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Friday, January 25, 2019

exercise increases growth hormone in the blood stream. If this is true, does that mean people who exercised more often in their formative years are taller?

exercise increases growth hormone in the blood stream. If this is true, does that mean people who exercised more often in their formative years are taller?


exercise increases growth hormone in the blood stream. If this is true, does that mean people who exercised more often in their formative years are taller?

Posted: 25 Jan 2019 05:43 AM PST

I remember reading growth hormone production increases after exercise. Not sure if this influences anything other than recovery I guess. But do kids/teens who exercise during periods of growth end up taller than kids/teens who do not?

submitted by /u/meinjihad
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If inflamation is a response of our immune system, why do we suppress it? Isn't it like telling our immune system to take it down a notch?

Posted: 24 Jan 2019 09:33 AM PST

How is anesthesia managed when an unconscious/comatose patient needs emergency surgery?

Posted: 25 Jan 2019 06:26 AM PST

How do anesthesiologists work when an unconscious patient is brought to the ER and needs emergency surgery? Do they give the same dose of the same molecules as if the patient were conscious, or is it too dangerous if the patient is already unresponsive?

submitted by /u/Ofbearsandmen
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Nothing can go faster than light. But light moves slower when not in a vacuum. Can can something travel faster than light when it's not in a vacuum?

Posted: 25 Jan 2019 07:17 AM PST

Light in a vacuum moves at the fastest speed possible, which is sometimes referred to as c. Nothing can move as fast a c. But when light travels through a substance like air, glass, or water, it moves slightly slower than c. So is it possible for something to move faster through one of those substances than light can? And if so, what would it look like? Would it create a "visual boom" similar to a sonic boom when something goes faster than sound?

submitted by /u/nickipharis
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In the early stages of the Big Bang (Quark-lepton era) why was there slightly more matter than antimatter?

Posted: 25 Jan 2019 05:20 AM PST

Why does it take photons thousands of years to travel from the core of the Sun to the surface?

Posted: 24 Jan 2019 10:20 PM PST

Since it only takes a bit over 8 minutes for light to reach Earth from the Sun, I cannot comprehend why it takes such a long time to go from the core to the surface? Photons do not have a mass and they travel at the speed of light. Is it simply because of the size of the Sun?

Edit: thank you all for providing such detailed replies. I do have a follow up question tho. Is the Random Walk also the reason for why Sun is white when seen in vacuum?

submitted by /u/stocazzzo
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Is there a limit to how far electricity can arc?

Posted: 25 Jan 2019 05:10 AM PST

Apologies if this is the wrong flair. Not really sure where is most appropriate.

I saw this was asked a few months ago but it only covered a sort of formula for distance. Does the distance it can arc have a cap or could theoretically we pump enough juice to jump a gap planets wide in an empty region of space?

submitted by /u/grundalug
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Where do light or photons come from?

Posted: 24 Jan 2019 11:07 PM PST

It's a question that I never thought about, but I can't reason out where exactly it comes from. In a circuit, for instance, I know that there are particles like atoms in the filament, and there is the movement of electrons which moves in opposition to the electric charge. I know that light is a form of energy, so electric energy is turned into light energy (primarily), but I'm confused with where exactly do the photons come from? Where do these EM waves suddenly come from? There is no particle that acts as a stationary 'photon' in a circuit.

submitted by /u/CosmicDingBird
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Hello science! Why is it that nitrogen and oxygen don't separate in the atmosphere?

Posted: 25 Jan 2019 07:48 AM PST

Liquids of different densities separate, liquids are fluids, air is a fluid. Hydrogen escapes the atmosphere rapidly, how come oxygen stays? It's less dense than nitrogen.

I can imagine it's because of air movement and constant mixing. If so, why don't we all die when the weather is nice and quiet?

submitted by /u/vindbergh
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How is text displayed on oscilloscopes ?

Posted: 25 Jan 2019 06:00 AM PST

How is text (+ arrows and axes) displayed on oscilloscopes' screens? Are the vertical panels switching between multiple channels ? If that's the case then there should be dozens of channels.🤔

submitted by /u/cxc13
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Do scientists believe that a carbon tax would reduce the ecological impacts of climate change?

Posted: 25 Jan 2019 03:53 AM PST

I'm just about to start my economics undergrad, in the mean time before I start, I am trying to complete microeconomics and macroeconomics textbooks by Greg Mankiw, just to give you some idea of where I am with my knowledge (not very much as you can see).

I haven't read much into the literature regarding climate change apart from a few articles (I plan to read more, it really interests me how economics could help to reduce the effects of climate change) and I just got finished reading about externalities and the solutions proposed by economists to deal with climate change (such as command and control regulation, carbon tax and tradable pollution permits).

The other day I got called ecologically illiterate for believing that climate change (to be fair, I called them economically illiterate so it was probably warranted, I regret the remarks made but debate can get heated sometimes) could be solved by a simple tax proposed and agreed upon by every single economist in the world, even the most conservative ones. So my question is, would a carbon tax be sufficient enough to reduce the ecological impacts of climate change through incentivising firms and consumers to reduce their economic activities that omit co2 or are we too far gone?

(I am giving this the Earth Sciences tag because I am more concerned with whether or not the co2 reduction from a carbon tax would be able to reduce or reverse the ecological impacts of climate change, not the efficiency of the tax. If I was concerned about that, I would of made a post on /r/AskEconomics.)

submitted by /u/egoamare
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Does the keratin in feathers react to Biuret? Why/Why not?

Posted: 25 Jan 2019 05:14 AM PST

During a food test I failed to get a reaction between biuret and feathers, so I'm wondering if biuret reacts to keratin like it does to other proteins.

submitted by /u/diretilde
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How do we know what chemicals reside on other planets from just viewing them?

Posted: 25 Jan 2019 07:35 AM PST

One sometimes hears that a planet may have rain that consists of diamonds, or that a planet does not have breathable air etc. made up of some poisonous gas.. how is this determined by astrophysicists?

submitted by /u/Fuzzi172
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Does Earth's atmosphere expand as a consequence of climate change?

Posted: 25 Jan 2019 02:18 AM PST

When climate change is discussed a increase in mean atmospheric temperature is often mentioned. As we know, gasses expand with increased temperature. Does this mean that the total volume of Earth's atmosphere also increases?

submitted by /u/Tintenlampe
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Do Noble Gases make chemical compounds like other elements do?

Posted: 25 Jan 2019 04:11 AM PST

The title says it.Do Noble Gases make chemical compounds like Hydrogen does with e.g. Oxygen (H2O,H2O2 etc.). Polar covalent bond is counting (e.g. He2 Fr2 Xe2).

submitted by /u/SeaWeeb1
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How did the hallelujah mountains in china form?

Posted: 24 Jan 2019 08:13 AM PST

The mountains inspired the floating montains in the movie avatar. The actual montains are also beautiful. They're quartz-sandstone pillars according to the wiki. I don't understand how they formed though. Anyone know or have ideas?

submitted by /u/PM_ME_SmallRacks
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What does it mean to have a viscous blood?

Posted: 25 Jan 2019 04:28 AM PST

How do we know there was one super continent and what caused it to drift apart?

Posted: 24 Jan 2019 06:11 PM PST

Is real time-PCR more accurate than MALDI-TOF when analysing Microbiology samples?

Posted: 25 Jan 2019 06:11 AM PST

From my research I have found contrasting evidence of the efficacy of MALDI-TOF whereas, most of the research I've done on PCR seems to be consistent. This leads me to believe that PCR would be more accurate but I'm am still unsure. Could anyone who has performed these tests give me their opinions on which technique is more accurate?

submitted by /u/todmaster
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If the sun is constantly losing tons of mass, why do the orbits of the solar system remain relatively unchanged?

Posted: 24 Jan 2019 09:42 AM PST

Does salt change the surface tension of water?

Posted: 24 Jan 2019 03:20 PM PST

Sea water Vs. spring water

submitted by /u/AgentMuffinz
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What is the difference between prenatal, in utero, and intrauterine development?

Posted: 25 Jan 2019 05:19 AM PST

I suspect there is no difference but I may be wrong. I am writing a PhD proposal and I don't want to sound silly if I conflate them.

submitted by /u/windupcrow
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Thursday, January 24, 2019

Why are Geese still flying south in the middle of winter?

Why are Geese still flying south in the middle of winter?


Why are Geese still flying south in the middle of winter?

Posted: 23 Jan 2019 05:08 PM PST

I was outside a couple of days ago and there were hundreds of geese flying over Calgary Alberta. It's quite cold here so why are they flying en masse at this time of year?

Edit: I know they're flying south because it's warmer. I want to know why there's so many flying south now when it has been cold for months already.

submitted by /u/niqomi
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What happens to lab rats that survive LD50 tests?

Posted: 24 Jan 2019 03:42 AM PST

Presumably there are some that survive, are the survivors then exterminated, are the watched for more long-term effects, or are they "recycled" for tests involving different substances?

submitted by /u/Koolaidguy541
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What causes Triboluminescence, where sparks appear when glass or hardened sugar for example is shattered?

Posted: 24 Jan 2019 07:24 AM PST

What disease (if exist) the humans can transmit to cats?

Posted: 24 Jan 2019 07:36 AM PST

We commonly know that the cats can transmit Toxoplasmosis to humans, but in the oposite side: the humans can transmit something to cats?

submitted by /u/hapynez
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Is it possible to determine air temperature by sound?

Posted: 24 Jan 2019 05:41 AM PST

It's currently quite cold outside (considerably below freezing), and the other day it occurred to me that the traffic and noise sounds different. Of course rubber compounds of cars' tires will be harder than usual, despite being winter tire compound, resulting in more and different noise. But it seemed like everything, people, birds, city noise and so on, sounded more... crisp.

Is it possible that the air's compressibility or impedance changes with temperature that it somehow affects dispersion? Or is it density? Viscosity? You can gauge water temperature by the sound that it makes when pouring it out, so I would think that the same may apply to air.

submitted by /u/Radioactdave
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How do you reduce the sound of supersonic boom and make commercial supersonic flights feasible without generating too much pollution and noise?

Posted: 24 Jan 2019 05:56 AM PST

I found many reports on NASA making supersonic quieter, but none of them explain exactly why and how.

submitted by /u/Parabolica27
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Why do we feel nauseous after getting hit in the head?

Posted: 24 Jan 2019 07:35 AM PST

Are bacteria more resistant to UV radiation than eukaryotes?

Posted: 23 Jan 2019 11:23 PM PST

Is a railgun chamber sealed up tight like a traditional firearm? If it is, does negative atmospheric pressure develop behind the projectile as it moves down the barrel? If it does, does it represent a problem or velocity limitation that has to be dealt with somehow? If so, how?

Posted: 23 Jan 2019 03:27 PM PST

Why do I only seem to hear about “upper” respiratory infections but never “lower” ones? Is there such a thing?

Posted: 23 Jan 2019 05:35 PM PST

Also, if they are a thing, what would a "lower" respiratory infection be in relation to an "upper" respiratory infection

submitted by /u/dfsnerd
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On a bicycle, do fatter tires = more friction?

Posted: 23 Jan 2019 09:05 PM PST

Assuming same tread patterns.

Bonus question: How much of an aerodynamic penalty is there with fatter tires?

submitted by /u/Cool_Ranchu
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Why does petroleum jelly help dry skin? Like how does it keep skin ‘moisturized’?

Posted: 23 Jan 2019 09:34 PM PST

When your rods are damaged, you see in black and white. What would you see in the opposite case?

Posted: 24 Jan 2019 06:39 AM PST

Are there people who have working only cones, but not rods? What does their image of the world look like? I was trying to simulate it in GIMP but then realized it's might not be possible to see the colors without the darkness - see https://www.google.cz/search?hl=en&gbv=2&dcr=0&tbm=isch&sa=1&ei=FJ6NWoTZOsSvkwW477eABw&q=rgb+channels&oq=rgb+channels&gs_l=psy-ab.3..0j0i24k1l3.62443.62680.0.62848.2.2.0.0.0.0.138.222.1j1.2.0....0...1c.1.64.psy-ab..0.2.221....0.5hvKS6sDot0#imgrc=Da0lKZFhijAy1M:

submitted by /u/kyrgyzstanec
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Did modern mammal lineage split before or after the KT-extinction event?

Posted: 24 Jan 2019 06:33 AM PST

Obviously we know that the KT extinction event, famous for the extinction of the non-avian dinosaurs, opened up the ecological niches that mammals shortly thereafter evolved to fill, but do we have evidence that any two modern mammals had a MRCA that dates prior to this event? What evidence have we found (fossil, DNA, etc)?

Or phrased differently, do all extant mammals share a MRCA post- or pre-KT extinction, and how did we discover this?

submitted by /u/Arnistle
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Pregnancy Test - Why does the time needed to expose the stick differ for direct stream or placing it into a container full of urine? Direct stream is only for 5 seconds yet placing in a container is 20 seconds. Surely it should be the same, but it's not.

Posted: 24 Jan 2019 04:45 AM PST

BrainHQ brain training games : do they actually improve memory or do they just make you good at the games?

Posted: 23 Jan 2019 08:54 PM PST

Scientific consensus on Memory Training

Scientific consensus about brain training was that it just makes you good at the games you are playing. The skills won't reflect into improving real world skills. It won't even help improve closely related tasks.

For example if you practice a game where you remember a sequence of digits you will learn exactly that. It won't help you remember lyrics to a song or remember your shopping list.

The company lumosity was fined by the FDA for false advertising. The company CogMed which was even recommended by psychologists earlier is now unheard of.

https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2016/jan/06/lumosity-fined-false-claims-brain-training-online-games-mental-health

https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/brain-training-doesn-t-make-you-smarter/

https://www.newyorker.com/tech/annals-of-technology/brain-games-are-bogus

So, the common advice was that if you want to improve a specific skill. Eg: chess, programming, math, cooking etc. Just practice doing that instead. It will make you good at it. Brain training is a waste of time.

London Taxi Cab Study

It is found that in London Taxi cab drivers the part in the hippocampus that involves remembering streets and directions became larger after several years in the profession. But overall hippocampus size was not changed. So, the improvement came at a cost of something else.

https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/london-taxi-memory/

https://www.bbc.com/news/health-16086233

As would be expected, they were better at memory tasks involving London landmarks than the non-cabbies, but this advantage appeared to come at a price, as the non-cabbies outperformed them in other memory tasks, such as recalling complex visual information.

Posit Science and Professor Merzenich

Then comes this new company called Posit Science (BrainHQ)

https://www.brainhq.com/welcome

This company is trying very hard to distance themselves from the likes of CogMed and Lumosity by claiming that their games are based on actual science. The main scientist involved in this is Michael Merzenich. Reading his bio it's evident that he is really a very distinguished neuroscientist in the scientific community.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Merzenich

https://www.cogmed.com/

Criticism of their claims to improve attention

Double Decision

A study they site most often is the ACTIVE study. It made participants play a game called Double Decision. A vehicle pops up in the center of the screen. At the same time a sign appears at the edge of the screen. Then you are given two vehicles out of which you have to select the one that appeared at the center and also pick the spot where the sign appeared. It trains you to focus at two things at the same time. The study claims that in the portion who played the game car accidents where the person is at fault reduced by around 40%.

https://www.brainhq.com/world-class-science/published-research/active-study

https://www.brainhq.com/why-brainhq/about-the-brainhq-exercises/attention/double-decision

Criticism of their claims to improve memory.

For games that claim to improve things like memory I didn't find any such long term studies. And I don't feel how they are any different from the ones from Lumosity and Cogmed. I will explain this with some example games.

To-Do List Training

You hear a audio recording.

"Pick up the hammer , then the saw, and then the mat..."

"Once you pick up the mat, then pick up the ball and the screw.."

You have to remember this and press on buttons corresponding the items.

https://www.brainhq.com/why-brainhq/about-the-brainhq-exercises/memory/do-list-training

The items to remember are the same when the game progress. So how do we know that simply we get good at remembering these specific items. For example what I do is I forget the sentences and remember the items only.

hammer, saw, mat...

So, this games makes me good at remembering a series of words.

Syllable Stacks

Same as above but with sounds instead of sentences.

https://www.brainhq.com/why-brainhq/about-the-brainhq-exercises/memory/syllable-stacks

Memory Grid

There are cards when you click on one you hear a sound. You have to match the cards with the same sound. A variation of this game was there in my black and white nokia 1100 15 years ago.

https://www.brainhq.com/why-brainhq/about-the-brainhq-exercises/memory/memory-grid

Similar criticism as above.

Scene Crasher

You are shown items on the table for a brief time. Then it's shown again. You have to pick the item that was not there the first time.

https://www.brainhq.com/why-brainhq/about-the-brainhq-exercises/memory/scene-crasher

What I do is I remember a pattern in which the items appear. In the second image I see if the pattern is deviated. Sometimes it's just a hunch. How often a scenario like this have any practical application? Someone shows me a picture or a board with text and immediately after shows me another similar one and asks me to spot the difference?

So, in these games I don't see how you are not just improving in the game.

You get good at remembering a combination of same words.

You get good at remembering a combination of some sounds.

You get good at finding which item was missing from a picture.

Final thoughts on BriainHQ

As most people I trust scientific opinion. Reputation of Professor Merzenich is crucial factor for me to give BrainHQ a try. Once my psychologist suggested CogMed but because of lack of evidence I was very keen on it. Those companies prey on the vulnerable people desperate to improve their cognitive function. Tricking them into thinking they are improving when they are just getting good at the game.

I thought BrainHQ was different and actually based on science. My main focus is to improve both my long term and short term memory. I'm a programmer by profession and it would really help me if I could do this. Learn new technologies faster. Remember a function I read in a different file 10 seconds ago etc.

I admit that the ACTIVE study looks legitimate. But it is about a game out of their 20 other games. But it feels disingenuous to use this to push other games that promises to improve other faculties like memory. Games that might not have the same evidence.

So, am I wasting time and money on this trying to improve my memory? Am I better off with just learning programming in that time.

I hope a scientist working for BrainHQ sees this and is able to clarify my doubts and concerns.

submitted by /u/enzio901
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What is more corrosive, something with pH 1 or 14?

Posted: 23 Jan 2019 02:10 PM PST

Is there a build up of sediment/material along subduction zones or is the entire plate and everything attached to it subducted?

Posted: 23 Jan 2019 07:15 PM PST

For example, imagine an oceanic plate in a tropical region abundant with reefs/corals subducting underneath a neighboring continental plate. Does all of that reef material and surface sediment that has not been lithified get subducted as well, or is there evidence of it "scraping" (for lack of a better term) off the top of the subducted oceanic plate and building up against the continental plate above the actual boundary where subduction occurs? What do these places where subduction actually occurs look like?

submitted by /u/nervous-cat
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What is the closest thing in space where there is meaningful measurable red shift that is caused by the expansion of the universe?

Posted: 23 Jan 2019 11:35 PM PST

What is the standard procedure when a nuclear-powered vessel is lost at sea?

Posted: 24 Jan 2019 03:01 AM PST

Beyond the obvious rescue of the crew if possible, is anything done to contain/recover the radioactive materials from the reactor(s)?

A friend and I were discussing this, and we aren't really sure. If this isn't the right sub, feel free to point me in the right direction.

submitted by /u/Shock_Hazzard
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Why are carbon emissions calculated per capita, not by the whole area of the country?

Posted: 24 Jan 2019 02:26 AM PST

Are there any scientifically proven reasons behind calculating the total amount of yearly emissions per capita, not by land area?

submitted by /u/elpatricio96
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Where did bed bugs live before humans invented beds?

Posted: 23 Jan 2019 01:03 PM PST

Wednesday, January 23, 2019

Why isn't dopamine a recreational drug?

Why isn't dopamine a recreational drug?


Why isn't dopamine a recreational drug?

Posted: 22 Jan 2019 03:40 PM PST

From what I understand, drugs like meth and cocaine are addictive because they cause a sharp increase of dopamine within the brain. What is stopping someone from injecting themselves with dopamine to get high?

submitted by /u/bayandsilentjob
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Why do we sometimes confused feeling cold with feeling wet?

Posted: 22 Jan 2019 03:34 PM PST

How are the aluminum compounds in antiperspirants effective in blocking sweat production? What is unique about their acid/base properties that help them do this?

Posted: 23 Jan 2019 05:19 AM PST

- Aluminum chloride

- Aluminum chlorohydrate

- Aluminum hydroxybromide

submitted by /u/CavsFirstRoundExit
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Do we actually know were the center of the universe is located? Do we know where we are in the entire universe?

Posted: 22 Jan 2019 08:27 PM PST

Are there (according to science) different human races?

Posted: 23 Jan 2019 12:37 AM PST

Disclaimer: I have no intention to receive answers which justify racism or a hierarchy of races. All people are worth the same. I am not a native english speaker.

Question: Is there scientific proof of different human races? If not, what is the difference between, for example Asian and African people called? Is it correct to compare human distinctions with animal distinctions (i.e. Dogs —> Labrador vs. Shepherd)?

I am looking forward to a fact based discussion.

submitted by /u/x_ben_dover_x
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CO2 levels above 945ppm, a normal rate in indoor environments, have been shown to reduce cognitive function by 15%. What is the most efficient way CO2 can be removed from indoor air in situations where ventilation is not feasible?

Posted: 22 Jan 2019 10:41 AM PST

Study Referenced:
https://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/doi/pdf/10.1289/ehp.1510037

Cognitive function scores were 15% lower for the moderate CO2 day (~ 945 ppm) and 50% lower on the day with CO2 concentrations of ~1,400 ppm than on the two Green+ days (Table 5, dividing the average Green+ estimate by the moderate CO2 and high CO2 estimates, respectively).

Are algae scrubbing setups an efficient solution to converting the CO2 in the air into O2?

edit: I should clarify that I'm looking at solutions an individual can use in their home.

submitted by /u/academicpursuit
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Ask Anything Wednesday - Biology, Chemistry, Neuroscience, Medicine, Psychology

Posted: 23 Jan 2019 07:12 AM PST

Welcome to our weekly feature, Ask Anything Wednesday - this week we are focusing on Biology, Chemistry, Neuroscience, Medicine, Psychology

Do you have a question within these topics you weren't sure was worth submitting? Is something a bit too speculative for a typical /r/AskScience post? No question is too big or small for AAW. In this thread you can ask any science-related question! Things like: "What would happen if...", "How will the future...", "If all the rules for 'X' were different...", "Why does my...".

Asking Questions:

Please post your question as a top-level response to this, and our team of panellists will be here to answer and discuss your questions.

The other topic areas will appear in future Ask Anything Wednesdays, so if you have other questions not covered by this weeks theme please either hold on to it until those topics come around, or go and post over in our sister subreddit /r/AskScienceDiscussion , where every day is Ask Anything Wednesday! Off-theme questions in this post will be removed to try and keep the thread a manageable size for both our readers and panellists.

Answering Questions:

Please only answer a posted question if you are an expert in the field. The full guidelines for posting responses in AskScience can be found here. In short, this is a moderated subreddit, and responses which do not meet our quality guidelines will be removed. Remember, peer reviewed sources are always appreciated, and anecdotes are absolutely not appropriate. In general if your answer begins with 'I think', or 'I've heard', then it's not suitable for /r/AskScience.

If you would like to become a member of the AskScience panel, please refer to the information provided here.

Past AskAnythingWednesday posts can be found here.

Ask away!

submitted by /u/AutoModerator
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What criteria must be met to trigger the Placebo Effect?

Posted: 23 Jan 2019 05:56 AM PST

For example if I were to take a headache placebo is it my immediate believe in taking the pill that cures my pain(cures pain right after taking the pill because I associate the pill with healing) or is it the long term believe that is constantly in the back of my head like "the pill will make it better" that cures my pain. What I'm asking is, how do you define believe and what criteria must be met to trigger the Placebo effect?

submitted by /u/bushworldadventures
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How confident are we about the link between exercising earlier or later in the day and it's affect on the circadian rhythm i.e. that vigorous exercise later in the day is disruptive to the CR?

Posted: 23 Jan 2019 05:27 AM PST

For instance on the wiki page about Delayed Sleep Phase Disorder, it quickly mentions that exercise early in the day is beneficial to the maintenance of a regular CR, implying that exercise later in the day is likely not.

Link.

submitted by /u/HD_Thoreau_aweigh
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Do incandescent lightbulbs fail because the vacuum leaks, causing the filament to burn or because the filament itself fails due to multiple cycles of heating and cooling?

Posted: 23 Jan 2019 05:52 AM PST

Do non-UV absorbing intraocular lenses exist?

Posted: 22 Jan 2019 11:46 PM PST

I just learned about how Monet was able to see UV lights when he got his crystalline removed. And now it fascinates me.

I was wondering if non-UV absorbing intraocular lenses existed? So intraocular lenses so you can see clearly again, but non-UV absorbing so you can still see UVs. Are they dangerous?

submitted by /u/Exella
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Why is U–Pb dating so effective in measuring the age of the Earth? Wouldn't there be decaying uranium floating around the early Solar System, or even *before* the formation of the Sun during the nebula stage?

Posted: 22 Jan 2019 10:13 PM PST

Do all solids have a melting point?

Posted: 22 Jan 2019 07:45 PM PST

What does "a faster metabolism" exactly mean?

Posted: 22 Jan 2019 03:07 PM PST

So all my life I've been a really skinny guy. I'm usually around 62-64kg and I have never really cared about what I eat, as in not once counted calories, going for the "lighter" options, or even looking for healthier alternatives, so to me it's mind boggling to see all the people that struggle trying to lose weight, going on really strict diets, etc.. The most I've weighted in my life I believe was around 68 kilos, and that was because I was actively trying to gain weight, crossfit 3 times a week, protein shakes, etc., and it only took me a couple of months of not working out to lose all of it.

Usually when I wonder why is it so hard for me to gain weight while it is so easy for other people, the answer is pretty much "it's because you have a faster metabolism", and they leave it at that. What does it exactly mean? Can that be changed over time? It's not like I'm going to the bathroom every couple hours either (or even daily tbh), so I don't even understand where is all the food stored and how exactly is it disposed of as opposed to it being transformed to fat and stored (which I'm pretty sure it isn't). Also I recently read that people only share about 10% of the microbial life inside them, is that related to my question?

submitted by /u/awooten
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Why is it that liquids can multiply force but solids can't?

Posted: 22 Jan 2019 11:09 PM PST

I understand it mathematically using the displacement of liquid and conservation of energy, but I can't intuitively see why a piston with liquid is able to multiply the force.

If I can lift a "heavy force" with a light force, then somewhere there must be an imbalance in the piston, right? Why isn't there some net acceleration on the pistons if the forces are imbalanced?

I've been reading some explanations that say water is generally incompressible, but wouldn't that hold for solid steel as well?

submitted by /u/yosimba2000
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Does cell damage occur when an injection is given? What causes the pain or discomfort?

Posted: 23 Jan 2019 12:12 AM PST

By my understanding, electromagnetic forces and gravitational forces behave rather similarly, yet electromagnetic forces can both attract and repel while gravity can only attract. Is it possible to have a "negative" gravitational field, one that repels?

Posted: 22 Jan 2019 09:08 PM PST

Why do only UV rays tan skin? Why not other things that burn you?

Posted: 23 Jan 2019 02:42 AM PST

How do we know what the gene sequence is for a protein when we discover a new protein?

Posted: 22 Jan 2019 08:29 PM PST

Say we find a protein, and we don't know what it does or what the gene is or where it's located. I know we can sequence the amino acid sequence via a few methods like mass spectrometry or Edman degradation, but since there are wobble pairs, how do we find where the gene for this new protein is located and what that gene sequence actually is?

submitted by /u/roweira
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Does light make a sound (in a medium)?

Posted: 22 Jan 2019 11:26 PM PST

In my very surface level understanding of the physics of photons, I know that photons have no mass but still have momentum that can be transferred to other particles. If enough photons interact with a medium, could it generate compression waves and be registered as sound? To be specific, I don't mean signal transformations like radio waves where signals are coded and decoded. And would there be any correlation between the frequency of the light and the frequency of the sound?

(If any part of this post sounds weird, it could be because the question came to me as I was trying to go to sleep. But, it could also be that I have no idea what the hell I'm talking about.)

Anyway, thank you and I'm looking forward to the responses! :D

submitted by /u/Abadoss
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