to braking?

Posted: 17 Feb 2019 04:40 PM PST

As a seasoned winter driver, I often have to anticipate stopping distance and turn speed based on the road conditions ahead. You could be on a plowed patch of a main road, and then turn onto a snowy/icy side street.

How do driverless cars deal with these conditions? Do they also "see" or is it based on the tire traction?

submitted by /u/0000000000000007
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If we shed layers of skin cells all the time, how come moles/skin tags dont shed as well?

Posted: 17 Feb 2019 02:48 PM PST

How does shape affect the strength of a spring?

Posted: 17 Feb 2019 09:04 PM PST

I've heard that a coil is a more efficient spring shape than a leaf. And just looking at the relative sizes of automotive coil springs VS their leaf counterparts, I believe it. But I've been looking for a way to express that mathematically, or a way to determine the springiness (I believe thats expressed as elastic potential?) of a spring shape, and I can't find an adequate reference. Can anyone point me in the right direction?

submitted by /u/allaboardthebantrain
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How is food poisoning tracked back to a common source?

Posted: 17 Feb 2019 06:10 PM PST

Especially when it is widespread across a large area. This kind of has 2 parts:

  1. How would doctors know to even start looking for a common cause instead of assuming a given case is just local and not part of a widespread outbreak?
  2. What is the procedure or linking multiple cases of food poisoning? How do they then trace multiple cases back to a source?

Do hospitals and doctored quiz people on their last few meals and then submit it to some kind of central database? Does the FDA or USDA get involved? Like assuming even 500 people got food poisoning in a region with millions of people and all went to different providers for treatment, what would make all those different doctors and hospitals take action do determine that this was widespread and not just assume it was a localized incident?

submitted by /u/acvdk
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Do all forms of water (protium water, deuterium water etc.) lose density upon freezing? Or are there any forms that remain as dense in both liquid and solid states?

Posted: 17 Feb 2019 03:34 PM PST

How can a real physical system have no analytical solution?

Posted: 17 Feb 2019 05:22 PM PST

Hi r/askscience,

I have a question that is part physics, part math and maybe even part philosophy. Anyways, I was wondering how real systems can exist but can't be solved analytically. I get that you can make an equation that can only be solved numerically. But I am a little confused at how real systems can end up with a definitive value if they cannot be solved exactly. Is humanity's knowledge of mathematics just limited and there is an exact solution we can get without approximating? Or if we know an equation or system of equations cannot be solved, how does the universe know what to do? I know this query is a bit vague, but hopefully somebody understands what I'm getting at. Any help or a push in the right direction of other helpful information would be appreciated! Thanks.

submitted by /u/InsideAvocado
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Why do strawberries lose their color when you cook them?

Posted: 17 Feb 2019 03:26 PM PST

From my 8 year old daughter- when I cooked a strawberry cobbler, I noticed that some of the strawberries had turned white after cooking. I looked, but Google was no help. So, why do they lose their color when cooked?

submitted by /u/Vandy_95
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Why are Vitamins added to soy milk/almond milk?

Posted: 17 Feb 2019 05:31 PM PST

Vitamins such as D, and various types of B vitamins are added to the ingredients. Are these considered supplements? And do we actually reap the benefits of the added vitamins?

submitted by /u/ProblematicReporter
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How far away are we from ocular implants? (tiny cameras in our eye-sockets?)

Posted: 17 Feb 2019 07:46 PM PST

My vision is slowly going. Good thing my glasses still work alright.

And instead of LASIK someday, I'd rather wear ocular implants that can also zoom in and out, record video, see infrared (and other visual frequencies) and do much more than original 20/20 eyes can.

So how is the development of ocular implants coming along these days?

And when will we have practical, working ocular implants ready to be installed in the blind?

submitted by /u/Inagnusnah
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If a human body suddenly got sucked up into outer space what would happen to the human body? Why wouldn’t humans flash freeze?

Posted: 17 Feb 2019 03:44 PM PST

Why does bismuth form square crystals and not triangle or hegagonal?

Posted: 17 Feb 2019 05:12 PM PST

Is it something to do with the atomic level?

submitted by /u/Beserkhobo
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Why is the salinity of the worlds oceans not constant?

Posted: 17 Feb 2019 03:48 PM PST

[Space]: Do the craters on the 'light'-side of the moon (the side facing us) mean that those meteorites just barely missed us? How did this side get hit, when it's always facing earth?

Posted: 17 Feb 2019 10:28 AM PST

Does your brain "compute" physics or does it "go from experience"?

Posted: 17 Feb 2019 11:58 AM PST

Let's say i'm trying to throw a ball at a target.

When I take aim, does my brain try to calculate the physics "behind the scenes" or is it more like "the last few times I threw a ball this heavy this hard with this wind, it'll land about there"?

submitted by /u/EyeofEnder
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Is the air quality during the night-time in an urban area typically better or worse than during the day?

Posted: 17 Feb 2019 06:53 AM PST

I typically open the windows at night (during summer) to let the cool air in and get some "fresh air" into the house. Initially I thought this air would be better quality since most of the traffic has stopped and the roads/buildings have been quiet for a while.

However, some internet sources seem to indicate the opposite - that air quality is worse at night and better either in the morning or afternoon. But no source seemed conclusive or seemed to offer a reasonable scientific explanation as to why they reached their conclusion or to back up the data.

Would it matter where you were as well, in terms of climate factors (e.g. say the east vs. west coast, etc.)? Thanks.

submitted by /u/appleception
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Why is there a 2 dose and 3 dose schedule for guardasil, and why does age matter?

Posted: 17 Feb 2019 01:04 PM PST

Guardasil can be administered as a 2 dose schedule if the patient is under 15, but a 3 dose schedule is required if the patient is over 15. Biologically what happens at 15 to cause another dose to be required?

Is there any documentation of the effectiveness of an adult following the 2 dose schedule? I assume that first dose takes a while to become effective. Is there some kind of a graph showing when it is most effective?

submitted by /u/Newlyopeninutah
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How are old medications destroyed when returned to pharmacies?

Posted: 17 Feb 2019 08:28 AM PST

In the formation of an extra-tropical cyclone in the Northern Hemisphere, is there a difference in the circulation pattern between the occlusion stage and the bent-back occlusion stage?

Posted: 17 Feb 2019 03:45 PM PST

My textbook says that when an occluded front forms, the upper level pattern now features closed circulation almost directly above the surface cyclone (i.e. it is nearly vertically stacked). It then goes on to say that such cyclones may continue deepening, forming a bent-back occlusion in which a closed, nearly vertically-stacked system that is troposphere-deep (and moves very slowly) develops.

Is there a difference here? Or is the textbook just doing a mediocre job of saying that closed, nearly vertically stacked circulation occurs with the formation of the occluded front?

Thank you!

submitted by /u/klcurrie
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Why is there a mass defect in nuclear fusion?

Posted: 17 Feb 2019 03:15 PM PST

I am doing a physics project on nuclear fusion. I understand mass is energy due to Einstein's equation and understand that energy is released during fusion due to a mass defect between the nuclei fused and the helium/neutron produced. My question is why is there a mass change. Why is a helium-4 nucleus + a neutron lighter than a deuterium nucleus and a tritium nucleus even though the amount of neutrons/protons on either side of the fusion is the same?

submitted by /u/HappyGetRekt
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Are there any volcanoes in which the lava/magma is primarily iron? What are the prominent elements found in volcanoes?

Posted: 17 Feb 2019 10:33 AM PST

How does a computer know what a coding language is? How does it know the meaning of the english words you write within the code?

Posted: 17 Feb 2019 05:13 PM PST

Like when you're writing words like "Return" or "True/False", how could a silicon rectangle "know" what that means?

submitted by /u/Callmeroll
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