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Tuesday, February 12, 2019

How rapidly (or not) does a newborn star "ignite" once it reaches critical mass? Hours, days, years?

How rapidly (or not) does a newborn star "ignite" once it reaches critical mass? Hours, days, years?


How rapidly (or not) does a newborn star "ignite" once it reaches critical mass? Hours, days, years?

Posted: 11 Feb 2019 06:17 PM PST

Are glaciers moving non-stop or is the movement staggered?

Posted: 12 Feb 2019 07:39 AM PST

Are they constantly on the move like a monolithic snail or do they move abruptly in response to their weight/environmental changes? Or neither, or both?

submitted by /u/Sun-lun
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Is there anything analogous to relativistic velocity for angular velocity i.e. is there something as relativistic angular velocity?

Posted: 12 Feb 2019 04:45 AM PST

I have just learned about the Theory of Special Relativity and understood the constancy of speed of light and how that translates into the theory. I was wondering that if there was an upper limit like speed of light to the angular velocity of an object? I know that angular velocity and linear velocity are two different things but my question is that what would happen if the numerical value of angular velocity were to be equal to the speed of light maybe like 'c' rad/s(if possible at all). Is there a concept of relativity in case of rotating bodies or how is the theory of special relativity translated in rotational mechanics?

submitted by /u/ClarkDale123
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Why do planets' rotational axes tilt?

Posted: 12 Feb 2019 08:01 AM PST

Why are planets not oriented perpendicular to the point they are orbiting around?

submitted by /u/rootstein
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At present, what can quantum computers do that classical computers can't?

Posted: 11 Feb 2019 11:32 PM PST

This question was asked 9 months ago in https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/8c8es7/at_present_what_can_quantum_computers_do_that/

Have there been any new developments since then?

submitted by /u/LlewellynS96
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Has the proportion of sedimentary and metamorphic rock increased as Earth has aged?

Posted: 12 Feb 2019 03:00 AM PST

Is the size of an anechoic chamber important? How tiny could you make it until it would stop working?

Posted: 12 Feb 2019 04:52 AM PST

I would like to build one myself, maybe even one with the size of a shipping box. would that still work?

submitted by /u/floriancarl
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Was the 2014-2016 outbreak of Ebola the first Human Ebola case in the US?

Posted: 12 Feb 2019 08:03 AM PST

With Nat Geo's latest mini series their trailer is really contradictory to the actual book, the book was mainly about the reston mutation, while it did infect a few humans they didnt produce symptoms and if I remeber correctly they weren't infectious?

Where as the trailer portrays US citizens being infected with ebola as a few scenes shows US soldiers (side note it's supposed to be M88 pattern camp but it's a pretty terrible version of M88) carting some infected civilians...

submitted by /u/mcbride-bushman
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What is a multi-chromosomal hub?

Posted: 12 Feb 2019 07:56 AM PST

Would it be possible to put a definitive end point on certain infinite numbers like pi if we used a mathematics system that wasn't base 10?

Posted: 11 Feb 2019 08:27 PM PST

When did life evolve sleep?

Posted: 11 Feb 2019 11:47 AM PST

As a secondary question, which modern animals don't sleep? Why?

submitted by /u/aquapearl736
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On sky Rotation of the moon is linear?

Posted: 12 Feb 2019 05:58 AM PST

Due to the rotation of the earth the moon seems.to rotate on sky where say the 'right' limb comes up first from behind the horizon and then at moonset touches the ground first. Making it seem like it did a 180 Deg rotation.

I assume that the rate depends on the location on the earth but is it a linear one? Can we assume that if we know moonrise and moonset we can know the angle from the fraction of the path that it made?

E.g. https://www.zabkat.com/blog/bpic/moon2.jpg

submitted by /u/Synethos
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what does silver nitrate do to open wounds? why is it used?

Posted: 11 Feb 2019 08:40 PM PST

i have an open wound that isnt healing from an operation and have revision surgery scheduled for next week. in the mean time, both my orthopedic surgeon abd my plastic surgeon have put silver nitrate on it to cauterize it. but is that all it does? why silver nitrate instead of electrical cauterization? why does it color your tissue such a gross grey color? my granulation tissue that the doc put the silver nitrate on today kinda sloughed off tonight when changing dressing. why does silver nitrate do that to tissue, and how can that be beneficial to wound healing?

submitted by /u/headyslabs
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How does a baby/cells know to create a baby shape?

Posted: 11 Feb 2019 04:11 PM PST

How does an animal "know" to form its shape while being created in the womb?

Why dont babys just come out as something different every time like a kinder surprise?

submitted by /u/Iinzers
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Are black holes hot or cold?

Posted: 11 Feb 2019 08:11 PM PST

Alright so stars obviously burn pretty hot relative to humans, but a question thats been bothering me lately is when something collapses into the singularity of a black hole, is the black hole itself hot or cold if we can even tell. Thanks in advance :)

submitted by /u/drei-im-weggle
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How do we define the nature of quantity"Q"that is to be always conserved in the conservation of energy?

Posted: 12 Feb 2019 03:28 AM PST

Noether's theorem to me explains how a certain defined quantity(Q) is conserved in time(due to the Time translation symmetry), and to be more specific, if we had a ball that is placed in a gravitational field suspended in a height, that ball has a potential energy (Q) that is conserved over time, and if certain translations where to occur, such as the ball falling... that quantity which is initially defined would always be the same regardless of that changes(the ball moving and changing it's height within that gravitational field).

It seems to me, that the initial quantity(Q) has to assumed first then Noether's theorem is applied, but what defines the quantity(Q) and how is it certain that it cannot be created nor destroyed, rather conserved?

For me, there is a gap of understand that is not clear.

submitted by /u/DeltaPhiOverDeltaT
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How long does it take soap to “remove” bacteria?

Posted: 11 Feb 2019 12:12 PM PST

I've seen that the recommended amount of time for washing hands with soap is 20-30 seconds. I know that friction from rubbing is what allows the soap to remove the bacteria from your hands, but is the 20 second rule constant? Is that just to ensure you cover the full surface area of your hands?

If I get my wrist dirty, do I need to rub it with soap for 20 seconds? What about on other materials like ceramic or steel? Does the type of soap impact the amount of time you should spend creating friction (i.e dish soap vs hand soap)?

submitted by /u/QueenNibbler
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How do doctors weigh a fetus in the womb?

Posted: 11 Feb 2019 08:15 PM PST

Seems like there's a lot of factors going on like the weight of the placenta and whatever else is going on. Do they somehow measure the dimensions and assume all babies have the same density?

submitted by /u/MySweetClayton
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Why does heroin constrict one's pupils?

Posted: 11 Feb 2019 06:36 PM PST

Why do some people attract bug bites (mosquitos, black flies) a lot more than others?

Posted: 11 Feb 2019 09:48 AM PST

I've been an insect magnet all my life. I'll be walking in the woods, covered in DEET, with pale long clothes tightened at the ends alongside friends in shorts without repellent and I'll still end up being eaten to death while they get the occasional bite. What is there in my blood, or on my skin that attracts the mosquitos? Is there anything that can be done?

submitted by /u/Gaboury
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Why is dimethylMercury highly toxic, while ethylMercury is safe?

Posted: 11 Feb 2019 08:53 AM PST

I recently saw a video by "Chubbyemu", in which he shows the symptoms of a scientist who comes into contact with dimethylMercury. How does this cause so much neurological damage, while ethylMercury is safe to use, such as in vaccines?

Edit: And what is the chemical reason for this? What makes dimethylMercury lipophilic, causing it to stay in fatty tissue for large amounts of time, while ethylMercury clears from the body much faster ?

submitted by /u/wangl3
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Why is terminal dehydration known to cause mild euphoria?

Posted: 11 Feb 2019 08:18 PM PST

Dehydration has been known to cause a sense of "mild euphoria", provided no intravenous is used. - Wiki citation 7

Would also add the psychology flair if I could.

submitted by /u/Lone_Narrator
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How do opticians know what prescription glasses to give babies/toddlers?

Posted: 11 Feb 2019 08:37 AM PST

It's not as though the baby can vocalize whether they can see better or worse in a test. Is there just a standard prescription for babies? How can you tell how bad their eyes are, or if it's near or far sighted?

submitted by /u/DoctrDonna
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Monday, February 11, 2019

Can a venomous snake commit suicide by biting itself ?

Can a venomous snake commit suicide by biting itself ?


Can a venomous snake commit suicide by biting itself ?

Posted: 11 Feb 2019 01:56 AM PST

Why do people with Down Syndrome seem to look very similar to each other facially/stature despite their families looking different?

Posted: 10 Feb 2019 02:00 PM PST

Are deep diving Marine mammals like Sperm whales subject to things like the Bends?

Posted: 10 Feb 2019 03:12 PM PST

Why can the Gamma Knife procedure only be used on brain tumors?

Posted: 11 Feb 2019 03:15 AM PST

In 2014 I had a craniotomy followed by Gamma Knife a month later to treat a brain tumor. Gamma Knife is a relatively non-invasive procedure with a high success rate after just one treatment. Everything I've read shows this procedure only can be used on brain tumors. Does this treatment not work on other tumors?

submitted by /u/TheSexyMicrowave
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Why doesn't weapons grade uranium (90% enriched) melt the bombs it sits in while fuel grade (3-5%) needs to be stored in what are basically swimming pools to keep it from melting ?

Posted: 11 Feb 2019 07:09 AM PST

Why does the Nile split?

Posted: 10 Feb 2019 11:30 AM PST

The Nile is arguably one of the most important rivers in the world, and it forms a Delta near the ocean, yet there aren't any large obstacles where it splits, something like a mountain or rock. That being considered, why does it split?

submitted by /u/XxFlamejantexX
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When you drop a battery (or any other a source of electrical energy) into the ocean, why doesn't everyone in the ocean get electrocuted?

Posted: 11 Feb 2019 01:28 AM PST

Can mist be manipulated by static charge?

Posted: 11 Feb 2019 06:49 AM PST

Hi, does anyone know if mist (produced via ultrasonic diffusion) is reactive to static electricity? Or knows of how I may manipulate its movement with static? I know water flowing from a tap can be "bent" when an object with negative/positive charge goes near it. Might the same apply for mist? I tried using an off-the-shelf ion generator to manipulate a small bit of mist, and managed to "coax" the mist out of its container through a small slit.I'm wondering if this could be scaled up, say, by using electrostatic spray guns and water. Would water with the same "charge" from two separate spray guns "repel" each other if I target the two streams toward each other?

I'm also wondering if there is any other kind of "invisible" force that may influence the movement of mist. (e.g. mist when placed in a vacuum would/might fill up the space rapidly).

submitted by /u/nubbins_hamstar
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Can vaccines be inherited?

Posted: 11 Feb 2019 05:40 AM PST

If lets say the mother ( lets name her Karen) of the child had aquired the MMR vaccine during her childhood, but does not want her child to get vaccinated with the same vaccine as she got, is it possible for the child to have inherited the vaccine or is the only possible way for the child to be protected by having the vaccine itself?

submitted by /u/Little2Light
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How does our brain's gaze detection work?

Posted: 11 Feb 2019 07:25 AM PST

What keeps the clouds from freezing during the super cold spells?

Posted: 10 Feb 2019 07:38 PM PST

Why are some types of plastic transparent when heated, but turn white when cooled down?

Posted: 11 Feb 2019 06:42 AM PST

I work in extrusion of different plastics (high density PE, PP) and when it leaves the heated extruder it is perfectly see-through, but turns white when cooled down. For PE (polyethylene) especially the effect is very remarkable. How does heat affect the transparency of polymer plastics?

submitted by /u/n0face76
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What are activated materials? (ITER / Fusion reactors)

Posted: 11 Feb 2019 05:40 AM PST

I've been checking out the website for the ITER project in France, and one thing caught my eye on this page: https://www.iter.org/mach/hotcell

It mentions "Activated materials" what exactly are these materials?

submitted by /u/Always_two_more
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Why aren't sperm attacked by the woman's immune system?

Posted: 10 Feb 2019 07:58 PM PST

Do Lakes Intensify Storms?

Posted: 10 Feb 2019 09:07 PM PST

Do areas that have lakes tend to have stronger storms or heavier rainfall? Or in other words, do storms tend to be stronger over Lakes? I ask because it seems that when it's storming in my area that it looks worse on the bridge that is above a lake and the rain and lightning seems to be stronger in that area.

submitted by /u/YamchaUnderrated21
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Why does John Stenhouse get credit for discovering erythritol when he used a different formula then what is used today?

Posted: 10 Feb 2019 11:56 PM PST

Many sources credit Stenhouse with discovery due to this work (https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/pdf/10.1098/rstl.1848.0004), but Lamy isolated it and gave the correct formula for years later. Evidently Stenhouse's discovery is on page 76 of that source but I can't seem to verify it. Thankful for any help.

submitted by /u/2muchHutch
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Gas giant and ice giant planets exist, but is it possible for "liquid giant" planets to form?

Posted: 10 Feb 2019 03:40 PM PST

If not, then what exactly prevents them from forming?

submitted by /u/DarkMesa
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Why do cats like to knock things off of count tops and tables?

Posted: 10 Feb 2019 09:41 AM PST

My cat has been doing this like crazy lately... There has to be done evolutionary reason, right?

submitted by /u/YoloPudding
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How do you know where to look in the sky to find the oldest stars and galaxies?

Posted: 10 Feb 2019 07:16 PM PST

....and is there a good probability that we could pinpoint the big bang location?

submitted by /u/Truthhasversions
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Why does flipping a quartz clock stator reverse the direction of the motor?

Posted: 10 Feb 2019 08:42 PM PST

I'm currently working on a project that necessitates making a quartz clock run backwards. I found tons of great material online that led to the simple hack of taking the stator plate and flipping it over and re-inserting it back into the coil. However, from a physics perspective I don't understand why this works (after all if you flip change the direction of a nail in the simplest of electromagnets, nothing should change).

I've found some sources (https://backwardstime-moddy.blogspot.com/) that claim the stator is magnetic and has polarity like a horseshoe, hence flipping it over reverses the direction.

However, I also found resources (http://www.engineerguy.com/videos/learn-more/physics-teacher-crane-quartz.pdf) citing that the stator doesn't have polarity. Other sources say the shape of the stator is the cause for direction.

I'd love for someone to help me understand what's truth, and the physics behind it. Thank you!

submitted by /u/reversequartz
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Does heat change the taste of food?

Posted: 10 Feb 2019 01:19 PM PST

Sunday, February 10, 2019

How does the clitoris age?

How does the clitoris age?


How does the clitoris age?

Posted: 09 Feb 2019 05:04 PM PST

Both men and women have nocturnal tumescences, (erections) in their genitals while sleeping due to the lack of norepinephrine in the blood during REM sleep

But as men get older NPT (nocturnal penile tumescences) decrese and if they ever reach full erectile dysfunction they stop completely

My question now goes for women

As women age, do they loose clitoral capacity? Can their clitoris still receive sexual stimulation and respond to it if they're 90 years old for example? Or 100 years?

Do they ever stop getting nocturnal clitoral tumescences?

submitted by /u/ThatGuy1969420
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What happens to the central nervous system of a caterpillar when it turns into a butterfly?

Posted: 10 Feb 2019 02:56 AM PST

So we all know that when a caterpillar hatches it's main purpose is to grow and become "fatter". But after it encapsulates in a cocoon it is dissolved by enzymes into a protein fluid and special cell groups that are called "imaginal discs". Those cells take the nutrients from the fluid to turn into adult body parts. My question is: Is the whole caterpillar/larva dissolved or are certain parts preserved especially the central nervous system? Because the first scenario would mean that it sacrifices itself for a some kind of adult "clone" of itself. All previous memories (I know those are extremely limited in insects) would be lost, creating a new life form with only the genetic information in common.

submitted by /u/LastSmitch
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Why is air resistance proportionally squared to speed?

Posted: 10 Feb 2019 05:23 AM PST

Please explain in geometric terms. Such as( the faster you go, the closer the air molecules become quashed, adding to the resistive force.

Also if you can, please explain mathematically as well.

Thank you

submitted by /u/Stealthsilent
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On water only planets, I've heard the pressure gets so immense at ocean depth that it turns the water into ice, if this is the case, is there an instant cut-off point where water turns to ice? Or does it work like a gradual increase in viscosity (like water -> slushie -> ice cubes -> ice)?

Posted: 09 Feb 2019 06:41 PM PST

Title pretty much says it all, i've just been thinking about it and how it would work. As a bonus question, if we were to travel to the cut off point of the ice and dig through it, how far down could the average human get with current-gen technology?

submitted by /u/TheGoldenWaffle77
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Do galaxies orbit other galaxies?

Posted: 10 Feb 2019 04:22 AM PST

Are the discs of a Golgi body connected to each other?

Posted: 10 Feb 2019 02:27 AM PST

sorry if this is a stupid question

submitted by /u/IsaakPolyphemus
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How much of a role does solar wind play in the earth's climate?

Posted: 10 Feb 2019 12:56 AM PST

I wasn't sure whether to flair this as astronomy, earth sciences, or planetary sciences, but it's certainly not political science and have no intention of stirring that pot. My question basically has to do with the sun's role in our climate, and if there are any notable correlations in our planet's climate trends and other planets in the solar system.

I would imagine that the sun doesn't output a fixed amount of energy and I'd be very surprised if there wasn't a great deal of variance over time. I'm not sure if 'solar wind' is the correct term so please forgive me if the question was ignorantly phrased.

submitted by /u/pringles_prize_pool
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What would happen if the entirety of Antarctica were to melt right now?

Posted: 09 Feb 2019 08:37 PM PST

How would it affect us and the oceans?

submitted by /u/Ryanide1
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Is the black hole of our galaxy, rotating around something else?

Posted: 09 Feb 2019 09:41 PM PST

Is our black hole in place and the entire galaxy rotates around it? Or is it also rotating around something else?

submitted by /u/OmGanesha
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In 2014 the Mayo Clinic cured a woman of multiple myeloma using the measles virus - did anything come of this breakthrough?

Posted: 09 Feb 2019 06:18 PM PST

After over 2,000 nuclear bomb tests having taken place, why has the earth not seen any global repercussions such as nuclear winter or substantial fallout? Have there been any effects on the weather or climate due to nuclear testing?

Posted: 09 Feb 2019 04:54 PM PST

I was watching this video about every known nuclear bomb test throughout history. There are parts throughout history where dozens have been tested in a single year. However, when people discuss nuclear war, the resulting global winter and nuclear fallout are always brought up, and yet we haven't experienced anything like this, to my knowledge.

Of course during a nuclear war, we anticipate the worst-case scenario in which hundreds go off at a single time. However, even during a period where we're testing them very frequently, it seems we don't even experience minuscule effects on our climate.

submitted by /u/SoupFromAfar
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Why does the FCC place occupational limits on non-ionizing RF exposure?

Posted: 09 Feb 2019 11:22 PM PST

The only concrete explanation this paper from the FCC gives (PDF) is the potential for the heating of body tissues. Is that the only current reason?

Edit: When I say "occupational limits," I mean that the warning signs posted about high levels of RF energy are almost always placed for technicians that service transmitters, rather than the public.

submitted by /u/MOX-News
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What is the relationship between phase and enthalpy of a fluid?

Posted: 10 Feb 2019 07:51 AM PST

Not a chemist, but I am using a fluid flow simulator where one can set up a source that pours fluid into a system. The only parameters to set a source by user are flow rate and enthalpy. I assume system's pressure and temperature will define fluid's phase. But what would be the impact of the enthalpy as a parameter that can be set.

submitted by /u/vikmaychib
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Why are turboprops inefficient at high speeds and heights while turbo fans are?

Posted: 09 Feb 2019 10:52 PM PST

Why is there so much variety in hair?

Posted: 09 Feb 2019 08:15 PM PST

There are obviously differences, but most features tend to be the same for most people, and those that are different, like different skin colors, have evolutionary explanations. I'm curious how/why so much variation in hair evolved. There are vastly different achievable lengths, textures, and somewhat colors. Is it just more susceptible to keeping mutations in the population since it has little actual survival benefit? Since different ethnicities seem to have similar textures or colors among themselves, it would seem that certain features do give evolutionary benefits, but I can't imagine what they could be.

submitted by /u/purdueGRADlife
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Are there physical changes happening in the ear when we wake from sleep?

Posted: 10 Feb 2019 07:28 AM PST

I tried googling around for the answer and came across a lot of information about how the brain processes information from the ears during sleep etc, but I'm wondering if there is actual physical movement of parts of the ear when we're in the process of waking up. When I gain consciousness in the morning, I can "sense" (over a very brief period of time, like.. 2 seconds) my hearing coming into focus. I imagine that is probably just my brain booting up but I'm wondering if that also "wakes" the ear into a different physical configuration, and if we know if that is something that happens rapidly (on the scale of seconds or less).

submitted by /u/jbrogdon
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Why is in the Alveolar gas equation the pressure of water subtracted from the atmospheric pressure?

Posted: 10 Feb 2019 07:27 AM PST

I would have guessed that it would be added on top of the atm-pressure. Any help is much appreciated!

submitted by /u/reallyusingreddit
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Why diabetes affects the kidneys?

Posted: 10 Feb 2019 07:24 AM PST

How to monoamine oxidase inhibitors cause hypotension?

Posted: 10 Feb 2019 07:12 AM PST

My pharmacology professor said that monoamine oxidase inhibitors can produce hypotension as an adverse effect, but did not elaborate on the mechanism by which this occurs. I do see that orthostatic hypotension is listed as an adverse effect for Phenelzine and Tranylcypromine on Lexicomp. I checked the Goodman & Gilman text but was unable to find additional information.

My only thought is that this occurs through a Clonidine-like mechanism due to activation of alpha-2 auto receptors on presynaptic neurons resulting in a decrease in sympathetic activity. However, this seems to contradict the fact that the goal of these drugs is to increase norepinephrine (as well as serotonin) within the synapse.

submitted by /u/kcha95
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Do Amylase and Bacterial Amylase digest starch the same?

Posted: 09 Feb 2019 07:06 PM PST

I apologize if this is a stupid question, but it is very important to me. I'm doing an experiment where I digest starch at varying pHs using the enzyme amylase. However, the material available to me is bacterial amylase, which includes high concentrations of alpha‐amylase, ß‐glucanase (gummase), and hemicellulase along with moderate levels of protease. I'm just wondering if the reaction will be any different due to using bacterial amylase. This is for a lab that I'm designing, and I just want to make sure I get it right. I understand that it's the alpha-amylase that digests the starch, I'm just wondering if it would be done in the same way. I couldn't find any answers online, and again, my apologies if this is just stupidity on my end.

Thanks for any and all help. I really appreciate it.

submitted by /u/SnoakIsAnEwok
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Has trash dumping increased sea level via displacement?

Posted: 10 Feb 2019 06:10 AM PST

How do dense asteroids and Kuiper Belt objects form, given their relatively small size?

Posted: 10 Feb 2019 05:46 AM PST

I can't see how metallic or silicate or water "dust" can coalesce under gravity to form dense rocky or metallic or icy objects that are, say, only a few km across. I can picture such material clumping together from dust under its own gravity, but the image I get in my head is just a bunch of tiny particles sort of very loosely "glued" to one another like a cosmic dust bunny. I don't see where there would be enough combined force to fuse the material together into a dense metallic or rocky mass.

So should I assume therefore that all small, but dense, rocky or metallic asteroids or comets are chunks of what once had been much larger objects that had sufficient mass to go from "dust" to "solid", but through collisions got broken up into these smaller sizes?

submitted by /u/Rulwen
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Are "good" bacteria transmitted between people as well?

Posted: 09 Feb 2019 06:22 PM PST

I understand there is a risk of pathogenic bacteria spreading to different hosts, but on the flip side, when we are around other people, is there also a chance of "good" bacteria being exchanged?

submitted by /u/Enfeathered
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Why are storm clouds darker than other clouds?

Posted: 09 Feb 2019 01:40 PM PST

Title says it all

Watching a storm roll in and got curious

submitted by /u/PurpleDido
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